57 Fe and 119 Sn Mössbauer studies on new Heusler compounds for spintronic applications

Seit der Entwicklung einer großen Vielfalt von Anwendungsmöglichkeiten der Spintronik auf Basis von Heusler Verbindungen innerhalb der letzten Dekade kann der Forschungsfortschritt an dieser Material Klasse in einer Vielzahl von Publikationen verfolgt werden. Eine typische Heusler Verbindung X2YZ besteht aus zwei Übergangsmetallen (X, Y) und einem Hauptgruppenelement (Z). Diese Arbeit berichtet von Heusler Verbindungen mit besonderem Augenmerk auf deren potentielle halbmetallische Eigenschaften und davon insbesondere solche, die eine richtungsabhängige magnetische Anisotropie (perpendicular magnetic anisotropy- PMA) zeigen könnten. PMA ist insbesondere für Spin transfer Torque (STT) Bauelemente von großem Interesse und tritt in tetragonalrnverzerrten Heusler Verbindungen auf. Bei STT-Elementen werden mittels spinpolarisierter Ströme die magnetische Orientierung von magnetischen Schichten beeinflusst.rnDie signifikantesten Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit sind: die Synthese neuer kubischen Heusler Phasen Fe2YZ, die theoretisch als tetragonal vorausgesagt wurden (Kapitel 1), die Synthese von Mn2FeGa, das in der tetragonal verzerrten Struktur kristallisiert und Potential für STT Anwendungen zeigt (Kapitel 2); die Synthese von Fe2MnGa, das einen magnetischen Phasenübergang mit exchange-bias (EB) Effekt zeigt, der auf einer Koexistenz von ferromagnetischen (FM) und antiferromagnetischen (AFM) Phasen beruht (Kapitel 3); Schlussendlich wird in Kapitel 4 die Synthese von Mn3−xRhxSn diskutiert, in welcher insbesondere tetragonales Mn2RhSn als potentielles Material für Anwendungen in derrnSpintronik vorgestellt wird.rnIn dieser Arbeit wurden hauptsächlich Heusler Verbindungen mit mößbaueraktiven Elementen 57Fe und 119Sn, synthetisiert und untersucht. Im Falle der hier untersuchten Heusler Verbindungen spielt die Charakterisierung durch Mößbauer Spektroskopie eine entscheidende Rolle, da Heusler Verbindungen meistens ein gewisses Maß an Fehlordnung aufweisen, welche deren magnetischen und strukturellen Eigenschaften beeinflussen kann. Die Art der Fehlordnung jedoch kann nur schwer durch standard Pulver-Röntgendiffraktion bestimmt werden, weshalb wir die Vorteile der Mößbauer Spektroskopie als lokale Methode nutzen, um den Typ und den Grad der Fehlordnung aufzuklären. rnDiese Arbeit ist wie folgt gegliedert:rnIn Kapitel 1 wurden die neuen, kubisch-weichferromagnetischen Heuslerphasen Fe2NiGe, Fe2CuGa und Fe2CuAl synthetisiert und charakterisiert. In vorangegangenen theoretischen Studien wurde für deren Existenz in tetragonaler Heuslerstruktur vorhergesagt.rnUngeachtet dessen belegten unsere experimentellen Untersuchungen, dass diese Verbindungen hauptsächlich in der kubischen invers Heusler(X-) struktur mit unterschiedlichen Anteilen an atomarer Fehlordnung kristallisieren. Alle Verbindungen sind weiche Ferromagneten mit hoher Curietemperatur bis zu 900K, weswegen alle als potentielle Materialien für magnetische Anwendungen geeignet sind. In Kapitel 2 wurde Mn2FeGa synthetisiert. Es zeigte sich, dass Mn2FeGa nach Temperatur Nachbehandlung bei 400°C die invers tetragonale Struktur (I4m2) annimmt. Theoretisch wurde die Existenz in der inversen kubischen Heuslerstruktur vorausgesagt. Abhängig von den Synthesebedingungen ändern sich die magnetischen und strukturellen Eigenschaften von Mn2FeGa eklatant. Deshalb ändert sich die Kristallstruktur von M2FeGa bei Temperung bei 800 °C zu einer pseudokubischen Cu3Au-artigen Struktur, in welcher Fe- und Mn-Atome statistisch verteilt vorliegen. Dieser Übergang der Kristallstrukturen wurde durch Mößbauer Spektroskopie anhand des Vorliegens oder Fehlens der Quadrupolaufspaltung im Falle der invers tetragonalen bzw. pseudokubischen Modifikation nachgewiesen. In Kapitel 3 wurde Fe2MnGa ebenfalls erfolgreich synthetisiert und durch verschiedene Methoden charakterisiert. Der Zusammenhang von Kristallstruktur und magnetischen Eigenschaften wurde durch verschiedene Temperungskonditionen und mechanischer Behandlung untersucht. Der Schwerpunkt lag auf einer geschmolzenen Probe ohne weitere Temperung, die einen FM-AFM Phasenübergang zeigte. Diese magnetische Phasenumwandlung führt zu einem starken EB-Verhalten, welches seinen Ursprung hauptsächlich in der Koexistenz von FM- und AFM-Phasen unterhalb der FMAFM- Übergangstemperatur hat. Kapitel 4 ist den neuen Mn-basierten Heusler-Verbindungen Mn3−xRhxSn gewidmet, bei denen wir versuchten, durch den Austausch von Mn durch das größere Rh eine Umwandlung zu einer tetragonalen Struktur von den hexagonalen Mn3Sn-Struktur zu erreichen. Als interessant stellten sich Mn2RhSn und Mn2.1Rh0.9Sn heraus, da sie aus nur einer Phase vorzuliegen scheinen, wohingegen die anderen Verbindungen aus gemischten Phasen mit gleichzeitiger starken Fehlordnung bestehen. Im abschließenden Anhang wurden die Fehlordnung und gelegentliche Mischphasen einer großen Auswahl von Mn3−xFexGa Materialien mit 1≤x≤3, dokumentiert.rn

Propriedades magnéticas de trímeros de FexCo1-x depositados em Pt(111)

Quais propriedades magnéticas são modificadas quando se agrupam átomos de Fe/Co para formar estruturas quasi-2D, se comparadas aos nanofios (quasi-1D) de FexCo1-x? E como estas propriedades reagem com a variação da proporção de Fe/Co nos aglomerados? A fim de responder a estas questões, trímeros de FexCo1-x depositados em Pt(111) são investigados utilizando o método de primeiros princípios Real Space-Linear Muffin-Tin Orbital-Atomic Sphere Approximation (RS-LMTO-ASA) no âmbito da Teoria do Funcional da Densidade (DFT). Diferentes configurações de trímeros triangulares são consideradas, variando-se as posições e a concentração dos átomos de Fe/Co. Neste trabalho, demonstra-se a ocorrência de uma tendência não-linear estritamente decrescente dos momentos orbitais médios como função da concentração de Fe, distinta do encontrado tanto para os nanofios de FexCo1-x (dependência linear) quanto para a monocamada correspondente (dependência não-linear). Os resultados obtidos mostram ainda que os momentos orbitais variam com o ambiente local e com a direção de magnetização, especialmente quando associados aos átomos de Co, em concordância com publicações anteriores. A mudança de dimensionalidade quasi-1D (nanofios) para quasi-2D (trímeros compactos) não afeta o comportamento dos momentos de spin, que permanecem descritos por uma função linear com respeito à proporção de Fe/Co. Ambos o formato e a concentração de Fe nos sistemas apresentam um papel importante nos valores de energia de anisotropia magnética. Em adição, observou-se que o subtrato de Pt opera ativamente na definição das propriedades magnéticas dos aglomerados. Embora todas as configurações lineares e compactas dos aglomerados de FexCo1-x sejam estáveis e exibam interações fortemente ferromagnéticas entre os primeiros vizinhos, nem todas revelaram o ordenamento colinear como estado fundamental, apresentando uma interação de Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya não-desprezível induzida pelo acoplamento spin-órbita. Estes casos específicos são: o trímero triangular de Co puro e o trímero linear (nanofio) de Fe puro, para o qual foi verificado o acoplamento do tipo Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida entre os átomos de Fe constituintes. Os resultados obtidos contribuem para o entendimento de quais mecanismos definem o magnetismo nos trímeros de FexCo1-x/Pt(111), e discutem as questões presentes atualmente na literatura no contexto destes sistemas.

Single-electron transport in electrically tunable nanomagnets

We study a single-electron transistor (SET) based upon a II–VI semiconductor quantum dot doped with a single-Mn ion. We present evidence that this system behaves like a quantum nanomagnet whose total spin and magnetic anisotropy depend dramatically both on the number of carriers and their orbital nature. Thereby, the magnetic properties of the nanomagnet can be controlled electrically. Conversely, the electrical properties of this SET depend on the quantum state of the Mn spin, giving rise to spin-dependent charging energies and hysteresis in the Coulomb blockade oscillations of the linear conductance.

Anisotropic magnetoresistance in single electron transport

We study the effect of magnetic anisotropy in a single electron transistor with ferromagnetic electrodes and a non-magnetic island. We identify the variation δμ of the chemical potential of the electrodes as a function of the magnetization orientation as a key quantity that permits to tune the electrical properties of the device. Different effects occur depending on the relative size of δμ and the charging energy. We provide preliminary quantitative estimates of δμ using a very simple toy model for the electrodes.

Consequences of Kondo exchange on quantum spins

When individual quantum spins are placed in close proximity to conducting substrates, the localized spin is coupled to the nearby itinerant conduction electrons via Kondo exchange. In the strong coupling limit this can result in the Kondo effect — the formation of a correlated, many body singlet state — and a resulting renormalization of the density of states near the Fermi energy. However, even when Kondo screening does not occur, Kondo exchange can give rise to a wide variety of other phenomena. In addition to the well known renormalization of the g factor and the finite spin decoherence and relaxation times, Kondo exchange has recently been found to give rise to a newly discovered effect: the renormalization of the single ion magnetic anisotropy. Here we put these apparently different phenomena on equal footing by treating the effect of Kondo exchange perturbatively. In this formalism, the central quantity is ρJ, the product of the density of states at the Fermi energy ρ and the Kondo exchange constant J. We show that perturbation theory correctly describes the experimentally observed exchange induced shifts of the single spin excitation energies, demonstrating that Kondo exchange can be used to tune the effective magnetic anisotropy of a single spin.

Imaging of spin waves in atomically designed nanomagnets

The spin dynamics of all ferromagnetic materials are governed by two types of collective phenomenon: spin waves and domain walls. The fundamental processes underlying these collective modes, such as exchange interactions and magnetic anisotropy, all originate at the atomic scale. However, conventional probing techniques based on neutron1 and photon scattering2 provide high resolution in reciprocal space, and thereby poor spatial resolution. Here we present direct imaging of standing spin waves in individual chains of ferromagnetically coupled S = 2 Fe atoms, assembled one by one on a Cu2N surface using a scanning tunnelling microscope. We are able to map the spin dynamics of these designer nanomagnets with atomic resolution in two complementary ways. First, atom-to-atom variations of the amplitude of the quantized spin-wave excitations are probed using inelastic electron tunnelling spectroscopy. Second, we observe slow stochastic switching between two opposite magnetization states3, 4, whose rate varies strongly depending on the location of the tip along the chain. Our observations, combined with model calculations, reveal that switches of the chain are initiated by a spin-wave excited state that has its antinodes at the edges of the chain, followed by a domain wall shifting through the chain from one end to the other. This approach opens the way towards atomic-scale imaging of other types of spin excitation, such as spinon pairs and fractional end-states5, 6, in engineered spin chains.

Resonance properties of domain boundaries in quasi-two dimensional antiferromagnets

The so-called "internal modes" localized near the domain boundaries in quasi-two dimensional antiferromagnets are investigated. The possible localized states are classified and their frequency dependences on the system discreteness parameter λ=J/β, which describes the ratio of the magnitudes of the exchange interplane interaction and the magnetic anisotropy, are found. A sudden change in the spectrum of the local internal modes is observed at a critical value of this parameter, λ=λb=3/4, where the domain wall shifts from a collinear to a canted shape. When λ<λb there are one symmetric and two antisymmetric local modes, and when λ>λb the modes are two symmetric, one antisymmetric, and one shear. For discreteness parameters close to the critical value, the frequencies of some of the local modes lie deep inside the gap for the linear AFM magnon spectrum and can be observed experimentally. © 2010 American Institute of Physics.

Competing anisotropies in exchange biased nano-structured thin films

The magnetic anisotropies of a patterned, exchange biased Fe50Mn50/Ni80Fe20 system are studied using ferromagnetic resonance, supplemented by Brillouin light scattering experiments and Kerr magnetometry. The exchange biased bi-layer is partially etched into an antidot geometry so that the system approximates a Ni80 Fe20 layer in contact with antidot structured Fe50 Mn50 . Brillouin light scattering measurements of the spin wave frequency dependence on the wave vector reveal a magnonic band gap as expected for a periodic modulation of the magnetic properties. Analysis of the ferromagnetic resonance spectra reveals 8-fold and 4-fold contributions to the magnetic anisotropy. Additionally, the antidot patterning decreases the magnitude of the exchange bias and modifies strongly its angular dependence. Softening of all resonance modes is most pronounced for the applied magnetic field aligned within 10◦ of the antidot axis, in the direction of the bias. Given the degree to which one can tailor the ground state, the resulting asymmetry at low frequencies could make this an interesting candidate for applications such as selective/directional microwave filtering and multi-state magnetic logic.

Dominios magnéticos y respuesta dinámica en aleaciones ferromagnéticas de FePt .

El resumen se encuentra en un archivo pdf.

Dominios magnéticos y respuesta dinámica en aleaciones ferromagnéticas de FePt .

El resumen se encuentra en un archivo pdf.

Obtenção de nanopartículas de hexaferrita de bário pelo método pechini

In this study barium hexaferrite was (general formulae BaFe12O19) was synthesized by the Pechini method under different conditions of heat treatment. Precursors like barium carbonate and iron nitrate were used. These magnetic ceramic, with magnetoplumbite type structure, are widely used as permanent magnet because of its excellent magnetic properties, such as: high Curie temperature, good magnetic anisotropy, high coercivity and corrosion resistance. The samples were characterized by thermal analysis (DTA and TG), X- ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) end Vibrating sample Magnetometer (VSM). The results confirm the expected phase, which was reinforced according to our analysis. A single phase powder at relatively high temperatures with particle sizes around 100 nm was obtained. The characteristic magnetic behavior one of the phases has been noted (probably superparamagnetic material), while another phase was identified as a ferrimagnetic material. The ferrimagnetic phase showed vortex configuration with two central and slightly inclined plateaus. In general, increase of heat treatment temperature and time, directly influenced the technological properties of the samples

Magnetic and Mechanical Anisotropy in a Manganese 2-Methylsuccinate Framework Structure

Hybrid inorganic-organic framework materials exhibit unique properties that can be advantageously tuned through choice of the inorganic and organic components and by control of the crystal structure. We present a new hydrothermally prepared 3D hybrid framework, [Mn(2-methylsuccinate)](n) (1), comprising alternating 2D manganese oxide sheets and isolated MnO(6) octahedra, pillared via syn, anti-syn carboxylates. Powder magnetic characterization shows that the compound is a homospin Mn(II) ferrimagnet below 2.4 K. The easy-axis is revealed by single-crystal magnetic susceptibility studies and a magnetic structure is proposed. Anisotropic elastic moduli and hardness, observed through nanoindentation on differing crystal facets, were correlated with specific structural features. Such measurements of anisotropy are not commonly undertaken, yet allow for a more comprehensive understanding of structure-property relationships.

Magnetic switching and anisotropy in nanomagnets: the influence of size and shape

Arrays of nanomagnets were fabricated out of Ni80Fe14Mo5 in the lateral size range 500-30nm and the thickness range 3-20nm. Elliptical, triangular, square, pentagonal and circular geometries were all considered. The magnetic properties of these nanomagnets were probed rapidly and non-invasively using a high sensitivity magneto-optical method.

I. Anisotropy and crystal structure of ferromagnetic thin films. II. Investigations into magnetic microstructure by Lorentz microscopy

The induced magnetic uniaxial anisotropy of Ni-Fe alloy films has been shown to be related to the crystal structure of the film. By use of electron diffraction, the crystal structure or vacuum-deposited films was determined over the composition range 5% to 85% Ni, with substrate temperature during deposition at various temperatures in the range 25° to 500° C. The phase diagram determined in this way has boundaries which are in fair agreement with the equilibrium boundaries for bulk material above 400°C. The (α+ ɤ) mixture phase disappears below 100°C.

The measurement of uniaxial anisotropy field for 25% Ni-Fe alloy films deposited at temperatures in the range -80°C to 375°C has been carried out. Comparison of the crystal structure phase diagram with the present data and those published by Wilts indicates that the anisotropy is strongly sensitive to crystal structure. Others have proposed pair ordering as an important source of anisotropy because of an apparent peak in the anisotropy energy at about 50% Ni composition. The present work shows no such peak, and leads to the conclusion that pair ordering cannot be a dominant contributor.

Width of the 180° domain wall in 76% Ni-Fe alloy films as a function of film thickness up to 1800 Å was measured using the defocused mode of Lorentz microscopy. For the thinner films, the measured wall widths are in good agreement with earlier data obtained by Fuchs. For films thicker than 800 Å, the wall width increases with film thickness to about 9000 Å at 1800 Å film thickness. Similar measurements for polycrystalline Co films with thickness from 200 to 1500 Å have been made. The wall width increases from 3000 Å at 400 Å film thickness to about 6000 Å at 1500 Å film thickness. The wall widths for Ni-Fe and Co films are much greater than predicted by present theories. The validity of the classical determination of wall width is discussed, and the comparison of the present data with theoretical results is given.

Finally, an experimental study of ripple by Lorentz microscopy in Ni-Fe alloy films has been carried out. The following should be noted: (1) the only practical way to determine experimentally a meaningful wavelength is to find a well-defined ripple periodicity by visual inspection of a photomicrograph. (2) The average wavelength is of the order of 1µ. This value is in reasonable agreement with the main wavelength predicted by the theories developed by others. The dependence of wavelength on substrate deposition temperature, alloy composition and the external magnetic field has been also studied and the results are compared with theoretical predictions. (3) The experimental fact that the ripple structure could not be observed in completely epitaxial films gives confirmation that the ripple results from the randomness of crystallite orientation. Furthermore, the experimental observation that the ripple disappeared in the range 71 and 75% Ni supports the theory that the ripple amplitude is directly dependent on the crystalline anisotropy. An attempt to experimentally determine the order of magnitude of the ripple angle was carried out. The measured angle was about 0.02 rad. The discrepancy between the experimental data and the theoretical prediction is serious. The accurate experimental determination of ripple angle is an unsolved problem.