Optische Experimente zur Untersuchung der Nichtgleichgewichtsdynamik kolloidaler Suspensionen

In der vorliegenden Forschungsarbeit wird die Konkurrenz von Kristallisation und Verglasung in metastabilen kolloidalen Hart-Kugel(HK)-Modellsystemen mit dynamischer und zeitaufgelöster statischer Lichtstreuung untersucht. Durch gleichzeitige Messungen mit beiden Methoden an derselben Probe gelang es, mit hoher Genauigkeit und aussagekräftiger Statistik nachzuweisen, dass in beiden Systemklassen eine starke Korrelation der strukturellen und dynamischen Eigenschaften vorliegt und diese Korrelation zu quantifizieren. Ein zentraler Teil der Arbeit bestand in dem Aufbau einer geeigneten Lichtstreuanlage mit der erstmalig Messungen der Dynamik und der Struktur simultan an derselben nicht-ergodischen Probe durchgeführt werden konnten. Für die dynamische Lichtstreuung wurde ein Flächendetektor (CCD-Kamera) verwendet. In Kombination mit einer speziellen Detektionsoptik ermöglicht dies, die gleichzeitige Detektion von Streulicht aus unterschiedlichen Probenbereichen (Subensembles). Damit kann gleichzeitig die Dynamik in unterschiedlichen Subensembles mit einer Auflösung von 15,8x15,8µm2 untersucht werden. Die Lichtstreuanlage wurde ausführlich charakterisiert und ihre korrekte Funktionsweise mithilfe von Vergleichsmessungen an etablierten Lichtstreuanlagen bestätigt. Die zeitliche Entwicklung der Dynamik und der Struktur von metastabilen Proben wurde unterhalb, am und oberhalb des Glasübergangs quantifiziert. Dabei zeigte das untersuchte kolloidale HK-Modellsystem alle typischen Eigenschaften eines HK-Systems. Die kristallisierenden Proben zeigten das etablierte zweistufige Kristallisationsszenario mit entsprechender Kristallisationskinetik und die Glasproben zeigten das erwartete Alterungsverhalten. Bei dem zweistufigen Kristallisationsszenario kommt es zuerst zur Nukleation einer metastabilen Zwischenphase von sogenannten Precursorn. In einer zweiten Stufe bilden sich Kristallite innerhalb dieser Precursor. Durch Vergleich zwischen kristallisierenden und verglasenden Proben konnte auch während der Verglasung die Bildung von Precursorn beobachtet werden. Die Korrelation zwischen der Anzahl an Precursorn und der Partikeldynamik legt die Vermutung nahe, dass das immer noch unverstandene Phänomen der Alterung von Gläsern mit der Bildung von Precursorn zusammenhängt. Verhinderte Kristallisation führt zu einer starken Verlangsamung der Partikeldynamik. Die Partikeldynamik einer Probe am Glasübergang zeigt, dass die Probe vor Einsetzen der Kristallisation eine glasartige Dynamik aufwies. Dies legt die Vermutung nahe, dass einkomponentige kolloidale HK-Gläser den Gleichgewichtszustand (Kristall) auf langen Zeitskalen erreichen können. Durch die Untersuchung der Partikeldynamik von metastabilen Proben in einzelnen Subensembles konnte eine heterogene Verteilung der Partikeldynamik nachgewiesen werden. Es existieren Bereiche, in denen die Partikeldynamik schneller oder langsamer ist als in anderen Bereichen. Gleichzeitig zeigen die Messungen der strukturellen Eigenschaften, dass metastabile Proben auch heterogen bezüglich ihrer Struktur sind. Mithilfe dieser Messungen konnte die zeitliche Entwicklung des Anteils an langsamen Partikeln und des Anteils an Partikeln innerhalb von Objekten höherer Ordnung (Precursor/Kristallite) bestimmt werden. Es zeigte sich eine direkte Korrelation zwischen dem Anteil an langsamen Partikeln und dem Anteil an Partikeln in Objekten höherer Ordnung. Die Untersuchung der Dynamik und der Struktur in einzelnen Subensembles lieferte einen weiteren Hinweis darauf, dass Subensembles, in denen eine stärker ausgeprägte strukturelle Ordnung vorliegt, auch bevorzugt eine langsamere Partikeldynamik aufweisen.

Sympatric colour polymorphisms associated with nonrandom gene flow in cichlid fish of Lake Victoria

Colour polymorphisms have fascinated evolutionary ecologists for a long time. Yet, knowledge on the mechanisms that allow their persistence is restricted to a handful of well-studied cases. We studied two species of Lake Victoria cichlid fish, Neochromis omnicaeruleus and Neochromis greenwoodi, exhibiting very similar sex-linked colour polymorphisms. The ecology and behaviour of one of these species is well studied, with colour-based mating and aggression preferences. Here, we ask whether the selection potentially resulting from female and male mating preferences and aggression biases reduces gene flow between the colour morphs and permits differentiation in traits other than colour. Over the past 14 years, the frequencies of colour morphs have somewhat oscillated, but there is no evidence for directional change, suggesting the colour polymorphism is persistent on an ecological timescale. We find limited evidence of ecomorphological differentiation between sympatric ancestral (plain) and derived (blotched) colour morphs. We also find significantly nonrandom genotypic assignment and an excess of linkage disequilibrium in the plain morph, which together with previous information on mating preferences suggests nonrandom mating between colour morphs. This, together with negative frequency-dependent sexual selection, found in previous studies, may facilitate maintenance of these polymorphisms in sympatry

Mechanical circulatory support as a bridge to heart transplantation: what remains? Long-term emotional sequelae in patients and spouses

Implantation of a ventricular assist device (VAD) reduces short-term mortality and morbidity and provides patients with reasonable quality of life even though it may also be a long-lasting emotional burden. This study was conducted to analyze the long-time emotional consequences of VAD implantation, followed by heart transplantation in patients and spouses.

Electrical neuroimaging in the time domain

A publication entitled “A default mode of brain function” initiated a new way of looking at functional imaging data. In this PET study the authors discussed the often-observed consistent decrease of brain activation in a variety of tasks as compared with the baseline. They suggested that this deactivation is due to a task-induced suspension of a default mode of brain function that is active during rest, i.e. that there exists intrinsic well-organized brain activity during rest in several distinct brain regions. This suggestion led to a large number of imaging studies on the resting state of the brain and to the conclusion that the study of this intrinsic activity is crucial for understanding how the brain works. The fact that the brain is active during rest has been well known from a variety of EEG recordings for a very long time. Different states of the brain in the sleep–wake continuum are characterized by typical patterns of spontaneous oscillations in different frequency ranges and in different brain regions. Best studied are the evolving states during the different sleep stages, but characteristic EEG oscillation patterns have also been well described during awake periods (see Chapter 1 for details). A highly recommended comprehensive review on the brain's default state defined by oscillatory electrical brain activities is provided in the recent book by György Buzsaki, showing how these states can be measured by electrophysiological procedures at the global brain level as well as at the local cellular level.

Liver Remnant Regeneration in Donors After Living Donor Liver Transplantation: Long-Term Follow-Up Using CT and MR Imaging

Purpose: To assess liver remnant volume regeneration and maintenance, and complications in the long-time follow-up of donors after living donor liver transplantation using CT and MRI. Materials and Methods: 47 donors with a mean age of 33.5 years who donated liver tissue for transplantation and who were available for follow-up imaging were included in this retrospective study. Contrast-enhanced CT and MR studies were acquired for routine follow-up. Two observers evaluated pre- and postoperative images regarding anatomy and pathological findings. Volumes were manually measured on contrast-enhanced images in the portal venous phase, and potential postoperative complications were documented. Pre- and postoperative liver volumes were compared for evaluating liver remnant regeneration. Results: 47 preoperative and 89 follow-up studies covered a period of 22.4 months (range: 1 - 84). After right liver lobe (RLL) donation, the mean liver remnant volume was 522.0 ml (± 144.0; 36.1 %; n = 18), after left lateral section (LLS) donation 1,121.7 ml (± 212.8; 79.9 %; n = 24), and after left liver lobe (LLL) donation 1,181.5 ml (± 279.5; 72.0 %; n = 5). Twelve months after donation, the liver remnant volume were 87.3 % (RLL; ± 11.8; n = 11), 95.0 % (LS; ± 11.6; n = 18), and 80.1 % (LLL; ± 2.0; n = 2 LLL) of the preoperative total liver volume. Rapid initial regeneration and maintenance at 80 % of the preoperative liver volume were observed over the total follow-up period. Minor postoperative complications were found early in 4 patients. No severe or late complications or mortality occurred. Conclusion: Rapid regeneration of liver remnant volumes in all donors and volume maintenance over the long-term follow-up period of up to 84 months without severe or late complications are important observations for assessing the safety of LDLT donors. Key Points: Liver remnant volumes of LDLT donors rapidly regenerated after donation and volumes were maintained over the long-term follow-up period of up to 84 months without severe or late complications.

Temperature-Time History of Subducted Continental-Crust, Mount Olympos Region, Greece

In the Mt. Olympos region of northeastern Greece, continental margin strata and basement rocks were subducted and metamorphosed under blueschist facies conditions, and thrust over carbonate platform strata during Alpine orogenesis. Subsequent exposure of the subducted basement rocks by normal faulting has allowed an integrated study of the timing of metamorphism, its relationship to deformation, and the thermal history of the subducted terrane. Alpine low-grade metamorphic assemblages occur at four structural levels. Three thrust sheets composed of Paleozoic granitic basement and Mesozoic metasedimentary cover were thrust over Mesozoic carbonate rocks and Eocene flysch; thrusting and metamorphism occurred first in the highest thrust sheets and progressed downward as units were imbricated from NE to SW. 40Ar/39Ar spectra from hornblende, white mica, and biotite samples indicate that the upper two units preserve evidence of four distinct thermal events: (1) 293–302 Ma crystallization of granites, with cooling from >550°C to <325°C by 284 Ma; (2) 98–100 Ma greenschist to blueschist-greenschist transition facies metamorphism (T∼350–500°C) and imbrication of continental thrust sheets; (3) 53–61 Ma blueschist facies metamorphism and deformation of the basement and continental margin units at T<350–400°C; (4) 36–40 Ma thrusting of blueschists over the carbonate platform, and metamorphism at T∼200–350°C. Only the Eocene and younger events affected the lower two structural packages. A fifth event, indicated by diffusive loss profiles in microcline spectra, reflects the beginning of uplift and cooling to T<100–150°C at 16–23 Ma, associated with normal faulting which continued until Quaternary time. Incomplete resetting of mica ages in all units constrains the temperature of metamorphism during continental subduction to T≤350°C, the closure temperature for Ar in muscovite. The diffusive loss profiles in micas and K-feldspars enable us to “see through” the younger events to older events in the high-T parts of the release spectra. Micas grown during earlier metamorphic events lost relatively small amounts of Ar during subsequent high pressure-low temperature metamorphism. Release spectra from phengites grown during Eocene metamorphism and deformation record the ages of the Ar-loss events. Alpine deformation in northern Greece occurred over a long time span (∼90 Ma), and involved subduction and episodic imbrication of continental basement before, during, and after the collision of the Apulian and Eurasian plates. Syn-subduction uplift and cooling probably combined with intermittently higher cooling rates during extensional events to preserve the blueschist facies mineral assemblages as they were exhumed from depths of >20 km. Extension in the Olympos region was synchronous with extension in the Mesohellenic trough and the Aegean back-arc, and concurrent with westward-progressing shortening in the external Hellenides.

Atmospheric and seawater carbon dioxide at time series station DYFAMED

A time series of fCO2, SST, and fluorescence data was collected between 1995 and 1997 by a CARIOCA buoy moored at the DyFAMed station (Dynamique des Flux Atmospheriques en Mediterranée) located in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. On seasonal timescales, the spring phytoplankton bloom decreases the surface water fCO2 to approximately 290 µatm, followed by summer heating and a strong increase in fCO2 to a maximum of approximately 510 µatm. While the DELTA fCO2 shows strong variations on seasonal timescales, the annual average air-sea disequilibrium is only 2 µatm. Temperature-normalized fCO2 shows a continued decrease in dissolved CO2 throughout the summer and fall at a rate of approximately 0.6 µatm/d. The calculated annual air-sea CO2 transfer rate is -0.10 to -0.15 moles CO2 m-2 y-1, with these low values reflecting the relatively weak wind speed regime and small annual air-sea fCO2 disequilibrium. Extrapolating this rate over the whole Mediterranean Sea would lead to a flux of approximately -3 * 10**12 to -4.5 * 10**12 grams C/y, in good agreement with other estimates. An analysis of the effects of sampling frequency on annual air-sea CO2 flux estimates showed that monthly sampling is adequate to resolve the annual CO2 flux to within approximately ±10 - 18% at this site. Annual flux estimates made using temperature-derived fCO2 based on the measured fCO2-SST correlations are in agreement with measurement-based calculations to within ± 7-10% (depending on the gas transfer parameterization used), and suggest that annual CO2 flux estimates may be reasonably well predicted in this region from satellite or model-derived SST and wind speed information.