994 resultados para isotope geochemistry


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In recent years, thanks to the improvement of analytical methods and the use of MC-ICP-MS, Fe isotope can be measured precisely. Fe isotope shows considerable variation both in biological and inorganic processes (from low T to high T) in nature, Therefore, Fe isotope has become one of the exciting frontier sciences and has favorable prospects of the application to the geosciences and life sciences. Based on a comprehensive review of available references in the related field, this study focuses on the development of techniques for high-precision measurement of iron isotope using MC-ICP-MS, and application of the techniques developed to study the Fe isotopes as well as major and trace element compositions of minerals (Ol, Opx, Cpx and Sp) from spinel peridotitic xenoliths from Cenozoic alkaline basalts to investigate Fe isotopic features of the lithospheric mantle beneath the North China Craton. The minerals from these xenoliths are similar to those off-cratonic peridotites world-wide, but are remarkably different from those on-cratonic peridotites and clinopyroxenes from these spinel lherzolites exhibit two types of chondrite-normalized REE patterns i.e. LREE-depleted and flat or spoon-shaped. It is noted that total abundances of REE in clinopyroxenes from these peridotites show a broad negative correlation with Cr# numbers of Cpx and Sp. The Fe isotope results show that the spinel peridotitic xenoliths have small but distinguishable Fe isotopic variations in minerals (generally Ol < Opx < Cpx) and samples, and the isotopic range in spinel is relatively large. Positive linear relationship with the ε57Fecpx/ε57Feopx ratio close to one unit has been observed between Fe isotopes of coexistent Opx and Cpx, indicating that the Cpx and Opx have generally reached Fe isotopic equilibrium. However, Fe isotopes between the Ol and Sp show apparent disequilibrium. The broadly negative correlation between mineral Fe isotopes and oxygen fugacity (fo2), metasomatic indexes such as spinel Cr#, (La/Yb) N and (La/Sm) N ratios of clinopyroxenes suggest that Fe isotopic variations in different minerals and peridotites were probably produced by melt-peridotite interaction. This study further confirms the previous observation that the lithospheric mantle has distinguishable and heterogeneous Fe isotopic variations at a scale of xenoliths. Mantle metasomatism that induces the interaction of the lithospheric mantle peridotite with metasomatic agent is a most potential mechanism for the Fe isotope fractionation in mantle peridotites. Therefore, Fe isotope could be a new and powerful tool to probe the evolution of the lithospheric mantle. We also report mineral compositions, clinopyroxene trace element concentrations and Sr-Nd isotopes for newly-discovered phlogopite-bearing spinel lherzolite and olivine clinopyroxenite xenoliths from three different localities (Hannuoba, Hebei Province; Jining Sangyitang, Inner Mongolia; Hebi, Henan Province)of the North China Craton. Systematic comparisons with phlogopite-free spinel lherzolite xenolith from the same locality reveals that the phlogopite-bearing peridotitic xenoliths have relatively higher Al2O3, CaO, Na2O, K2O, TiO2 contents and lower MgO contents than those phogopite-free counterparts. The former also has higher LREE concentrations, but relatively less radiogenic Sr-Nd isotopic ratios. This demonstrates that mantle metasomatism can not only enrich the basaltic components and trace element concentrations, but also make a decrease in Mg# of the peridotites and olivines and a relative depletion in Sr-Nd isotopes. 87Rb/86Sr-87Sr/86Sr isochrons of the phlogopite-bearing xenoliths indicate that mantle metasomatism happened in the Mesozoic and/or Cenozoic time. The metasomatic agent was derived from the asthenosphere. The result also manifests that the widespread similarity of the geochemical features such as major and trace elements and isotopic compositions in the Cenozoic lithospheric mantle beneath the North China Craton to those “oceanic” lithospheric mantle could be as a result of the ubiquitous presence of the interaction between the old refractory peridotites and the infiltrated asthenospheric melt, rather than the actually newly-accreted lithospheric mantle.

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Extensive high to ultrahigh pressure metamorphic rocks are outcropped in the the Dabie-Sulu UHP orogenic belt. Disputes still exist about for protolith nature of metamorphic rocks, petrogenesis, tectonic setting, and influence on upper mantle during the Triassic deep subduction. In this study, a combined study of petrology, geochemistry, isotope geochemistry and zircon chronology was accomplished for high-grade gneisses in the basement of the ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic Rongcheng terrane to reveal protolith nature and petrogenesis of the gneisses and to disucss the magmatic succession along the northern margin of the Yangtze block in Neoproterozoic. Gneisses in the Rongcheng terrane are characterized by negative Nb, Ta, P and Ti anomalies, relatively low Sr/Y ratios and relatively high Ba/La, Ba/Nb and Ba/Zr ratios, mostly displaying geochemical affinity to Phanerozoic volcanic arc. Neoproterozoic protolith ages (0.7 ~ 0.8 Ga) and Paleoproterozoic average crustal residence time (1.92 ~ 2.21 Ga) favour a Yangtze affinity. The gneisses mostly display characteristics of enrichment of LREE, flat heavy rare earth elements (REE) patterns, moderately fractionation between LREE and HREE and slight negative or positive Eu anomalies, probably reflecting that melting took place in the middle to low crust (26 ~ 33 km), where amphibole fractionated from the melts and/or inherited from source material as major mineral phases in the source area. Sr-Nd isotopic composition of the gneisses supports this conclusion. According to εNd(t) and εHf(t) values, the gneisses can be divided into three groups. Gneisses of group I have the highest εNd(t) and εHf(t) values, corresponding to the range of -6 ~ -3 and -2.9 ~ 13.4, respectively. This suggests obvious influx of depleted mantle or juvenile crust in the formation of protoliths. Gneisses of group II have medium εNd(t) (-9 ~ -7) and εHf(t) values (-15.8 ~ -1.4), corresponding to relatively high TDM2(Nd) (1.99 ~ 2.31 Ga) and TDM2(Hf) (1.76 ~ 2.67 Ga) , respectively. This suggests these gneisses were formed by partial melting of Paleoproterozoic crust. Gneisses of group III have the lowest εNd(t) (-15 ~ -10) and εHf(t) values (-15.8 ~ -1.4), corresponding to the largest TDM2(Nd) (1.99 ~ 2.31 Ga) and TDM2(Hf) ( 1.76 ~ 2.67 Ga), respectively. This indicates that gneisses of group III were formed by remelting of Archean crustal material and further demonstrates existence of an Archean basement probably of the Yangtze affinity beneath the Rongcheng terrane. Gneisses of three groups have also certain different geochemical characteristics. Contents of REEs and trace elements reduce gradually from group I to group III. Zirconium saturation temperatures also show similar tendency. Compared to gneisses of group II and group III, gneisses of group I display geochemical feature similar to extensional tectonic setting, having relatively little influence by the source area. Therefore, geochemical characteristics for gneisses of group I can indictate that the protoliths of the Rongcheng gneisses formed in an extensional rifting tectonic setting. This conclusion is supported by the results of eclogites and gabbros previously reported in the Dabie-Sulu orogenic belt. Statistical results of the protolith ages of the Rongcheng gneisses show two age peaks around ~728 Ma and ~783 Ma with an about 50 Ma gap. Extensive magatism in abou 750 Ma along the northern margin of the Yangtze block can hardly be observed in the Rongcheng terrane. This phenomenon likely suggests discontinuous Neoproterozoic magmatism along the northern margin of the Yangtze block.

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A suit of cherts deposited in deep-ocean basin of South China during terminal Ediacaran and the beginning of Early Cambrian (about 550~540Ma). The origin of these cherts are controversial, and contrary standpoints exist for the redox state of the terminal Ediacaran deep-ocean because of poor study. In this paper, a detailed sedimentology, element and stable isotope geochemistry study were conducted for cherts of Liuchapo Formation in Anhua County, Hunan Province, Laobao Formation in Sanjiang County, Guangxi Province, and Piyuancun Formation in Xiuning County, Anhui Province. Some conclusions were drawn: (1) These cherts were mainly formed through chemical deposition of dissolved silica derived from chemical weathering in continent. Biological processes played a part in the cherts formation, however, the influence of hydrothermal fluids and detritus materials were trivial. (2) The terminal Ediacaran deep-ocean was anoxic and gradually oxidized. (3) Intense bacterial sulfate reduction decreased sulfate concentration in the ocean and the water column became euxinic during Ediacaran-Cambrian transition period. (4) Due to a high CO2 concentration in the terminal Ediacaran atmosphere, chemical weathering in continent dramatically increased and huge amounts of nutrimental material were transferred into ocean. The biota bloomed because of the nutrimental material. Degradation of huge amounts of organic matter maintained dissolved organic carbon reservoir in the ocean, and prolonged the deep-ocean anoxia.

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Post-collisional, potassic igneous rocks are widely distributed in the Hoh Xil area of the northern Tibetan Plateau. Based on the field work, petrography, mineral chemistry, K-Ar geochronology, element and Sr-Nd-Pb isotope geochemistry, this thesis systematically studied the spatial and temporal distribution of the volcanic rocks, chemical characteristics, formation mechanism and partial melting mechanism of the magma source region, geodynamic setting of magmatism, as well as crustal assimilation and fractional crystallization (AFC). The results show that: 1. The Miocene (7.77-17.82 Ma) volcanic products dominantly are trachandesite and trachy, and subordinate rhyolites, associated with stike-slip faults and thrust faults, formed morphology of small lava platforms and cinder cones. 2. Phenocrysts in the lavas are augite, andesine, sanidine, calcic amphibole and subordinate orthopyroxene, biotite and Ti-Fe oxides, displaying typical quench texture. Equilibrium temperatures and pressures of clinopyroxene phenocrysts indicate the magma chamber is located in upper-middle crust. 3. Rhyolites are the products of crustal melting and fractionation of shoshonitic magmas. The source region of intermediate magmas is enriched continental lithospheric mantle, which contains residual minerals such as phlogopite, rutile and spinel, and enriched by subducted sediments during earlier multi-episodes of subduction. 4. Upwelling of asthenosphere provides heat for source region melting, and faults provide channels for magma eruption. 5. Northward underthrusting of Indian continental lithosphere and southward of backstop of Asian continental lithosphere resulted in upwelling of hot asthenosphere. Geochemical characteristics of the potassic magmatism in North Tibet are dominantly controlled by source region composition, partial melting, and crustal assimilation and fractional crystallization (AFC).

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This paper deals with the relations between the Machangqing rockbody which corresponds to the A-type granites and porphyry copper mineralization in terms of petrochemistry, trace element geochemistry, fluid inclusion geochemistry and isotope geochemistry. The results show that the Machangqing porphyry copper deposit was formed from the fluid predominated by mag-matic fluid. This kind of ore-forming fluid was just differentiated from the magma responsible for the A-type granites. therefore,as viewed from whereer they contain water or not,the A-type granites can,at least,be divided into two types: water-bearing and water-free.The water-bearing A-type granites can serve as the host ofporphyry copper deposits under certain geological conditions.

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贵州的乌江流域属典型的喀斯特地貌,也是我国严重的酸雨区之一。酸沉降可以导致土壤中盐基离子的流失并释放出具有植物毒性的元素,对植被和生态造成破坏。即使在酸沉降停止后,土壤的退化也会持续,pH值仍可继续降低。因此,加强乌江流域的酸沉降对土壤及生态系统破坏的研究十分必要。乌江中上游地区广泛分布高硫煤和矿床硫化物,煤中的还原态硫化物(主要是黄铁矿)和矿床硫化物经过氧化风化会产生大量的溶解态金属和H2SO4,在污染环境的同时会大大加速碳酸盐岩的化学侵蚀。 本研究在导师刘丛强研究员主持的中国科学院知识创新工程重要方向重大项目(喀斯特地区(贵州乌江流域)物质的水文地球化学循环及其环境效应,批准号:KZCX2-105;乌江流域典型喀斯特土壤-植被生态系统生源要素生物地球化学研究,批准号:KZCX3-SW-140)课题的支持下,选择贵州喀斯特地区的典型河流为研究对象,利用化学质量平衡、同位素地球化学研究手段,探讨了硫酸风化碳酸盐岩对河水化学组成的影响,溶解硫酸盐的来源及硫同位素组成的时空变化,定量计算了丰水期乌江流域硫酸风化碳酸盐岩的侵蚀速率及其对大气CO2释放的影响,并对土壤总硫和硫酸盐的生物地球化学循环进行了同位素示踪研究。获得的主要结论揭示了水-岩作用和人类活动对硫的生物地球化学循环的控制机理,以及硫循环在碳酸盐岩化学风化中的作用,为了解喀斯特地区硫的循环演化及其环境效应提供了重要的基础科学依据。主要结论如下: 硫酸侵蚀碳酸盐岩对河水化学组成的影响 乌江枯、丰水期河水SO42−平均浓度分别为0.65mmol/L和0.48mmol/L,占阴离子总量的25%以上。干流河水SO42−浓度具有从上游到下游逐渐降低的趋势,支流河水SO42−浓度具有明显的区域性差异特征,枯水期上游和下游地区支流的SO42−平均浓度分别为0.80mmol/L和0.26mmol/L,丰水期河水也有类似的特征。SO42−、NO3−、Cl−与Na+浓度比值的相互关系表明河水SO42−具有人为来源。沅江水系河水SO42−含量远低于乌江河水,枯水期平均浓度0.22mmol/L,丰水期平均0.14mmol/L。 乌江流域不同来源H2SO4参与下的碳酸盐岩风化是影响河水化学组成最主要的因素。舞阳河水中的溶质主要来自H2CO3风化白云岩,不存在硫酸风化碳酸盐岩的迹象。清水江河水离子组成则同时受到H2CO3、H2SO4风化碳酸盐岩和H2CO3风化硅酸盐的影响。由此可见,喀斯特地区不同河流的河水化学组成受H2SO4风化碳酸盐岩的影响是不同的。 水-岩作用模拟表明:乌江枯水期河水的CSI在−0.2 ~ 1之间,绝大多数河水处于对CaCO3过饱和状态,丰水期河水的CSI较枯水期平均高0.3,CaCO3全部过饱和。河水PCO2,river相对大气PCO2,atm一般是过饱和的。因此,喀斯特地区河水即具有沉积性又具有向大气释放CO2的趋势。舞阳河水方解石和白云石在枯、丰水期全部过饱和,DSI平均值在两季均远高于CSI,这与舞阳河流域分布着大量的白云岩有关。而清水江大部分河水的方解石和白云石处于不饱和状态。流域不同的地质背景决定了河水中方解石和白云石的饱和状态,在同一地质背景条件下又取决于河水中的CO2分压。 扣除乌江丰水期河水化学组成中H2SO4溶解碳酸盐岩的贡献之后,部分河水由对方解石和白云石过饱和变为不饱和,溶解沉淀性质发生了根本的改变。由此可见,H2SO4风化碳酸盐岩通过改变河水的化学组成,对河水的化学稳定性也存在很大影响。 河水硫同位素地球化学与碳酸盐岩侵蚀 枯水期乌江河水硫同位素δ34S值的变化范围为−15.7‰ 到18.9‰,宽广的δ34S值范围反映了不同河段汇入的SO42−来源于流经具有不同同位素组成特征地质背景的支流。丰水期δ34S值的变化范围小于枯水期,在−11.5‰ 到8.3‰之间。两个季节河水SO42−的δ34S值均随着SO42−浓度的增加而降低。乌江硫酸盐的硫同位素组成具有明显的季节性变化,丰水期干流河水的δ34S值在−6.7‰ ~ −3.9‰之间,平均值较枯水期低3‰。支流河水的硫同位素组成具有明显的区域性差异。舞阳河河水富集34S,清水江河水富集32S,硫同位素组成的季节变化和支流差异远不如乌江明显。 硫同位素示踪显示:乌江上游河水硫酸盐主要来自煤中黄铁矿的氧化、矿床硫化物氧化及雨水;下游河水硫酸盐的硫同位素组成主要介于雨水和蒸发岩端元之间,煤中黄铁矿氧化的贡献较少。不同端元的硫同位素组成表明:丰水期水量增加时,煤中黄铁矿氧化来源的硫酸盐的贡献增加,导致了乌江河水δ34S值的降低。雨水δ34S值季节性变化对河水硫同位素组成的季节性变化的影响是次要的。 乌江河水向贵州省外输出的SO42−通量为170×1010g/a,丰水期占全年SO42−输出总量的72%,上游地区输出的SO42−占年输出总量的80%。煤中黄铁矿风化、雨水、矿床硫化物风化、蒸发岩溶解对丰水期乌江河水SO42-的贡献分别为45%、27%、24%和4%。硫化物氧化产生H2SO4,而后H2SO4侵蚀碳酸盐岩,这是研究区内两个非常重要的硫循环过程。丰水期H2SO4侵蚀碳酸盐岩的速率为35.1t/ (km2•a),约合17.5mm/ka。总的CO2释放通量约为8.1 t/ (km2•a)。通过推导丰水期乌江流域碳酸盐岩侵蚀方程可知,丰水期乌江流域碳酸盐岩的侵蚀有52%是由H2SO4风化造成的。 喀斯特流域土壤硫的生物地球化学 黄壤的总硫含量一般小于0.1%,而石灰土的总硫含量全部大于0.1%, 同一剖面同样深度黄壤总硫含量夏季生长期高于冬季休眠期,但是石灰土则恰恰相反。一般情况下,土壤总硫含量首先与土壤类型有关,其次可能受到植被的影响。即使是同一土壤类型,随着剖面深度的增加总硫含量变化趋势也并不一致。 土壤无机硫酸盐的含量与土壤类型密切相关,黄壤SO42−含量明显高于石灰土。黄壤表层土硫酸盐形态硫占总硫的2.4% ~ 6.4%,随着剖面加深土壤硫酸盐形态硫的含量出现先增加后降低的趋势,最高可占总硫的20%以上,这种现象应该是铁、铝氧化物或氢氧化物对硫酸盐的吸附造成的。同样是黄壤,也可能由于上覆植被的不同造成不同剖面土壤硫酸盐在含量上的差异,或同一剖面不同季节含量上的差异。石灰土硫酸盐形态硫在总硫中的百分含量不超过3%,而且易受淋溶而流失,即使在有植被覆盖的情况下也是如此。 所有样品总硫的δ34S值均为正值且总是大于同层SO42−的δ34S值。随着黄壤剖面的加深δ34S值呈逐渐增加的趋势,有机硫循环过程不断富集34S可能是产生这种现象的原因。 硫同位素组成表明黄壤剖面表层土SO42−应来源于大气沉降。夏季表层土SO42−的δ34S值稍高于冬季,明显高于贵阳夏季大气降水的硫同位素组成,可能是大气总沉降的反映,也可能是不同季节土壤有机硫的矿化水平的不同造成的。黄壤剖面无论冬季还是夏季SO42−均随剖面的加深逐渐富集34S。在剖面上层SO42−的δ34S值与SO42−含量正相关,可能是有机硫矿化生成的SO42−加入的结果。下层土壤硫酸盐δ34S值与含量明显反相关,可能是硫酸盐还原菌发生作用导致了较大的同位素分馏。 从乌江上游至下游,石灰土表层土壤SO42−的硫同位素逐渐富集32S。硫同位素组成表明中、下游石灰土SO42−的来源很可能是大气降水,而上游样品还存在矿山硫的来源。 土壤无机硫酸盐对乌江河水硫酸盐的贡献还不明确,但它不应是乌江河水硫酸盐的主要来源。

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河流是连接海洋和陆地生态系统的重要途径,也是全球碳循环研究的重要环节。因此,河水的水文地球化学研究是获得有关流域侵蚀、风化以及元素在大陆- 河流- 海洋系统中外生循环过程等的重要途径。由于碳酸盐岩风化作用的产物在很大程度上控制着地表水系的地球化学组成, 因此对碳酸盐岩地区河流的水文地球化学特征的研究, 对于了解碳酸盐岩地区的侵蚀、风化强度以及河流地球化学组成变化的多种控制因素有很大的意义。 单就珠江水系而言,目前该方面的研究范围较窄,主要集中于珠江流域水文气候监测、水体有机污染物的迁移转化以及珠江三角洲与河口水体的同位素示踪研究等几个方面,而对于典型气候、地质地貌区域内的各支流的系统的水文地球化学研究少之又少。事实上,对于珠江水系的干流西江而言,流域内由于喀斯特地貌广泛发育,具有极强的地理特异性,因而各支流在不同地质地貌特征、土壤、气候、植被等条件下的水文地球化学的系统研究以及同位素示踪流域侵蚀状况等方面的研究,不仅对于更好地了解中国西南地区典型喀斯特岩溶区域内土壤、岩石的化学风化、水土流失、水文地球化学特征以及环境污染等方面具有极其重要的意义,同时也对全球碳循环的系统研究有着极其重要的研究价值。 本研究在导师刘丛强研究员主持的国家重大基础规划“973”计划项目“西南喀斯特山地石漠化与适应性生态系统调控”课题的支持下开展完成,选择贵州境内珠江水系干流西江及其支流(红水河流域),以及一级支流柳江源头都柳江及其支流为研究对象,分别通过对流域内,变质碎屑岩以及海相碳酸盐岩两大岩性区域内不同植被覆盖状况下各地表水体中水文地球化学特征以及碳同位素地球化学特征分析,得出以下结论: 1、流域岩性特征是控制流域内各地表水体水文地球化学特征以及流域风化侵蚀程度的重要影响因素。与此同时,研究区内由于人为活动造成的水体污染对于地表水体离子组成特征的变化,也有一定的影响。 2、研究区珠江流域内的地表水体来源主要为大气降水和地下水。研究区内的受西南季风影响下的频繁的降雨过程,是研究区地表水体的主要补给源。研究区内大气降水大多透过表层土壤,进入深部土壤含水层后,或以地表径流的形式冲刷土壤岩石表层后汇入流域内地表河流;或参与地下水体循环,最终以地下水补给地表河流。研究区内NNE方向褶皱断裂构造极其发育,地表河网与地下河网相互连接,转换频繁。 3、研究区内地表水体的离子组成特征以及物理化学性质,主要受流域内土壤岩石化学风化过程的控制。不同岩性特征区域内,地表水体的离子组成特征以及水化学参数有着显著的差异。 4、通过对贵州境内珠江水系75个地表水体中三种不同形态碳DIC、DOC、POC及其部分稳定碳同位素的分析测试,发现研究区内地表水体中的DIC主要来源于研究区内土壤CO2对不同流域内土壤、岩石矿物的化学风化过程。一般而言,植被覆盖状况较好的区域,土壤CO2较为丰富,化学风化作用较为强烈;碳酸盐岩比硅酸盐类易于风化,并且不同岩性区域化学风化过程可以使得地表水体具有不同的离子组成特征与水化学特性。 5、研究区各流域地表水体中的有机碳主要与流域内植被状况相关。地表水体中DOC浓度在一定程度上反映了流域内的植被状况,而TSS以及POC则反映了流域内土壤有机质的情况。研究区地表水体中DOC、POC含量变化情况,是探讨喀斯特地区碳的源汇关系及循环模式的重要依据。 6、河流悬浮物中的POC主要来源于土壤有机质和陆地植物,是研究流域侵蚀问题的重要指标。研究区内变质碎屑岩以及海相碳酸盐岩区域内各地表水体均表现出δ13CPOC 与TOC/TN之间的负相关关系,且地表水体中颗粒有机物具有较低的TOC/TN,表明研究区内各地表水体中POC很可能来源于深层土壤。水动力越强,流域侵蚀越强烈,因而TSS中TOC/TN越低。

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湖泊生态系统是陆地水体生态系统的重要组成部分。随着社会经济的不断发展,各种人为因素对湖泊生态系统的影响日益突出,打破了其自然演变规律,诸如 “二次污染”、水体富营养化、重金属污染等环境问题接踵而来。而铁是水生生态系统初级生产力所必需的重要微量营养元素之一,在一定的条件下可以控制和影响浮游藻类的生长速度和种类;而且,铁的氧化还原敏感性很强,其价态的改变往往会影响其它相关重金属的迁移和转化。因此,湖泊生态系统中铁的生物地球化学循环研究具有非常重要的意义。近年来的研究显示,铁同位素分析技术可以用于各种生物作用和非生物作用过程的研究,在海洋和河流生态系统中已有广泛的应用,而对湖泊生态系统的研究则鲜见报导。乌江流域中等富营养化的湖泊――红枫湖和贵阳西南郊矿化程度较高的湖泊――阿哈湖是研究湖泊生态系统中铁生物地球化学循环的理想场所。本文选取这两个性质不同的湖泊为研究对象,运用硫同位素、铁同位素及重金属和营养盐等地球化学方法手段,对两湖流域内硫酸盐的来源、硫同位素的季节和剖面变化特征、铁的来源及铁同位素组成的季节和剖面变化特征及其控制和影响因素等进行了研究和探讨,进一步完善了铁同位素分馏机理,为深化理解和研究湖泊生态系统中铁和硫的生物地球化学循环提供一定的科学依据。论文所获的主要认识总结如下: 两湖流域内湖水与河水的硫酸盐硫同位素地球化学 (1)阿哈湖流域和红枫湖流域水体的硫酸盐浓度和δ34S值均有较宽的分布范围。各入湖支流中,受煤矿废水或煤矸石淋溶液污染的河水的δ34S值相对较低(-8.10‰~-14.92‰),而受生活污水影响严重的河水则具有相对较高的δ34S值(-5.68‰~+0.88‰)。相比而言,阿哈湖流域水体纳入了大量的煤矿废水和煤矸石淋溶液,硫污染程度较红枫湖流域更为严重。因此,阿哈湖湖水具有相对较高的硫酸根浓度(平均为2.30 mmol.L-1)和相对较低的δ34S值(平均为-8.10‰),而红枫湖则具有相对较低的硫酸根浓度(平均为0.96 mmol.L-1)和相对较高的δ34S值(平均为-6.80‰)。 (2)阿哈湖湖水中的硫酸盐主要受煤矿废水、煤矸石淋溶液以及雨水等的控制;红枫湖湖水的硫酸盐主要来源于煤中黄铁矿的氧化和雨水输入,土壤硫化物的氧化和蒸发岩的溶解对湖水硫酸盐硫同位素组成的贡献较小。相比之下,雨水对红枫湖湖水硫同位素的影响更为明显。 (3)红枫湖和阿哈湖湖水的硫酸盐的δ34S值均具有明显的剖面变化特征,而且两湖的变化趋势相似,总体表现为,夏秋季节表层湖水和底层湖水的δ34S值相对较高,而冬春季节湖水剖面上下几乎没有变化。湖水硫酸盐浓度也呈现类似的变化特征,这主要与季节性厌氧湖泊夏季分层冬季混和的典型特点有关。夏季湖水分层期间,大量降雨在湖泊表层的滞留使得δ34S值升高而硫酸盐浓度降低,湖泊底部水层中硫酸盐细菌的还原作用使得底层湖水的硫酸盐浓度降低,而δ34S值升高。 两湖流域内铁同位素地球化学 (1)阿哈湖流域各类样品的δ56Fe值分布在-2.03‰~+0.12‰之间,分布范围较宽。其中湖水悬浮颗粒物的δ56Fe值在-1.36‰~-0.03‰之间,整体相对偏负。湖周各支流河水悬浮颗粒物的δ56Fe值在-0.88‰~+0.07‰之间,也相对富集轻的铁同位素;湖底沉积物和孔隙水的δ56Fe值的分布范围分别为-1.75‰~-0.59‰和-2.03‰~+0.12‰;大气颗粒物和浮游藻类的δ56Fe值分别为+0.06±0.02‰和+0.08‰。与阿哈湖相比,红枫湖流域各类样品的δ56Fe值的分布范围相对较窄,在-0.92‰~+0.36‰之间。湖水悬浮颗粒物的δ56Fe值在-0.85‰~+0.14‰之间,河水悬浮颗粒物的铁同位素组成变化范围为-0.89‰~+0.10‰,二者的变化范围相似。红枫湖沉积物的δ56Fe值在-0.18‰~+0.08‰之间,明显比阿哈湖沉积物的铁同位素组成偏正;而对应孔隙水的铁同位素组成的变化范围为-0.59‰~-0.24‰,均要比对应沉积物的铁同位素值要低。藻类和鲫鱼鱼肉的δ56Fe值分别为+0.36‰和-0.92‰。 (2)通过对两湖研究区湖水悬浮颗粒物与各输入端员环境样品的铁同位素值的研究表明,湖水悬浮颗粒物的δ56Fe值不仅受各输入端员的控制和影响,湖泊内部相关的生物地球化学过程也对湖水悬浮颗粒物的铁同位素组成变化产生了重要影响。两湖研究区内湖水悬浮颗粒物的铁同位素组成均存在季节变化特征,但受湖泊自身特点的影响,主要控制因素方面存在一定差异。夏季阿哈湖湖水悬浮颗粒物的铁同位素值变幅较大,其变化主要表现在表层和底层。表层因受陆源输入的有机结合态铁的影响而具有较负的δ56Fe值,而大气沉降颗粒物和湖泊表层的浮游藻类的影响并不显著。夏季湖水分层期间,“Ferrous Wheel”铁循环对于界面附近铁同位素的重分配起到了主要的控制和影响作用,湖水悬浮颗粒物的铁同位素值在氧化-还原界面附近达到了极负值。水-沉积物界面附近滞水层中亚铁类硫化物的生成可能也是水-沉积物界面附近水层内颗粒物的δ56Fe值偏负的原因之一。而冬季湖水混和时期,阿哈湖湖水剖面悬浮颗粒物的δ56Fe值的变幅明显减小。与阿哈湖不同,藻类的吸附作用可能在夏季红枫湖上层水体中占有主导地位,其湖水悬浮颗粒物的铁同位素组成随叶绿素水平的降低而逐渐降低。下层湖水悬浮颗粒物的铁同位素组成变化也受“Ferrous Wheel”铁循环的影响,在红枫湖后五剖面 20m 处达到-0.18‰,大坝剖面底层约为-0.46‰,其变幅没有阿哈湖悬浮颗粒物的δ56Fe值大,可能是受到了湖水中大量有机物质的影响。冬季红枫湖后五剖面的变化趋势与夏季相似,上层和下层水体悬浮颗粒物分别受不同影响因素的控制。上层水体悬浮颗粒物的铁同位素变化不明显,与Fe、Al、Mn、Zn、Co等元素的含量呈现良好的正相关关系;而底层水体悬浮颗粒物的δ56Fe值变幅比夏季要大,HW采样点20m处可达-0.85‰,与Fe、Al、Zn、Co等呈现良好的负相关关系,具体影响因素还有待于进一步研究。

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甘肃文县阳山金矿的探明黄金储量已达308t,平均品位4.74g/t,是我国地质勘查储量最大的金矿床。该矿床产于西秦岭造山带,是一个同碰撞形成的类卡林型金矿床,矿体受EW向韧脆性剪切带控制,赋矿围岩为泥盆系碳质千枚岩-板岩-碳酸盐-硅质岩和侵入其中的花岗斑岩脉。流体成矿过程包括:形成石英-绢云母-黄铁矿组合的早阶段,形成石英-黄铁矿-毒砂-方铅矿等多金属组合的主成矿阶段,形成碳酸盐-辉锑矿-石英网脉的晚阶段。 与矿体关系较为密切的花岗斑岩富集LILE 和 LREE, 亏损 Ba, Sr, Nb, Ta, P 和Ti,ΣREE=54.35~124.01 μg/g ,(La/Yb)N=9.72~27.80,δEu=0.70~0.89, ISr值为0.70806~0.71756,平均0.71107;εNd(t)平均-3.4;Nd模式年龄(T2DM)平均1.34(Ga)。表明花岗斑岩岩浆应源自成熟度较低的中元古代基底地壳物质。花岗斑岩的(206Pb/204Pb)220Ma、(207Pb/204Pb)220Ma和(208Pb/204Pb)220Ma的平均值分别为17.875、15.604和38.296,与秦岭微陆块的中元古代基底和碧口地体碧口群的Pb同位素组成一致。考虑到前人获得碧口群的年龄为1.235~1.367Ga,而秦岭微陆块沿勉略缝合带向南仰冲到碧口地体之上,我们认为由碧口群等组成的俯冲板片的变质脱水熔融作用导致了阳山金矿带花岗斑岩的形成。因此,阳山金矿带的花岗斑岩是扬子与华北大陆中生代碰撞造山过程中形成的同碰撞花岗岩类。 最新的S,Sr和Pb同位素研究表明:热液成矿早阶段的黄铁矿的34S值范围介于-15.5‰~6.59‰之间,总体离散性比较大,显示沉积地层来源的特征,硫同位素组成属离散型,不具有岩浆主导的成矿的塔式效应。花岗岩中黄铁矿硫同位素范围很集中,34S值处于-1.47‰~2.12‰之间,本区花岗斑岩不可能为成矿物质的主要来源。矿石硫化物的初始锶同位素比值范围较大(0.70877~0.71697,平均为0.71258),显示成矿物质并非单一来源,考虑到花岗斑岩先于矿床形成,只在后期构造作用的岩体部分成矿的地质事实,少量矿石中的低锶同位素比值黄铁矿有可能来自作为围岩的花岗斑岩,也可能来自基底物质。矿石硫化物Pb同位素206Pb/204Pb=17.552~18.853,平均18.260;207Pb/204Pb=15.574~15.928,平均15.685;208Pb/204Pb=37.894~39.293,平均38.680,变化范围比较大。μ=9.46~10.06,平均为9.65,ω值介于36.96~42.21,显示了铅源的物质成熟度较高,要求最佳物源是浅变质化学-碎屑沉积建造,恰好与本区泥盆构造层为浅变质细碎屑岩夹薄层灰岩系的特征一致,部分低Sr和Pb同位素比值的成矿物质可能来自于作为围岩的花岗斑岩和/或者基地物质。 总结前人阳山金矿床的H-O-C同位素体系的研究得出,初始成矿流体来源于碳酸盐地层或相似岩石建造的变质或/和改造脱水,成矿流体系统从早到晚、从深到浅,由变质热液演变为大气降水热液。与本文得出的结论一致。 总而言之, 阳山金矿矿成矿流体的来源早期具有变质水特征,应来自赋矿地层或相似岩性组合的改造或变质脱水作用,晚阶段大气水为主的流体性质。成矿物质主要来自于赋矿围岩。流体经过作为部分围岩的花岗斑岩时从中萃取少部分成矿物质,而导致了少部分的低锶、铅同位素的矿石硫化物组成。 在中生代扬子板块北缘(包括碧口地块)向南秦岭陆陆碰撞过程中,扬子北缘板片沿勉略断裂向北俯冲到南秦岭之下,下插板片增温增压,发生变质、脱水和部分熔融。碰撞中期,构造背景由挤压向伸展转变,减压增温的环境导致大量变质流体沿深大断裂向上运移,不断萃取围岩中大量成矿元素,并将成矿元素搬运至有利于流体聚集、成矿物质卸载的空间,使成矿物质富集成矿。阳山金矿床定位于泥盆系构造层中,成矿时代为190Ma左右,紧随花岗斑岩侵入作用(220Ma左右),主成矿作用发生于碰撞作用由挤压-伸展转变期的减压增温环境。成岩、成矿模式与CMF模式吻合。 阳山超大型金矿是世界罕见的碰撞造山带内类卡林型金矿床,其地质地球化学特征复杂、独特,流体性质主要与造山型金矿一致,矿床地质主要与卡林型金矿一致,部分特征兼与造山型和卡林型两类矿床之间,花岗斑岩本身成矿的特点又为阳山所特有,总体具有造山型向卡林型金矿过渡的性质。因此建议以“秦岭式”或“阳山式”类卡林型金矿床代表与阳山金矿具有类似成矿背景及地球化学性质的矿床。

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对河流地球化学特征的研究可以获得有关流域化学风化以及化学元素在地球表生系统生物地球化学循环的相关信息。同时,流域风化作用是全球长期碳旋回及与其有关的环境效应的一个重要组成部分。我国学者对大流域的碳酸盐岩地区进行了大量研究,但硅酸盐地区的研究相对薄弱,研究指出:中国河流水的离子组成主要受碳酸盐风化作用和蒸发岩溶蚀作用的影响,受铝硅酸盐风化作用的影响不如前两者明显。硅酸盐岩的风化产物在一定程度上控制着地表水系的地球化学组成,因而对硅酸盐岩区河流的地球化学组成变化的研究,有助于我们了解硅酸盐岩地区的化学风化作用与水文地球化学特征的关系,以及控制河流水体地球化学组成变化的多种因素。赣江是长江的主要支流,在江西省国民经济、生态环境保护和社会生活中占有重要的地位。尤为重要的是,赣江流域广泛分布有硅酸岩岩石和土壤,是世界上硅酸岩连片分布的典型地区之一。由赣江水体和悬浮物携带输送的各类物质组分经鄱阳湖输入长江是全球元素地球化学循环的重要组成部分,对全球环境变化研究有重要意义。 本论文利用赣江流域物理化学参数、化学质量平衡和同位素地球化学研究手段,重点讨论赣江流域的水化学特征、主要离子来源,并探讨主要的化学风化反应。定量计算了流域化学风化侵蚀速率及其对大气CO2消耗的影响,探讨了河流水化学特征与人为活动、气候、地形、岩性等因素之间的关系。得出如下主要结论和几点新认识。 赣江流域河流受控于中亚热带湿润季风气候条件下,碳酸盐硅酸盐化学风化和人为活动的共同影响,以快速的碳酸盐和典型硅酸盐的化学风化共同侵蚀作用区别于其他地区河流。枯水期和丰水期样品中,阳离子中Na+和Ca+含量最高,其次是Mg2+,K+含量最低;阴离子中,Cl-,HCO3-占主导地位,SO42-次之,NO3-含量最低;溶解性硅的含量变化范围不大。赣江流域河水的化学组成反映了硅酸盐岩化学风化作用对河水化学组成控制的典型特征。 受赣江流域气候、岩性、地形和人为活动的影响,枯水期丰水期离子成分主要来源于岩石/土壤的化学风化。碳酸盐岩矿物风化与硅酸盐岩矿物相比是普遍而快速的,所以赣江流域风化很大程度上会受碳酸盐所支配。此外,人为输入影响与赣江流域发达的农业、工业生产产生污染相一致。 赣江流域HCO3-与Ca2+、HCO3-与Mg2+、SO42-与Mg2+、Na+与Cl-均存在明显的相关关系。Na+与SO42-、HCO3-与Si、Na+与Si、K+与Si不存在相关性或相关性不明显。赣江流域样品Si/(Na*+K)比值范围低,表明风化作用在表生环境中进行,风化作用中主要是富含阳离子的次生矿物。Si浓度受生物影响很小,主要是岩性的作用。 除了岩石风化溶解作用,赣江流域盆地区域降水量将直接影响地表径流和河流流量。河流流量对各主要离子浓度的影响顺序为HCO3->Ca2+>Mg2+>SO42- >Na+>Cl-,起到稀释作用。所以赣江流域河水特征受岩性和气候条件的共同作用。 赣江流域高的锶同位素比值(87Sr/86Sr)表明了赣江流域Sr来源的硅酸岩风化典型特征,丰水期河流溶解态Sr浓度有所下降。锶同位素为大气降水和岩石风化的混合型,并且辨别出两个碳酸盐硅酸盐是最主要的岩石风化溶解端元组分。 利用SPSS统计软件,对9个离子组分作为变量进行主成分分析(PCA)和因子分析,解析出主要影响因素。分析统计结果表明两类岩石和人为输入对河水溶解质的贡献率分别是:碳酸盐最大,其次是硅酸盐,人为活动输入最小。并定量的计算出碳酸盐、硅酸盐、大气CO2和人类活动对于赣江溶质组成的相对贡献率。根据径流量和流域面积,计算得到每年赣江流域岩石风化作用的大气CO2消耗分别为枯水期520.2×103mol/km2和丰水期383.4×103mol/km2,较强烈的碳酸盐风化溶解和明显的硅酸盐风化特征导致了赣江流域岩石风化作用的CO2消耗率高于世界平均水平。扣除大气CO2和人类活动输入的贡献后,估算得到赣江流域的年均化学风化率为30.3t/km2•a,在影响河流化学风化的众多因素中,地质和气候因素起着主导作用。赣江流域对于全球的大气CO2源汇效应是明显的汇项。

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En tant que population majoritairement immigrante, les protestants inhumés au cimetière Saint-Matthew, ville de Québec (1771-1860) ont dû s'adapter à un nouvel environnement à leur arrivée au Québec, et donc à de nouvelles ressources. Parallèlement, les 18e et 19e siècles sont marqués par un contexte socio-économique en pleine mutation avec l'arrivée graduelle de la période industrielle, et la ville de Québec, avec son contexte portuaire, a ainsi été au coeur de ces changements. L'objectif de ce mémoire est d'évaluer si la géochimie des isotopes stables appliquée à plusieurs matériaux du squelette humain (collagène et apatite de l'os, collagène de la dentine, et carbonate de l'émail) permet de mieux comprendre comment les comportements alimentaires des individus analysés provenant de ce cimetière cosmopolite (n=40) ont évolué en cours de vie. L'alimentation étant influencée par des conditions socio-économiques, culturelles et environnementales, cela peut nous informer indirectement sur les processus d'adaptation et l'identité d'un individu. C'est dans cette perspective d'écologie culturelle que nous avons interprété les données recueillies lors de ce projet, en complément aux analyses effectuées précédemment par Morland (2009) et Caron (2013). Nos résultats corroborent les tendances déjà observées, soit des pratiques alimentaires semblables à celles que l'on retrouve en Europe, et des immigrants provenant majoritairement des Îles Britanniques. Ils démontrent également une légère augmentation de la consommation de ressources C4, comme le maïs et la canne à sucre, à l'âge adulte pour 90% des individus analysés, de même qu'une baisse du niveau de protéines. Par ailleurs, les individus étudiés ont généralement eu tendance à conserver le même niveau alimentaire les uns par rapport aux autres tout au cours de leur vie, même si les pratiques étaient moins diversifiés à l'âge adulte. Finalement, on constate des similarités de comportements avec les populations irlandaises et britanniques plus pauvres durant l'enfance, alors qu'ils ressemblent davantage à ceux visibles dans la vallée laurentienne en fin de vie, notamment en ce qui concerne l'apport en protéines. Nos résultats suggèrent donc des changements alimentaires significatifs, fort possiblement liés aux processus de migration et à une adaptation constante à un nouvel environnement de la part des individus étudiés.

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Early Cretaceous (similar to 129 Ma) silicic rocks crop out in SE Uruguay between the Laguna Merin and Santa Lucia basins in the Lascano, Sierra Sao Miguel. Salamanca and Minas areas They are mostly rhyolites with minor quartz-trachytes and are nearly contemporaneous with the Parana-Etendeka igneous province and with the first stages of South Atlantic Ocean opening A strong geochemical variability (particularly evident from Rb/Nb, Nb/Y trace element ratios) and a wide range of Sr-Nd isotopic ratios ((143)Nd/(144)Nd((129)) = 0.51178-0.51209, (87)Sr/(86)Sr((129)) = 0.70840-0.72417) characterize these rocks Geochemistry allows to distiniguish two compositional groups, corresponding to the north-eastern (Lascano and Sierra Sao Miguel, emplaced on the Neo-Proterozoic southern sector of the Dom Feliciano mobile belt) and south-eastern localities (Salamanca, Minas, emplace on the much older (Archean) Nico Perez teriane or on the boundary between the Dom Feliciano and Nico Perez termites) These compositional differences between the two groups are explained by variable mantle source and crust contributions. The origin of the silicic magmas is best explained by complex processes involving assimilation and fractional crystallization and mixing of a basaltic magma with upper crustal lithologies, for Lascano and Sierra Sao Miguel rhyolites. In the Salamanea and Minas rocks genesis, a stronger contribution from lower crust is indicated.

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The Araes gold deposit, located in eastern Mato Grosso State, central Brazil, is hosted in Neoproterozoic volcanosedimentary rocks of the Paraguay belt, which formed during collision of the Amazonian craton and the Rio Apa block. Ar-40/Ar-39 geochronology and Pb and S isotopic analyses constrain the timing and sources of mineralization. Three biotite flakes from two samples of metavolcanic host rock yield Ar-40/Ar-39 plateau ages between 5941 and 531 Ma, interpreted as cooling ages following regional metamorphism. Clay minerals from a hydrothermal alteration zone yield an Ar-40/Ar-39 integrated age of 503 +/- 3 Ma. Galena grains from ore-bearing veins yield values of Pb-206/(204)pb from 17.952 to 18.383, Pb-207/Pb-204 from 15.156 to 15.811, and Pb-208/Pb-204 from 38.072 to 39.681. Pyrite grains from ore-bearing veins yield values of Pb-206/Pb-204 from 18.037 to 18.202, Pb-207/Pb-204 from 15.744 to 15.901., and Pb-208/(204)pb from 38.338 to 38.800. Pb isotope variations may be explained in terms of mixing a less radiogenic lead component (mu similar to 8.4) from mafic and ultramafic basement host-rocks (Nova Xavantina metavolcanosedimentary rocks) and a more radiogenic lead component (mu similar to 9.2) probably derived from supracrustal rocks (Cuiaba sedimentary groups). Sulfur isotope compositions are homogeneous, with delta S-34 values ranging from -1.1 parts per thousand to 0.9 parts per thousand (galena) and -0.7 parts per thousand to 0.9 parts per thousand (pyrite), suggesting a mantle-derived reservoir for the mineralizing solutions. Based on the Ar, Pb, and S isotope data, we suggest that the precious metals were remobilized from metavolcanic host rocks by hydrothermal solutions during Brasilide-Panafrican regional metamorphism. The Arabs gold deposit probably formed during a late stage of the orogeny, coeval with other mineralization events in the Paraguay Belt.

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The Capivarita Anorthosite, formed in an intraplate environment and later metamorphosed under amphibolites fades conditions, is exposed in the Dom Feliciano Belt as part of the Brasiliano magmatic arc and occurs as a roof-pedant in, or is even intruded by, 0.6 Ga post-collisional granites. In this work, magmatic and metamorphic minerals were dated using the LA-MC-ICP-MS in situ method. U-Pb magmatic and metamorphic zircon dating yielded an age of 1573 +/- 21 Ma and of 606 +/- 6 Ma, respectively, whereas the igneous titanite dating yielded an age of 1530 +/- 33 Ma and the metamorphic ages were 651 +/- 9 Ma and 601 +/- 5 Ma. The Lu-Hf model ages showed two clusters from 1.81 to 2.03 Ga (calf from +2.21 to +6.42) and 2.55-2.62 Ga (epsilon epsilon Hf from -4.59 to -5.64). This intraplate magmatism can be connected to a very important episode of continental accretion in an extensional setting from the fragmentation of the supercontinent during the Early Mesoproterozoic. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.