Le sentiment d'efficacité parentale, les pratiques parentales et le comportement de l'enfant: une comparaison entre mères jeunes et mères matures

Le sentiment d'efficacité parentale est d'une importance fondamentale pour la mise en place de pratiques parentales adaptées (Williams et al., 1987). Notre étude adopte le point de vue de la mère, et s'intéresse à comprendre comment le sentiment d'efficacité, les pratiques maternelles et la position socioéconomique de la mère influencent le développement de l'enfant. Nous nous basons sur la théorie du sentiment d'efficacité de Bandura (2003), et nous avons utilisé trois instruments : la Liste des tâches parentales (Sanders & Wooley, 2001), l'Echelle des compétences éducatives parentales (Terrisse & Larose, 2001) et le Questionnaire sur les points forts et les points faibles de Goodman (1997). Dans notre étude qui porte sur un échantillon composé de 85 mères (N=85), nous nous sommes intéressés d'une part aux types de liens existant entre le sentiment d'efficacité parentale, les pratiques parentales, les comportements de l'enfant et la position socioéconomique de la mère. D'autre part, nous nous sommes intéressés à comparer les résultats obtenus par les mères jeunes avec ceux obtenus avec des mères plus matures. Les résultats principaux suggèrent que les mères estimant avoir des pratiques libérales perçoivent davantage les troubles de l'hyperactivité chez leur enfant que les mères estimant avoir des pratiques normatives. Par ailleurs, les résultats montrent qu'une relation étroite entre la perception des problèmes de développement chez l'enfant et un sentiment d'efficacité faible chez les mères. Ces résultats soulignent l'importance, afin de prévenir les problèmes de développement chez l'enfant, de la mise en place de la part du parent de pratiques parentales adaptées à l'enfant et de la présence d'un sentiment d'efficacité parentale élevé. De plus, ces deux variables s'avèrent particulièrement importantes lorsque la mère est jeune et confrontée à un contexte socioéconomique difficile, du fait que les pratiques parentales adaptées et le sentiment d'efficacité parentale protègent l'enfant des influences négatives d'un contexte hostile à son développement. Ainsi, nous pouvons conclure en soulignant l'importance, dans les interventions préventives des problèmes développementaux chez les enfants, de se cibler sur le développement du sentiment d'efficacité, sur l'amélioration de la qualité des pratiques parentales, sans oublier la nécessité de soigner la qualité du contexte socioéconomique.

Signalling value of maternal and paternal melanism in the barn owl : implication for the resolution of the lek paradox

Secondary sexual characters often signal qualities such as physiological processes associated with resistance to various sources of stress. When the expression of an ornament is not sex-limited, we can identify the costs and benefits of displaying a trait that is typical of its own sex or of the other sex. Indeed, the magnitude and sign of the covariation between physiology and the extent to which an ornament is expressed could differ between males and females if, for instance, the regulation of physiological processes is sensitive to sex hormones. Using data collected over 14 years in the nocturnal barn owl Tyto alba, we investigated how nestling body mass covaries with a heritable melanin-based sex-trait, females displaying on average larger black feather spots than males. Independently of nestling sex, year and time of the day large-spotted nestlings were heavier than small-spotted nestlings. In contrast, the magnitude and sign of the covariation between nestling body mass and the size of parental spots varied along the day in a way that depended on the year and parental gender. In poor years, offspring of smaller-spotted mothers were heavier throughout the resting period; in the morning, offspring sired by larger-spotted fathers were heavier than offspring of smaller-spotted fathers, while in the evening the opposite pattern was found. Thus, maternal and paternal coloration is differentially associated with behaviour or physiology, processes that are sensitive to time of the day and environmental factors. Interestingly, the covariation between offspring body mass and paternal coloration is more sensitive to these environmental factors than the covariation with maternal coloration. This indicates that the benefit of pairing with differently spotted males may depend on environmental conditions, which could help maintain genetic variation in the face of intense directional (sexual) selection.

Medical physicists' implication in radiological diagnostic procedures: results after 1 y of experience.

Since January 2008-de facto 2012-medical physics experts (MPEs) are, by law, to be involved in the optimisation process of radiological diagnostic procedures in Switzerland. Computed tomography, fluoroscopy and nuclear medicine imaging units have been assessed for patient exposure and image quality. Large spreads in clinical practice have been observed. For example, the number of scans per abdominal CT examination went from 1 to 9. Fluoroscopy units showed, for the same device settings, dose rate variations up to a factor of 3 to 7. Quantitative image quality for positron emission tomography (PET)/CT examinations varied significantly depending on the local image reconstruction algorithms. Future work will be focused on promoting team cooperation between MPEs, radiologists and radiographers and on implementing task-oriented objective image quality indicators.

Frequent nitric oxide synthase-2 expression in human colon adenomas: implication for tumor angiogenesis and colon cancer progression.

An increased expression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) has been observed in human colon carcinoma cell lines as well as in human gynecological, breast, and central nervous system tumors. This observation suggests a pathobiological role of tumor-associated NO production. Hence, we investigated NOS expression in human colon cancer in respect to tumor staging, NOS-expressing cell type(s), nitrotyrosine formation, inflammation, and vascular endothelial growth factor expression. Ca2+-dependent NOS activity was found in normal colon and in tumors but was significantly decreased in adenomas (P < 0.001) and carcinomas (Dukes' stages A-D: P < 0.002). Ca2+-independent NOS activity, indicating inducible NOS (NOS2), is markedly expressed in approximately 60% of human colon adenomas (P < 0.001 versus normal tissues) and in 20-25% of colon carcinomas (P < 0.01 versus normal tissues). Only low levels were found in the surrounding normal tissue. NOS2 activity decreased with increasing tumor stage (Dukes' A-D) and was lowest in colon metastases to liver and lung. NOS2 was detected in tissue mononuclear cells (TMCs), endothelium, and tumor epithelium. There was a statistically significant correlation between NOS2 enzymatic activity and the level of NOS2 protein detected by immunohistochemistry (P < 0.01). Western blot analysis of tumor extracts with Ca2+-independent NOS activity showed up to three distinct NOS2 protein bands at Mr 125,000-Mr 138,000. The same protein bands were heavily tyrosine-phosphorylated in some tumor tissues. TMCs, but not the tumor epithelium, were immunopositive using a polyclonal anti-nitrotyrosine antibody. However, only a subset of the NOS2-expressing TMCs stained positively for 3-nitrotyrosine, which is a marker for peroxynitrite formation. Furthermore, vascular endothelial growth factor expression was detected in adenomas expressing NOS2. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that excessive NO production by NOS2 may contribute to the pathogenesis of colon cancer progression at the transition of colon adenoma to carcinoma in situ.

Role of nitric oxide in genotoxicity: implication for carcinogenesis.

Reactive oxygen species can initiate carcinogenesis by virtue of their capacity to react with DNA and cause mutations. Recently, it has been suggested that nitric oxide (NO) and its derivatives produced in inflamed tissues could contribute to the carcinogenesis process. Genotoxicity of NO follows its reaction with oxygen and superoxide. It can be due either to direct DNA damage or indirect DNA damage. Direct damage includes DNA base deamination, peroxynitrite-induced adducts formation and single strand breaks in the DNA. Indirect damage is due to the interaction of NO reactive species with other molecules such as amines, thiols and lipids. The efficiency of one pathway or another might depend on the cellular antioxidant status or the presence of free metals.