Prognostic and therapeutic relevance of FLIP and procaspase-8 overexpression in non-small cell lung cancer

Non-small cell lung carcinoma remains by far the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Overexpression of FLIP, which blocks the extrinsic apoptotic pathway by inhibiting caspase-8 activation, has been identified in various cancers. We investigated FLIP and procaspase-8 expression in NSCLC and the effect of HDAC inhibitors on FLIP expression, activation of caspase-8 and drug resistance in NSCLC and normal lung cell line models. Immunohistochemical analysis of cytoplasmic and nuclear FLIP and procaspase-8 protein expression was carried out using a novel digital pathology approach. Both FLIP and procaspase-8 were found to be significantly overexpressed in tumours, and importantly, high cytoplasmic expression of FLIP significantly correlated with shorter overall survival. Treatment with HDAC inhibitors targeting HDAC1-3 downregulated FLIP expression predominantly via post-transcriptional mechanisms, and this resulted in death receptor- and caspase-8-dependent apoptosis in NSCLC cells, but not normal lung cells. In addition, HDAC inhibitors synergized with TRAIL and cisplatin in NSCLC cells in a FLIP- and caspase-8-dependent manner. Thus, FLIP and procaspase-8 are overexpressed in NSCLC, and high cytoplasmic FLIP expression is indicative of poor prognosis. Targeting high FLIP expression using HDAC1-3 selective inhibitors such as entinostat to exploit high procaspase-8 expression in NSCLC has promising therapeutic potential, particularly when used in combination with TRAIL receptor-targeted agents.

Regulation of ROCK1 via Notch1 during breast cancer cell migration into dense matrices

Background The behaviour of tumour cells depends on factors such as genetics and the tumour microenvironment. The latter plays a crucial role in normal mammary gland development and also in breast cancer initiation and progression. Breast cancer tissues tend to be highly desmoplastic and dense matrix as a pre-existing condition poses one of the highest risk factors for cancer development. However, matrix influence on tumour cell gene expression and behaviour such as cell migration is not fully elucidated. Results We generated high-density (HD) matrices that mimicked tumour collagen content of 20 mg/cm3 that were ~14-fold stiffer than low-density (LD) matrix of 1 mg/cm3. Live-cell imaging showed breast cancer cells utilizing cytoplasmic streaming and cell body contractility for migration within HD matrix. Cell migration was blocked in the presence of both the ROCK inhibitor, Y-27632, and the MMP inhibitor, GM6001, but not by the drugs individually. This suggests roles for ROCK1 and MMP in cell migration are complicated by compensatory mechanisms. ROCK1 expression and protein activity, were significantly upregulated in HD matrix but these were blocked by treatment with a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, MS-275. In HD matrix, the inhibition of ROCK1 by MS-275 was indirect and relied upon protein synthesis and Notch1. Inhibition of Notch1 using pooled siRNA or DAPT abrogated the inhibition of ROCK1 by MS-275. Conclusion Increased matrix density elevates ROCK1 activity, which aids in cell migration via cell contractility. The upregulation of ROCK1 is epigenetically regulated in an indirect manner involving the repression of Notch1. This is demonstrated from inhibition of HDACs by MS-275, which caused an upregulation of Notch1 levels leading to blockade of ROCK1 expression.

Genetic determinants of bone density and fracture risk: State of the art and future directions

Context: Osteoporosis is a common, highly heritable condition that causes substantial morbidity and mortality, the etiopathogenesis of which is poorly understood. Genetic studies are making increasingly rapid progress in identifying the genes involved. Evidence Acquisition and Synthesis: In this review, we will summarize the current understanding of the genetics of osteoporosis based on publications from PubMed from the year 1987 onward. Conclusions: Most genes involved in osteoporosis identified to date encode components of known pathways involved in bone synthesis or resorption, but as the field progresses, new pathways are being identified. Only a small proportion of the total genetic variation involved in osteoporosis has been identified, and new approaches will be required to identify most of the remaining genes.

Epigenetics in Vascular Disease - Therapeutic Potential of New Agents

Vascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, angioplasty-induced restenosis, vessel graft arteriosclerosis and hypertension-related stenosis, remain the most prevalent cause of death in the developed world. The aetiology of vascular diseases is multifactorial with both genetic and environmental factors. Recently, some of the most promising research identifies the epigenetic modification of the genome to play a major role in the disease development, linking the environmental insults with gene regulation. In this process, modification of DNA by methylation, and histone modification by acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and/or SUMOylation are reported. Importantly, recent studies demonstrated that histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes are crucial in endothelial integrity, smooth muscle proliferation and in the formation of arteriosclerosis in animal models. The study of HDACs has shown remarkable specificity of HDAC family members in vascular cell growth/death that influences the disease process. Interestingly, the effects of HDACs on arteriosclerosis development in animal models have been observed after HDAC inhibition using specific inhibitors. This provides a new approach for the treatment of vascular disease using the agents that influence the epigenetic process in vascular cells. This review updates the rapid advances in epigenetics of vascular diseases focusing on the role of HDAC family in atherosclerosis. It will also discuss the underlying mechanisms of histone acetylation in vascular cells and highlight the therapeutic potential of such agents.

Sp1-dependent activation of HDAC7 is required for platelet-derived growth factor-BB-induced smooth muscle cell differentiation from stem cells

We have previously demonstrated that histone deacetylase 7 (HDAC7) expression and splicing play an important role in smooth muscle cell (SMC) differentiation from embryonic stem (ES) cells, but the molecular mechanisms of increased HDAC7 expression during SMC differentiation are currently unknown. In this study, we found that platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) induced a 3-fold increase in the transcripts of HDAC7 in differentiating ES cells. Importantly, our data also revealed that PDGF-BB regulated HDAC7 expression not through phosphorylation of HDAC7 but through transcriptional activation. By dissecting its promoters with progressive deletion analysis, we identified the sequence between -343 and -292 bp in the 5'-flanking region of the Hdac7 gene promoter as the minimal PDGF-BB-responsive element, which contains one binding site for the transcription factor, specificity protein 1 (Sp1). Mutation of the Sp1 site within this PDGF-BB-responsive element abolished PDGF-BB-induced HDAC7 activity. PDGF-BB treatment enhanced Sp1 binding to the Hdac7 promoter in differentiated SMCs in vivo as demonstrated by the chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Moreover, we also demonstrated that knockdown of Sp1 abrogated PDGF-BB-induced HDAC7 up-regulation and SMC differentiation gene expression in differentiating ES cells, although enforced expression of Sp1 alone was sufficient to increase the activity of the Hdac7 promoter and expression levels of SMC differentiation genes. Importantly, we further demonstrated that HDAC7 was required for Sp1-induced SMC differentiation of gene expression. Our data suggest that Sp1 plays an important role in the regulation of Hdac7 gene expression in SMC differentiation from ES cells. These findings provide novel molecular insights into the regulation of HDAC7 and enhance our knowledge in SMC differentiation and vessel formation during embryonic development.

Lacking cytokine production in ES cells and ES-cell-derived vascular cells stimulated by TNF-alpha is rescued by HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A

Inflammation and TNF-alpha signaling play a central role in most of the pathological conditions where cell transplantation could be applied. As shown by initial experiments, embryonic stem (ES) cells and ES-cell derived vascular cells express very low levels of TNF-alpha receptor I (TNFRp55) and thus do not induce cytokine expression in response to TNF-alpha stimulation. Transient transfection analysis of wild-type or deletion variants of the TNFRp55 gene promoter showed a strong activity for a 250-bp fragment in the upstream region of the gene. This activity was abolished by mutations targeting the Sp1/Sp3 or AP1 binding sites. Moreover, treatment with trichostatin A (TSA) led to a pronounced increase in TNFRp55 mRNA and promoter activity. Overexpression of Sp1 or c-fos further enhanced the TSA-induced luciferase activity, and this response was attenuated by Sp3 or c-jun coexpression. Additional experiments revealed that TSA did not affect the Sp1/Sp3 ratio but caused transcriptional activation of the c-fos gene. Thus, we provide the first evidence that ES and ES-cell-derived vascular cells lack cytokine expression in response to TNF-alpha stimulation due to low levels of c-fos and transcriptional activation of Sp1 that can be regulated by inhibition of histone deacetylase activity.

Prognostic and therapeutic relevance of c-FLIP in acute myeloid leukaemia

Chemoresistance is a major contributor to the aggressiveness of AML and is often due to insufficient apoptosis. The CFLAR gene is expressed as long and short splice forms encoding the anti-apoptotic proteins c-FLIP(L) and c-FLIP(S) (CFLAR(L) and CFLAR(S) , respectively) that play important roles in drug resistance. In univariate analyses of CFLAR mRNA expression in adult AML patients, those individuals with higher than median mRNA expression of the long splice form CFLAR(L) (but not the short splice form) had significantly lower 3 year overall survival (P = 0·04) compared to those with low expression. In cell line studies, simultaneous down-regulation of c-FLIP(L) and c-FLIP(S) proteins using siRNA induced apoptosis in U937 and NB-4 AML cells, but not K562 or OCI-AML3 cells. However, dual c-FLIP(L/S) downregulation sensitized all four cell lines to apoptosis induced by recombinant tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (rTRAIL). Moreover, specific downregulation of c-FLIP(L) was found to recapitulate the phenotypic effects of dual c-FLIP(L/S) downregulation. The histone deacetylase (HDAC)1/2/3/6 inhibitor Vorinostat was found to potently down-regulate c-FLIP(L) expression by transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms and to sensitize AML cells to rTRAIL. Further analyses using more selective HDAC inhibitors revealed that HDAC6 inhibition was not required for c-FLIP(L) down-regulation. These results suggest that c-FLIP(L) may have clinical relevance both as a prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target for HDAC inhibitors in AML although this requires further study.

Towards Organic Electronic Materials for Electrically Stimulated Gene Delivery

The cell-specific delivery of polynucleic acids (e.g., DNA, RNA), gene therapy, has the potential to treat various diseases. In this chapter we discuss the use of organic electronic materials as non-viral gene delivery vectors and the great potential for electrochemically triggered gene delivery. We highlight some examples in this chapter based on fullerenes (bucky balls and carbon nanotubes), graphenes and electroactive polymers, particularly those that include experiments in vivo.

HPV16 Down-Regulates the Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 2 to Promote Epithelial Invasion in Organotypic Cultures

Cervical cancer is a multi-stage disease caused by human papillomaviruses (HPV) infection of cervical epithelial cells, but the mechanisms regulating disease progression are not clearly defined. Using 3-dimensional organotypic cultures, we demonstrate that HPV16 E6 and E7 proteins alter the secretome of primary human keratinocytes resulting in local epithelial invasion. Mechanistically, absence of the IGF-binding protein 2 (IGFBP2) caused increases in IGFI/II signalling and through crosstalk with KGF/FGFR2b/AKT, cell invasion. Repression of IGFBP2 is mediated by histone deacetylation at the IGFBP2 promoter and was reversed by treatment with histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors. Our in vitro findings were confirmed in 50 invasive cancers and 79 cervical intra-epithelial neoplastic lesions caused by HPV16 infection, where IGFBP2 levels were reduced with increasing disease severity. In summary, the loss of IGFBP2 is associated with progression of premalignant disease, and sensitises cells to pro-invasive IGF signalling, and together with stromal derived factors promotes epithelial invasion.

Elevated NCOR1 disrupts a network of dietary-sensing nuclear receptors in bladder cancer cells

Increasingly invasive bladder cancer cells lines displayed insensitivity toward a panel of dietary-derived ligands for members of the nuclear receptor superfamily. Insensitivity was defined through altered gene regulatory actions and cell proliferation and reflected both reduced receptor expression and elevated nuclear receptor corepressor 1 (NCOR1) expression. Stable overexpression of NCOR1 in sensitive cells (RT4) resulted in a panel of clones that recapitulated the resistant phenotype in terms of gene regulatory actions and proliferative responses toward ligand. Similarly, silencing RNA approaches to NCOR1 in resistant cells (EJ28) enhanced ligand gene regulatory and proliferation responses, including those mediated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma and vitamin D receptor (VDR) receptors. Elevated NCOR1 levels generate an epigenetic lesion to target in resistant cells using the histone deacetylase inhibitor vorinostat, in combination with nuclear receptor ligands. Such treatments revealed strong-additive interactions toward the PPARgamma, VDR and Farnesoid X-activated receptors. Genome-wide microarray and microfluidic quantitative real-time, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction approaches, following the targeting of NCOR1 activity and expression, revealed the selective capacity of this corepressor to govern common transcriptional events of underlying networks. Combined these findings suggest that NCOR1 is a selective regulator of nuclear receptors, notably PPARgamma and VDR, and contributes to their loss of sensitivity. Combinations of epigenetic therapies that target NCOR1 may prove effective, even when receptor expression is reduced.

Sustained inhibition of deacetylases is required for the antitumor activity of the histone deactylase inhibitors panobinostat and vorinostat in models of colorectal cancer

Despite compelling preclinical data in colorectal cancer (CRC), the efficacy of HDACIs has been disappointing in the clinic. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of vorinostat and panobinostat in a dose- and exposure-dependent manner in order to better understand the dynamics of drug action and antitumor efficacy. In a standard 72 h drug exposure MTS assay, notable concentration-dependent antiproliferative effects were observed in the IC50 range of 1.2-2.8 μmol/L for vorinostat and 5.1-17.5 nmol/L for panobinostat. However, shorter clinically relevant exposures of 3 or 6 h failed to elicit any significant growth inhibition and in most cases a >24 h exposure to vorinostat or panobinostat was required to induce a sigmoidal dose-response. Similar results were observed in colony formation assays where ≥ 24 h of exposure was required to effectively reduce colony formation. Induction of acetyl-H3, acetyl-H4 and p21 by vorinostat were transient and rapidly reversed within 12 h of drug removal. In contrast, panobinostat-induced acetyl-H3, acetyl-H4, and p21 persisted for 48 h after an initial 3 h exposure. Treatment of HCT116 xenografts with panobinostat induced significant increases in acetyl-H3 and downregulation of thymidylate synthase after treatment. Although HDACIs exert both potent growth inhibition and cytotoxic effects when CRC cells were exposed to drug for ≥ 24 h, these cells demonstrate an inherent ability to survive HDACI concentrations and exposure times that exceed those clinically achievable. Continued efforts to develop novel HDACIs with improved pharmacokinetics/phamacodynamics, enhanced intratumoral delivery and class/isoform-specificity are needed to improve the therapeutic potential of HDACIs and HDACI-based combination regimens in solid tumors.

Étude de la localisation génomique du complexe HDAC Set3

La chromatine est un système de compaction de l’ADN jouant un rôle important dans la régulation de l’expression génique. L’acétylation de la chromatine provoque un relâchement de sa structure, facilitant le recrutement de facteurs de transcription. Inversement, des complexes histones déacétylases favorisent une structure compacte, réprimant l’expression de gènes. Un complexe HDAC, Rpd3S, est recruté par l’ARN polymérase II phosphorylée sur les régions codantes transcrites. Cette activité HDAC est stimulée par la déposition de la marque H3K36me générée par l’histone méthyltransférase Set2. Par approche génomique, en utilisant comme organisme modèle Saccharomyces cerevisiae, j’ai optimisé la méthode de ChIP-chip puis démontré que les sous unités Hos2 et Set3 d’un autre complexe HDAC, Set3C, étaient recrutées sur des régions codantes de gènes transcrits. De plus, Set3C est connu pour être recruté soit par H3K4me ou par la Pol II. La suite du projet portera sur le recrutement de Set3C qui semble similaire à Rpd3S.

Homéostasie des histones en réponse au dommage à l’ADN et étude d’inhibiteurs de désacétylases d’importance clinique

La chromatine possède une plasticité complexe et essentielle pour répondre à différents mécanismes cellulaires fondamentaux tels la réplication, la transcription et la réparation de l’ADN. Les histones sont les constituants essentiels de la formation des nucléosomes qui assurent le bon fonctionnement cellulaire d’où l’intérêt de cette thèse d’y porter une attention particulière. Un dysfonctionnement de la chromatine est souvent associé à l’émergence du cancer. Le chapitre II de cette thèse focalise sur la répression transcriptionnelle des gènes d’histones par le complexe HIR (HIstone gene Repressor) en réponse au dommage à l'ADN chez Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Lors de dommage à l’ADN en début de phase S, les kinases du point de contrôle Mec1, Tel1 et Rad53 s’assurent de bloquer les origines tardives de réplication pour limiter le nombre de collisions potentiellement mutagéniques ou cytotoxiques entre les ADN polymérases et les lésions persistantes dans l'ADN. Lorsque la synthèse totale d’ADN est soudainement ralentie par le point de contrôle, l’accumulation d'un excès d'histones nouvellement synthétisées est néfaste pour les cellules car les histones libres se lient de manière non-spécifique aux acides nucléiques. L'un des mécanismes mis en place afin de minimiser la quantité d’histones libres consiste à réprimer la transcription des gènes d'histones lors d'une chute rapide de la synthèse d'ADN, mais les bases moléculaires de ce mécanisme étaient très mal connues. Notre étude sur la répression des gènes d’histones en réponse aux agents génotoxiques nous a permis d’identifier que les kinases du point de contrôle jouent un rôle dans la répression des gènes d’histones. Avant le début de mon projet, il était déjà connu que le complexe HIR est requis pour la répression des gènes d’histones en phase G1, G2/M et lors de dommage à l’ADN en phase S. Par contre, la régulation du complexe HIR en réponse au dommage à l'ADN n'était pas connue. Nous avons démontré par des essais de spectrométrie de masse (SM) que Rad53 régule le complexe HIR en phosphorylant directement une de ses sous-unités, Hpc2, à de multiples résidus in vivo et in vitro. La phosphorylation d’Hpc2 est essentielle pour le recrutement aux promoteurs de gènes d’histones du complexe RSC (Remodels the Structure of Chromatin) dont la présence sur les promoteurs des gènes d'histones corrèle avec leur répression. De plus, nous avons mis à jour un nouveau mécanisme de régulation du complexe HIR durant la progression normale à travers le cycle cellulaire ainsi qu'en réponse aux agents génotoxiques. En effet, durant le cycle cellulaire normal, la protéine Hpc2 est très instable durant la transition G1/S afin de permettre la transcription des gènes d’histones et la production d'un pool d'histones néo-synthétisées juste avant l'initiation de la réplication de l’ADN. Toutefois, Hpc2 n'est instable que pour une brève période de temps durant la phase S. Ces résultats suggèrent qu'Hpc2 est une protéine clef pour la régulation de l'activité du complexe HIR et la répression des gènes d’histones lors du cycle cellulaire normal ainsi qu'en réponse au dommage à l’ADN. Dans le but de poursuivre notre étude sur la régulation des histones, le chapitre III de ma thèse concerne l’analyse globale de l’acétylation des histones induite par les inhibiteurs d’histone désacétylases (HDACi) dans les cellules normales et cancéreuses. Les histones désacétylases (HDACs) sont les enzymes qui enlèvent l’acétylation sur les lysines des histones. Dans plusieurs types de cancers, les HDACs contribuent à l’oncogenèse par leur fusion aberrante avec des complexes protéiques oncogéniques. Les perturbations causées mènent souvent à un état silencieux anormal des suppresseurs de tumeurs. Les HDACs sont donc une cible de choix dans le traitement des cancers engendrés par ces protéines de fusion. Notre étude de l’effet sur l’acétylation des histones de deux inhibiteurs d'HDACs de relevance clinique, le vorinostat (SAHA) et l’entinostat (MS-275), a permis de démontrer une augmentation élevée de l’acétylation globale des histones H3 et H4, contrairement à H2A et H2B, et ce, autant chez les cellules normales que cancéreuses. Notre quantification en SM de l'acétylation des histones a révélé de façon inattendue que la stœchiométrie d'acétylation sur la lysine 56 de l’histone H3 (H3K56Ac) est de seulement 0,03% et, de manière surprenante, cette stœchiométrie n'augmente pas dans des cellules traitées avec différents HDACi. Plusieurs études de H3K56Ac chez l’humain présentes dans la littérature ont rapporté des résultats irréconciliables. Qui plus est, H3K56Ac était considéré comme un biomarqueur potentiel dans le diagnostic et pronostic de plusieurs types de cancers. C’est pourquoi nous avons porté notre attention sur la spécificité des anticorps utilisés et avons déterminé qu’une grande majorité d’anticorps utilisés dans la littérature reconnaissent d’autres sites d'acétylation de l’histone H3, notamment H3K9Ac dont la stœchiométrie d'acétylation in vivo est beaucoup plus élevée que celle d'H3K56Ac. De plus, le chapitre IV fait suite à notre étude sur l’acétylation des histones et consiste en un rapport spécial de recherche décrivant la fonction de H3K56Ac chez la levure et l’homme et comporte également une évaluation d’un anticorps supposément spécifique d'H3K56Ac en tant qu'outil diagnostic du cancer chez l’humain.

Quantitative proteomics methods for the analysis of histone post-translational modifications

Les histones sont des protéines nucléaires hautement conservées chez les cellules des eucaryotes. Elles permettent d’organiser et de compacter l’ADN sous la forme de nucléosomes, ceux-ci representant les sous unités de base de la chromatine. Les histones peuvent être modifiées par de nombreuses modifications post-traductionnelles (PTMs) telles que l’acétylation, la méthylation et la phosphorylation. Ces modifications jouent un rôle essentiel dans la réplication de l’ADN, la transcription et l’assemblage de la chromatine. L’abondance de ces modifications peut varier de facon significative lors du developpement des maladies incluant plusieurs types de cancer. Par exemple, la perte totale de la triméthylation sur H4K20 ainsi que l’acétylation sur H4K16 sont des marqueurs tumoraux spécifiques a certains types de cancer chez l’humain. Par conséquent, l’étude de ces modifications et des événements determinant la dynamique des leurs changements d’abondance sont des atouts importants pour mieux comprendre les fonctions cellulaires et moléculaires lors du développement de la maladie. De manière générale, les modifications des histones sont étudiées par des approches biochimiques telles que les immuno-buvardage de type Western ou les méthodes d’immunoprécipitation de la chromatine (ChIP). Cependant, ces approches présentent plusieurs inconvénients telles que le manque de spécificité ou la disponibilité des anticorps, leur coût ou encore la difficulté de les produire et de les valider. Au cours des dernières décennies, la spectrométrie de masse (MS) s’est avérée être une méthode performante pour la caractérisation et la quantification des modifications d’histones. La MS offre de nombreux avantages par rapport aux techniques traditionnelles. Entre autre, elle permet d’effectuer des analyses reproductibles, spécifiques et facilite l’etude d’un large spectre de PTMs en une seule analyse. Dans cette thèse, nous présenterons le développement et l’application de nouveaux outils analytiques pour l’identification et à la quantification des PTMs modifiant les histones. Dans un premier temps, une méthode a été développée pour mesurer les changements d’acétylation spécifiques à certains sites des histones. Cette méthode combine l’analyse des histones intactes et les méthodes de séquençage peptidique afin de déterminer les changements d’acétylation suite à la réaction in vitro par l’histone acétyltransférase (HAT) de levure Rtt109 en présence de ses chaperonnes (Asf1 ou Vps75). Dans un second temps, nous avons développé une méthode d’analyse des peptides isomériques des histones. Cette méthode combine la LC-MS/MS à haute résolution et un nouvel outil informatique appelé Iso-PeptidAce qui permet de déconvoluer les spectres mixtes de peptides isomériques. Nous avons évalué Iso-PeptidAce avec un mélange de peptides synthétiques isomériques. Nous avons également validé les performances de cette approche avec des histones isolées de cellules humaines érythroleucémiques (K562) traitées avec des inhibiteurs d’histones désacétylases (HDACi) utilisés en clinique, et des histones de Saccharomyces cerevisiae liées au facteur d’assemblage de la chromatine (CAF-1) purifiées par chromatographie d’affinité. Enfin, en utilisant la méthode présentée précédemment, nous avons fait une analyse approfondie de la spécificité de plusieurs HATs et HDACs chez Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Nous avons donc déterminé les niveaux d’acétylation d’histones purifiées à partir de cellules contrôles ou de souches mutantes auxquelles il manque une HAT ou HDAC. Notre analyse nous a permis de valider plusieurs cibles connues des HATs et HDACs et d’en identifier de nouvelles. Nos données ont également permis de définir le rôle des différentes HATs et HDACs dans le maintien de l’équilibre d’acétylation des histones. Dans l’ensemble, nous anticipons que les méthodes décrites dans cette thèse permettront de résoudre certains défis rencontrés dans l’étude de la chromatine. De plus, ces données apportent de nouvelles connaissances pour l’élaboration d’études génétiques et biochimiques utilisant S. pombe.

HDAC inhibitors attenuate the development of hypersensitivity in models of neuropathic pain

Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) interfere with the epigenetic process of histone acetylation and are known to have analgesic properties in models of chronic inflammatory pain. The aim of this study was to determine whether these compounds could also affect neuropathic pain. Different class I HDACIs were delivered intrathecally into rat spinal cord in models of traumatic nerve injury and antiretroviral drug-induced peripheral neuropathy (stavudine, d4T). Mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity was attenuated by 40% to 50% as a result of HDACI treatment, but only if started before any insult. The drugs globally increased histone acetylation in the spinal cord, but appeared to have no measurable effects in relevant dorsal root ganglia in this treatment paradigm, suggesting that any potential mechanism should be sought in the central nervous system. Microarray analysis of dorsal cord RNA revealed the signature of the specific compound used (MS-275) and suggested that its main effect was mediated through HDAC1. Taken together, these data support a role for histone acetylation in the emergence of neuropathic pain.