Dietary Carbohydrate Intake, Glycemic Index, and Glycemic Load and Endometrial Cancer Risk: A Prospective Cohort Study

Endometrial cancer risk has been directly associated with glycemic load. However, few studies have investigated this link, and the etiological role of specific dietary carbohydrate components remains unclear. Our aim was to investigate associations of carbohydrate intake, glycemic index, and glycemic load with endometrial cancer risk in the US Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. Recruitment took place in 1993-2001. Over a median of 9.0 years of follow-up through 2009, 386 women developed endometrial cancer among 36,115 considered in the analysis. Dietary intakes were assessed using a 124-item diet history questionnaire. Cox proportional hazards models were applied to calculate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Significant inverse associations were detected between endometrial cancer risk and total available carbohydrate intake (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.66, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.49, 0.90), total sugars intake (HR = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.52, 0.96), and glycemic load (HR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.46, 0.84) when women in the highest quartile of intake were compared with those in the lowest. These inverse associations were strongest among overweight and obese women. No associations with endometrial cancer risk were observed for glycemic index or dietary fiber. Our findings contrast with previous evidence and suggest that high carbohydrate intakes and glycemic loads are protective against endometrial cancer development. Further clarification of these associations is warranted.

Suspected giant cell arteritis:A study of referrals for temporal artery biopsy

Background: The purpose of this study is to describe the nature of cases undergoing temporal artery biopsy (TAB) for suspected giant cell arteritis (GCA). Methods: A retrospective review of case notes was undertaken for all patients on whom ophthalmologists had performed TAB in 2 teaching hospitals between 1995 and 2001. Presenting symptoms, referring specialty, TAB result, treatment, and discharge diagnosis were recorded. Results: Ophthalmologists performed TAB on 110 patients for suspected GCA. A variety of specialties referred patients to ophthalmology for TAB; presenting symptoms varied with referral source. Of the 110 TABs, 21 (19%) were reported as positive for GCA, 84 (76%) were negative, and 5 (4.5%) were reported as inadequate. The symptoms most commonly associated with a positive TAB were visual disturbance (15/21) and headache (15/21).The odds ratios for having a positive TAB result rather than a negative result were 1.0 for the presence of headache, 4.1 for visual disturbance, and 6.7 for jaw claudication. Interpretation: Physicians were faced with a different population of GCA suspects than ophthalmologists. While physicians should be alert to the significance of visual symptoms or jaw claudication, ophthalmologists should be ready to facilitate prompt TABs when appropriate. TAB should be performed promptly and an adequate length of artery taken for biopsy. An argument can be made that TAB is not needed in cases of suspected GCA. However, a positive result provides firm justification for the use of steroids. We feel that TAB has a useful role and we make reference to methods to maximize its usefulness.

Freehand core biopsy in breast cancer: an accurate predictor of tumour grade following neoadjuvant chemotherapy?

Core biopsy is an increasingly used technique in the pre-operative diagnosis of breast carcinoma, as it provides useful prognostic information with respect to tumour type and grade. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is being used in the treatment of large and locally advanced breast cancers but little is known regarding the correlation between tumour histology on pre-treatment core biopsy and that in residual tumour following primary chemotherapy and surgery. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of core biopsy in predicting these features in patients treated with primary chemotherapy. One hundred and thirty-three patients with carcinoma of the breast diagnosed on clinical, radiological and cytological examination underwent core biopsy, followed by primary chemotherapy (with cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin and prednisolone) and surgery. The false-negative rate for pre-treatment core biopsy was 14%, with 91% agreement between the grade demonstrated on core biopsy and that in the residual tumour following completion of chemotherapy. Tumour type in the residual post-chemotherapy tumour was predicted by core biopsy in 84%. This study suggests that pre-treatment core biopsy histology accurately predicts residual tumour histology following primary chemotherapy and surgery in patients with breast cancer. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer - is lymphoscintigraphy really necessary?

The role of lymphoscintigraphy in sentinel node biopsy in breast cancer remains debatable. This study assesses the value of lymphoscintigraphy in axillary sentinel node biopsy in women undergoing surgery for breast cancer. Sixty-two patients underwent sentinel node biopsy using a combination of technetium-label led nanocolloid, lymphoscintigraphy and patent blue dye. Lymphoscintigraphy was successful in 84% of patients. Axillary sentinel nodes were identified intraoperatively in all these patients. Internal mammary nodes were identified on lymphoscintigraphy in 19%. Despite lymphoscintigraphy being unsuccessful in 10 patients, axillary sentinel nodes were found intraoperatively in eight of these patients. Lymphoscintigraphy did not increase the detection rate of axillary sentinel nodes and a negative scan did not preclude identification of an axillary sentinel node intraoperatively. This study questions the contribution of lymphoscintigraphy in axillary sentinel node biopsy, however its value may lie in the detection of extra-axillary nodes. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.

Sentinel lymph node biopsy in impalpable breast cancer

Sentinel lymph node biopsy has been investigated using combined radioactive colloid and supra vital blue dye in 27 patients with impalpable breast cancers. Sentinel nodes were identified in 25 cases (93%). Seven patients had involved nodes of whom all had a positive sentinel node. Sentinel node biopsy is ideally suited for use in impalpable breast cancers. (C) 2000 Harcourt Publishers Ltd.

Lymphatic mapping and sentinel node biopsy in breast cancer

Background Sentinel lymph node biopsy is a recently developed, minimally invasive technique for staging the axilla in patients with breast cancer. It has been suggested that this technique will avoid the morbidity associated with more extensive axillary dissection. A wide range of different methods and materials has been employed for lymphatic mapping, but there has been little consensus on the most reliable and reproducible technique.

Methods This is a comprehensive review of all published literature on sentinel node biopsy in breast cancer, using the Medline and Embase databases and cross-referencing of major articles on the subject.

Results and conclusion Sentinel node biopsy is a valid technique in breast cancer management, providing valuable axillary staging information. The optimal technique of lymphatic mapping utilizes a combination of vital blue dye and radiolabelled colloid. However, there remain controversial issues which require to be resolved before sentinel node biopsy becomes a widely accepted part of breast cancer care.

The management of radial scars of the breast - does core biopsy help?

Purpose: To compare the effectiveness of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) with core biopsy (CB) in the pre-operative diagnosis of radial scar (RS) of the breast.

Patients and methods: A retrospective analysis was made of all radial scars diagnosed on surgical histology over an 8-year period. Comparison was made between the results of different preoperative needle biopsy techniques and surgical histology findings.

Results: Forty of 47 patients with a preoperative radiological diagnosis of radial scar were included in this analysis. Thirty-eight patients had impalpable lesions diagnosed on mammography and two presented with a palpable lump. FNAC (n=17) was inadequate in 47% of patients, missed two co-existing carcinomas found in this group, and gave a false positive or suspicious result for malignancy in 4 patients. CB (n=23) suggested a RS in 15 patients, but only diagnosed 4 out of 7 co-existing carcinomas found in this group.

Conclusion: CB is more accurate than FNAC in the diagnosis of RS. However, these data demonstrate that CB may offer little to assist in the management of patients with RS. In summary, this paper advocates the use of CB in any lesion with a radiological suspicion of carcinoma and diagnostic excision of all lesions thought to be typical of RS on mammography.

Expression of transketolase-like 1 protein (TKTL1) in human endometrial cancer

Malignant tumors metabolize glucose to lactate even in the presence of oxygen (aerobic glycolysis). The metabolic switch from oxidative glycolysis to non-oxidative fermentation of glucose and proteins performed by the tumor cells seems to be associated with TKTL1 and pAkt overexpression. Therefore the aim of the present study was to investigate the expression of TKTL1 and pAkt in human specimens of endometrial cancer as compared to benign endometrium. Additionally, expression of the glucose transporter GLUT1 was also investigated as aerobic glycolysis is associated with an increased need for glucose.

Perifosine inhibits growth of human experimental endometrial cancers by blockade of AKT phosphorylation

Perifosine is an orally active alkylphospholipid analog, which has shown anti-tumor activity in a variety of cancers by inhibition of AKT phosphorylation. The objective of the current study was to evaluate its efficacy in in vitro models of human endometrial cancer.

Efficacy and safety of peri-prostatic local anaesthetic injection in tram-rectal biopsy of the prostrate:A prospective randomised study

Objective: To assess the efficacy and safety of periprostatic lignocaine injection in trans-rectal ultrasound (TRUS) -guided biopsy of the prostate gland.

Methods: Ninety- six men (mean age 65 years, range 47-74) undergoing TRUS biopsy were randomised into the local anaesthetic (LA) or placebo group. Six to twelve biopsy cores were taken, the majority being 10 cores. Patients were asked to fill in the expected pain score on a visual analogue scale (VAS) prior to the procedure. They also completed the actual pain experienced on VAS after the biopsy. The incidence of complications was documented.

Results: The age, mean prostate specific antigen (PSA) were comparable in both groups. The expected pain score was also comparable (5.2 +/- 1.6 in LA, 5.0 +/- 1.4 in Placebo). In the LA group, the mean actual pain score was 3.0 +/- 1.8 and in the placebo group it was 6.5 +/- 2.2 (P = 0.0001). When patients were asked whether they would undergo the procedure again in the same way, 100% of the LA group and only 64% of the placebo group responded 'yes'(P=0.002 using Fisher's test). The complication rates were not significantly different between the two groups.

Conclusion: Peri-prostatic injection of local anaesthetic is safe and reduces discomfort significantly, and should be routinely offered to patients.