牡丹花芽分化类型与促成连续二次开花

牡丹（Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.），芍药科芍药属植物，是我国的传统名花，因花朵硕大、花色丰富、花型齐全而显雍容华贵、富丽端庄，“惟有牡丹真国色，花开时节动京城”，深受人民的喜爱。人们在欣赏牡丹的过程中，一方面为其艳丽多姿而赞叹，同时又为其自然花期较短且集中而遗憾，“弄花一年，看花十日”，因此，如何通过栽培等技术措施使牡丹连续开花，一直是牡丹研究者探索的重要课题。近年，在对牡丹栽培的系统研究中，发现不同牡丹品种的花芽分化类型（数量、梯度）直接影响其开花数量和开花次数。为了有效地利用不同类型的牡丹，选育出更多的丰花、同株可连续开花的品种，服务于牡丹的产业化生产，本试验对4个牡丹品种群的135个品种进行了同枝条芽数的统计分析及花芽分化梯度的划分，阐明了花芽分化类型与促成连续二次开花的关系。初步测定了具有促成连续二次开花习性的牡丹品种‘High Noon’不同芽位腋芽内源激素的含量，揭示了牡丹同株连续二次开花过程中不同芽位腋芽内源激素的生理变化规律，为解决牡丹同株花期短、不能同株连续开花的难题奠定了理论基础。本研究主要结果如下： 1、牡丹花芽分化类型与自然开花的关系 通过对135个牡丹品种花芽分化数量和梯度类型的调查，将同枝条的芽数聚类为少（3-4）、中等（5-7）、多（8-10）三类;将花芽分化梯度划分为小、中、大三种类型。芽数类型和花芽分化梯度类型均与品种群有一定的关系。中原品种群中90%的品种属于芽数少的类型，47%的品种属于分化梯度大的类型;日本品种群中73%的品种属于芽数中等的类型，52%的品种属于分化梯度中的类型;法国品种群和美国品种群品种调查数量较少，但大多数品种属于芽数中等的类型，分别占80%和44%，分化梯度小的品种分别占调查总数的40%和67%。绝大部分品种的腋花芽因在枝条上着生的位置不同而有明显的异质性，上部芽顶端优势强，萌动率和开花率均高，芽数多的品种中、下部芽在春天自然开花季节常处于休眠状态。 2、牡丹花芽分化类型与促成连续二次开花的关系 花芽分化数量的多少与梯度的大小直接影响着开花次数。花芽分化数量少、梯度大的品种不建议直接用于同株促成连续二次开花栽培;花芽分化数量中等或多、梯度小的品种可以实现同株促成连续二次开花，10个试验牡丹品种中的中原牡丹品种‘如花似玉（Ru Hua Si Yu）’和美国牡丹品种‘High Noon’具有同株连续二次开花能力，且二次开花率达75%以上，两次开花品质均优良。 3、‘High Noon’不同芽位腋芽内源激素与促成连续开花的关系 通过测定美国牡丹品种‘High Noon’同枝条不同芽位腋芽萌动前期、后期内源激素含量，结果表明：萌动后期不同芽位腋芽的GA3、IAA、ZRs含量增加，尤其1位芽、2位芽含量增加显著;萌动后期ABA含量则随着芽位自上而下增加显著，可能是导致下部芽继续保持休眠状态的主要原因;萌动后期下部芽的ABA/ZRs配比增幅较高，说明ABA/ZRs配比与芽的生长与休眠关系密切。

A paradigm for virus-host coevolution: Sequential counter-adaptations between endogenous and exogenous retroviruses

Endogenous retroviruses ( ERVs) are remnants of ancient retroviral infections of the host germline transmitted vertically from generation to generation. It is hypothesized that some ERVs are used by the host as restriction factors to block the infection o

The Essential Role of Endogenous Ghrelin in Growth Hormone Expression during Zebrafish Adenohypophysis Development

Ghrelin, a multifunctional hormone, including potent GH stimulation activity, has been suggested to be important during embryonic development. Expression of ghrelin has been confirmed in the zebrafish pancreas during embryonic stages. Interfering with ghrelin function using two specific antisense morpholino oligonucleotides causes defects during zebrafish embryonic development. In ghrelin morphants the expression of GH was abolished in zebrafish somatotropes, whereas the expression patterns of the other key molecules involved in hypothalamic-pituitary development and distinct pituitary hormones genes remain largely intact at the appropriate time during zebrafish adenohypophysis development. Effective rescue of the ghrelin morphants with exogenous ghrelin mRNA showed that the correct gene had been targeted. Moreover, by analyzing the efficiencies of the ghrelin morphants rescue experiments with various forms of exogenous mutant ghrelin mRNAs, we also demonstrated the essentiality of the form acyl-ghrelin on GH stimulation during zebrafish adenohypophysis development. Our in vivo experiments, for the first time, also provided evidence of the existence of functional obestatin in the C-terminal part of zebrafish proghrelin peptides. Our research here has demonstrated that zebrafish is a unique model for functional studies of endogenous ghrelin, especially during embryonic development. (Endocrinology 150: 2767-2774, 2009)

Excitation energy dependent raman signatures of ABA- and ABC-stacked few-layer graphene

The dependence of the Raman spectrum on the excitation energy has been investigated for ABA-and ABC- stacked few-layer graphene in order to establish the fingerprint of the stacking order and the number of layers, which affect the transport and optical properties of few-layer graphene. Five different excitation sources with energies of 1.96, 2.33, 2.41, 2.54 and 2.81â €...eV were used. The position and the line shape of the Raman 2D, G*, N, M, and other combination modes show dependence on the excitation energy as well as the stacking order and the thickness. One can unambiguously determine the stacking order and the thickness by comparing the 2D band spectra measured with 2 different excitation energies or by carefully comparing weaker combination Raman modes such as N, M, or LOLA modes. The criteria for unambiguous determination of the stacking order and the number of layers up to 5 layers are established.

AB，ABA型乙丙嵌段共聚物的合成、结构及作为乙丙橡胶改性聚丙烯增容剂的研究

本文试图用Solvay型的Ziegler-Natta催化剂合成PP－EPR，PP－EPR－PP嵌段共聚物，作为乙丙橡胶（EPT）和聚丙烯（PP）的增容剂，来提高聚丙烯的抗冲击强度，并从力学性能、动态力学谱和形态等方面研究增容剂的增容效果。Ziegler-Natta催化剂能否合成乙丙嵌段共聚物是一个有争议的问题。为此，我们利用改进型的Solvay δ-TiCl_3-Et_2AlCl在已烷中加压淤浆聚合丙烯，发现在120分钟之前，聚丙烯的分子量随时间迅速增加，超过120分钟则变缓慢，并趋向于平衡。这说明催化剂活性中心上的活性链最小有120分钟的时间，若在该时间内用聚合过程中换反应单体的办法，有可能合成嵌段共聚物。乙丙嵌段共聚物形成的直接证明是利用(PP－PE)_(50)。通过气相色谱检测发现，抽真空3分钟可以保证换反应气体的纯度，因而用气相聚合可以得到各段纯净的(PP－PE)_(50)多嵌段共聚物，该嵌段的~(13)c-NMR研究表明，在35.68ppm处存在以化学键相连的长乙烯和长丙烯链的特征共振峰。PGC的研究发现，其在热裂解中产生的G碎片比PP／P混物的多，GC－MS的研究表明G碎片由含7个碳的烃组成的混合物，组分之一具有嵌段共聚物的裂解特征。对PP－EPR系列产物和PP－EPR－PP（5－60－20）用扭摆法进和动态力学分析表明，这些嵌段共聚物只在－30℃左右有一个玻璃化转变。而相应的共混物则分别在－50℃和5℃出现两个玻璃化转变，且各T_g不随组成比和共混方法而变化。这是由于嵌段共聚物中各段间化学键的作用，使各段的T_g内移，从而使较靠近的两个T_g合二为一，在动态力学谱上只表现出一个T_g。粘弹谱仪测定的结果基本上同扭摆法的结果。尽管我们尚未准确地测定出乙丙嵌段共聚物中EPR段的分子量，但我们弄清了PP段的立体构型、等规度、分子量、结晶度和EPR段的乙丙比、无规乙丙共聚物的含量、含有长序列乙烯的结晶度等结构因素。用不同段长的PP－EPR作PP／EPT共混物的增容剂，发现降低PP－EPR中PP段的分子量，三元共混物的力学性能明显升高，而增加EPR段的分子量即聚合时间，其无缺口冲击强度先增加而后又降低，说明有一个EPR段最佳长度范围。根据该现象我们提出模型并进行了解释。结晶度的规律与冲击强度的规律相同，对冲击强度提高较大的增容剂，共混物中PP的结晶度降低，但抗张性能却升高，说明增容剂在两相界面起到主价的连接作用。扭摆法和粘弹谱仪测定的动态力学谱表明，增容剂的加入减小了聚丙烯结晶无序化转变，使PP的T_g突出出来。形态的研究说明，PP－EPR还起了“乳化剂”的作用，使EPT在PP连续相中均匀分散，且其微区大小适中。在PP／EPT（85／15）中加入4％的PP－EPR（5－30）嵌段共聚物，室温（20℃）的“冲击屈服强度”与PP／EPT的相同，－20℃的冲击强度为112kg·cm/cm~2，是PP／EPT的1.5倍，－40℃为72kg·cm/cm~2，是PP／EPT的1.9倍，在应力－应变实验中，三元共混物PP／EPT／PP－EPR（5－30）的σ_b*ε_b为2.97*10~5。比相应的PP／EPT（2.27*10~5）有所提高。说明PP－EPR（5－30）对PP／EPT有良好的增容效果，比文献中使用的PP－EPR（15－55）效果好。用PP－EPR－PP三嵌段共聚物作PP／EPT的增容剂，实验证明比PP－EPR二嵌段共聚物有更好的增容效果。例如，在PP／EPT（85／15）中加入4％的PP－EPR－PP（5－60－20），试样不但在20℃，而且在－20℃均未被冲断；在－20℃的“冲击屈服强度”是PP／EPT冲击强度的1.4倍，PP的9.0倍，－40℃的冲击强度是PP／EPT的2.2倍，PP的8.4倍；且其σ_b*ε_b（2.62*10~5）比PP／EPT（2.60*10~5）的有一定的提高，比PP的（2.45*10~5）也高。对PP／EPT／PP－EPR－PP（5－60－20）三元共混物的试样在－40℃冲断面的形态进行研究表明，加入增容剂的共混物断面凹凸不平，是韧性断裂的特征，且在断裂过程中EPT微区被牵拉出的EPT较多，说明PP和EPT的相界面的作用力较大，增容剂起到了主价键的连接作用。动态力学谱表明，增容剂的加入降低了PP结晶无序化转变。而液氮冷冻的脆断面的形态说明，PP－EPR－PP起到了“乳化剂”的作用，使EPT在PP连续相中大小均匀地分散开。

玫瑰花芽分化期矿质元素和内源激素的变化规律

本文以沈阳市于洪区玫瑰种植示范区内多季花冷香玫瑰和单季花平阴玫瑰为研究对象，通过野外采样并测定了两者在花芽分化期矿质元素（P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn、B、Mn、Cu）和内源激素（IAA、GA、ZR、ABA）的含量，并对其含量及比值变化进行分析，初步确定了玫瑰花芽分化与元素、激素之间的相互关系。研究结果将为玫瑰花期的化学调控、提高产花量和正确制定栽培技术措施提供理论依据，也为玫瑰进一步开发利用打下基础。主要结论：1．在冷香玫瑰和平阴玫瑰的整个花芽分化期，P、K、Cu、Zn大体上均呈下降趋势，表明它们可能参与玫瑰成花；ca、Mg在冷香玫瑰和平阴玫瑰的花蕾形成期含量都下降，可能意味着ca、Mg参与两者的花蕾形成；Fe与玫瑰花芽分化关系不大；高含量的B和Mn有利于两者花蕾形成。2．在冷香玫瑰和平阴玫瑰花蕾形成期，IAA和GA出现低水平，ZR和ABA出现高水平，激素比值（ABA/GA，ABA／IAA，ZR/GA，ZR/IAA）出现高水平，表明ABA和ZR促进两者开花；而IAA和GA抑制两者开花；高比例的（ABA/GA，ABA/IAA，ZR/GA，ZR/IAA）有利于两者开花。

不同世代水稻的光合速率、ATPASE活性及ABA含量变化的比较

随着世代的增加,水稻上三叶中叶绿素含量有降低趋势,倒三叶变化较明显。‘辽粳326’剑叶中ATPASE活性、ABA含量和净光合速率则随世代的增加而逐渐降低,但差异未达显著水平,群体光合速率降低较明显,N代与N+4代差异达显著水平。‘奥羽316’的剑叶中ATPASE活性、ABA含量和光合速率随世代增加变化不明显。

干旱胁迫对杨树幼苗叶片内ABA和CaM含量的影响

不同浓度PEG 6000(水势分别为-0.2、-0.6-、1.2 MPa)处理两种杨树幼苗,结果表明:随着水势的降低,叶片内ABA和CaM含量都明显增加,说明它们在植物抵抗干旱胁迫的过程中发挥重要作用。

外源NO和ABA对杨树气孔运动和SOD及POD活性的影响

研究了外源NO和脱落酸(ABA)对杨树气孔运动和SOD、POD活性的影响。结果表明 :NO和ABA均可诱导杨树叶片气孔关闭 ,且NO有加强ABA诱导气孔关闭的作用。NO清除剂(C -PTIO)能显著抑制NO和ABA对气孔关闭的诱导效应。不同浓度硝普钠(SNP)和ABA处理杨树离体叶片 ,SOD活性变化不明显 ,POD活性受到显著抑制。粗酶液的体外实验结果表明 ,不同浓度SNP对POD活性的抑制呈明显的浓度及时间效应 ;而ABA对POD活性则几乎没有影响。说明在ABA调控气孔运动的过程中需要NO的参与 ,由此推测ABA对杨树叶片气孔运动的调节与NO对POD的抑制有关。

Rigidity effect on phase behavior of symmetric ABA triblock copolymers: A Monte Carlo simulation

The phase behavior of symmetric ABA triblock copolymers containing a semiflexible midblock is studied by lattice Monte Carlo simulation. As the midblock evolves from a fully flexible state to a semiflexible state in terms of increase in its persistence length, different phase behaviors are observed while cooling the system from an infinite high temperature to a temperature below T-ODT (order-disorder transition temperature). Within the midblock flexibility range we studied (l(p)/N-c <= 0.105), a lamellar structure is formed at equilibrium state as the situation for fully flexible chains. The fraction of bridge chain is evaluated for the lamellar structures. We find that the increase in midblock rigidity indeed results in the increase in bridge chain fraction within the range from 44.9% to 51.8%.

Self-assembly of rod-coil-rod ABA-type triblock copolymers

Self-assembled behavior of symmetric ABA rod-coil-rod triblock copolymer melts is studied by applying self-consistent-field lattice techniques in three-dimensional space. The phase diagram is constructed to understand the effects of the chain architecture on the self-assembled behavior. Four stable structures are observed for the ABA rod-coil-rod triblock, i.e., spherelike, lamellar, gyroidlike, and cylindrical structures. Different from AB rod-coil diblock and BAB coil-rod-coil triblock copolymers, the lamellar structure observed in ABA rod-coil-rod triblock copolymer melts is not stable for high volume fraction of the rod component (f(rod)=0.8), which is attributed to the intramolecular interactions between the two rod blocks of the polymer chain.

Effect of binary block-selective solvents on self-assembly of ABA triblock copolymer in dilute solution

We have studied the self-assembly of the ABA triblock copolymer (P4VP-b-PS-b-P4VP) in dilute solution by using binary block-selective solvents, that is, water and methanol. The triblock copolymer was first dissolved in dioxane to form a homogeneous solution. Subsequently, a given volume of selective solvent was added slowly to the solution to induce self-assembly of the copolymer. It was found that the copolymer (P4VP(43)-b-PS366-b-P4VP(43)) tended to form spherical aggregate or bilayer structure when we used methanol or water as the single selective solvent, respectively.

Effect of Shear Flow on the Formation of Ring-Shaped ABA Amphiphilic Triblock Copolymer Micelles

We have investigated the effect of Shear flow on the formation of rill.-shaped ABA triblock copolymer (P4VP(43)-b-PS260-b-P4VP(43)) micelles. The results reveal that Shear flow Plays an important role in the formation of the rings Both ring size and its, distribution are found to be dependent sensitively on the stirring rate. Sizable rings are more likely to be formed at moderate stirring rate, Interestingly, the ring formation mechanism is also dependent oil the Shear flow. Copolymers are likely to form rings via end-to-end cylinder connection at low stirring rates, whereas they tend to form rings via the pathway of the rod-sphere-vesicle-ring it high stirring rates.

Monte Carlo simulation on symmetric ABA/AB copolymer blends in confined thin films

The effects of blend composition on morphology, order-disorder transition (ODT), and chain conformation of symmetric ABA/AB copolymer blends confined between two neutral hard walls have been investigated by lattice Monte Carlo simulation. Only lamellar structure is observed in all the simulation morphologies under thermodynamic equilibrium state, which is supported by theoretical prediction. When the composition of AB diblock copolymer (phi) increases, both lamellar spacing and the corresponding ODT temperature increase, which can be attributed to the variation of conformation distribution of the diblock and the triblock copolymer chains. In addition, both diblock and triblock copolymer, chains with bridge conformation extend dramatically in the direction parallel to the surface when the system is in ordered state. Finally, the copolymer chain conformation depends strongly on both the blend composition and the incompatibility parameter chi N.

Study of self-assembly of symmetric coil-rod-coil ABA-type triblock copolymers by self-consistent field lattice method

The self-assembly of symmetric coil-rod-coil ABA-type triblock copolymer melts is studied by applying self-consistent field lattice techniques in a three-dimensional space. The self-assembled ordered structures differ significantly with the variation of the volume fraction of the rod component, which include lamellar, wave lamellar, gyroid, perforated lamellar, cylindrical, and spherical-like phases. To understand the physical essence of these phases and the regimes of occurrence, we construct the phase diagram, which matches qualitatively with the existing experimental results. Compared with the coil-rod AB diblock copolymer, our results revealed that the interfacial grafting density of the separating rod and coil segments shows important influence on the self-assembly behaviors of symmetric coil-rod-coil ABA triblock copolymer melts. We found that the order-disorder transition point changes from f(rod)=0.5 for AB diblock copolymers to f(rod)=0.6 for ABA triblock copolymers. Our results also show that the spherical-like and cylindrical phases occupy most of the region in the phase diagram, and the lamellar phase is found stable only at the high volume fraction of the rod.