Subjective, cardiovascular and EMG spectral recovery after lumbar extension exhaustion test

The purpose of this randomized study was to evaluate EMG spectral, subjective and cardiovascular recovery parameters after isometric lumbar extension contractions. Ten healthy women performed isometric lumbar extensions until exhaustion with 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% of maximal voluntary isometric contraction on 4 different days (random order). One baseline five second contraction was performed before the fatiguing task which was followed by eight submaximal five second extension contractions (until 20 minutes after the end of the fatiguing task) at the same intensity as the trial to evaluate muscle recovery. EMG (Median Frequency, Peak Power, Peak Power Frequency, Total Power and Zero-crossing Rate) and cardiovascular variables did not demonstrate any statistical difference between the 5-second contractions (p > 0.05) performed before and after the fatiguing task, showing a quick EMG recovery. However, the data analysis showed that the perceived effort variable had not recovered even 10 minutes after the fatigue contraction (p < 0.05). Our results represent a data basis for future comparisons and since subjective felling can affect performance, this study shows the importance of its analysis, since the subjective effort rate was not fully recovered after 10 minutes the end of the exhaustion contraction. © 2008 IOS Press. All rights reserved.

Clinical assessment of the efficacy of low-level laser therapy on muscle pain in women with temporomandibular dysfunction, by surface electromyography

The use of low-level laser (LLL) may be an useful tool to promote reduction of muscular pain caused by TMD. Aim: This study evaluated the immediate efficacy of low-level laser therapy on women reporting pain and diagnosed with temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD). Methods: Diode laser (GaAlAs) at 790 nm wavelength (infrared spectrum) was applied as experimental treatment. Irradiations of 1.5 J/cm2 were made at 4 points of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and of 3 J/cm2 at 3 points in the temporal muscle. An electromyographic (EMG) evaluation of the masseter and anterior temporal was done at the following intervals: before, immediately after, 5 min and 20 min after laser application. Results: Comparison of the electrical activity at the times of measurement revealed a statistically significant difference in masseter muscles before (P=0.025) and immediately after (P=0.013) LLLT. Conclusions: Both masseter and temporal muscles showed a reduction in the measured EMG activities at all times after LLLT, and the temporal muscle showed higher EMG activity than the masseter muscle at all the evaluation times. LLLT caused significant immediate relaxation of the masseter muscles.

Patellofemoral pain syndrome: Electromyography in a frequency domain analysis

The Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (PFPS), has a multifactorial etiology and affects approximately 7 to 15% of the population, mostly women, youth, adults and active persons. PFPS causes anterior or retropatelar pain that is exacerbated during functional motor gestures, such as up and down stairs or spending long periods of time sitting, squatting or kneeling. As the diagnostic evaluation of this syndrome is still indirect, different mechanisms and methodologies try to make a classification that distinguishes patients with PFPS in relation to asymptomatic. Thereby, the purpose of this investigation was to determine the characteristics of the electromyographic (EMG) signal in the frequency domain of the vastus medialis oblique (VMO) and vastus lateralis (VL) in patients with PFPS, during the ascent of stairs. 33 young women (22 control group and 11 PFPS group), were evaluated by EMG during ascent of stairs. The VMO mean power frequency (MPF) and the VL frequency 95% (F95) were lower in symptomatic individuals. This may be related to the difference in muscle recruitment strategy exerted by each muscle in the PFPS group compared to the control group.

A cross-sectional electromyography assessment in linear scleroderma patients

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Diagnostic accuracy of the EMG parameters associated with anterior knee pain in the diagnosis of patellofemoral pain syndrome

Objective To assess the diagnostic accuracy of the surface electromyography (sEMG) parameters associated with referred anterior knee pain in diagnosing patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS). Design Sensitivity and specificity analysis. Setting Physical rehabilitation center and laboratory of biomechanics and motor control. Participants Pain-free subjects (n=29) and participants with PFPS (n=22) selected by convenience. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measure The diagnostic accuracy was calculated for sEMG parameters’ reliability, precision, and ability to differentiate participants with and without PFPS. The selected sEMG parameter associated with anterior knee pain was considered as an index test and was compared with the reference standard for the diagnosis of PFPS. Intraclass correlation coefficient, SEM, independent t tests, sensitivity, specificity, negative and positive likelihood ratios, and negative and positive predictive values were used for the statistical analysis. Results The medium-frequency band (B2) parameter was reliable (intraclass correlation coefficient=.80–.90), precise (SEM=2.71–3.87 normalized unit), and able to differentiate participants with and without PFPS (P<.05). The association of B2 with anterior knee pain showed positive diagnostic accuracy values (specificity, .87; sensitivity, .70; negative likelihood ratio, .33; positive likelihood ratio, 5.63; negative predictive value, .72; and positive predictive value, .86). Conclusions The results provide evidence to support the use of EMG signals (B2 – frequency band of 45–96Hz) of the vastus lateralis and vastus medialis muscles with referred anterior knee pain in the diagnosis of PFPS.

Effect of a rocker non-heeled shoe on EMG and ground reaction forces during gait without previous training

Unstable shoes have been designed to promote "natural instability" and during walking they should simulate barefoot gait, enhancing muscle activity and, thus, attributing an advantage over regular tennis shoes. Recent studies showed that, after special training on the appropriate walking pattern, the use of the Masai Barefoot Technology (MBT) shoe increases muscle activation during walking. Our study presents a comparison of muscle activity as well as horizontal and vertical forces during gait with the MBT, a standard tennis shoe and barefoot walking of healthy individuals without previous training. These variables were compared in 25 female subjects and gait conditions were compared using ANOVA repeated measures (effect size:0.25). Walking with the MBT shoe in this non-instructed condition produced higher vertical forces (first vertical peak and weight acceptance rate) than walking with a standard shoe or walking barefoot, which suggests an increase in the loads received by the musculoskeletal system, especially at heel strike. Walking with the MBT shoe did not increase muscle activity when compared to walking with the standard shoe. The barefoot condition was more effective than the MBT shoe at enhancing muscle activation. Therefore, in healthy individuals, no advantage was found in using the MBT over a standard tennis shoe without a special training period. Further studies using the MBT without any instruction over a longer period are needed to evaluate if the higher loads observed in the present study would return to their baseline values after a period of adaptation, and if the muscle activity would increase over time. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Análise da reprodutibilidade de parâmetros no domínio da frequência do sinal EMG utilizados na caracterização da fadiga muscular localizada

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a reprodutibilidade de parâmetros no domínio da frequência do sinal eletromiográfico (EMG) utilizados na caracterização da fadiga muscular localizada. Quinze sujeitos do sexo masculino foram submetidos a um teste de fadiga baseado na extensão isométrica de joelho, sendo realizados em três momentos distintos com intervalos de sete dias. Para avaliar a reprodutibilidade dos dados entres os testes calculou-se o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (CCI) para a frequência mediana (Fmed) no tempo total de exercício (FmedT), para a Fmed obtida a cada 10% do tempo de exercício (Fmed10%) e para as potências das bandas de frequência, obtidas da divisão do espectro de potência a cada 20 Hz. Os resultados demonstraram: (1) boa reprodutibilidade para a FmedT; (2) boa reprodutibilidade para a Fmed10%; e (3) maior variação no sinal EMG nas bandas de 20 a 120 Hz, no qual se destacam as bandas de 20-40 Hz e de 40-60 Hz, demonstrando maior sensibilidade ao processo de fadiga muscular. Conclui-se que a Fmed é uma variável que apresenta boa reprodutibilidade e que a análise fragmentada do espectro de potência, por meio das bandas de frequência, demonstrou-se sensível as variações que ocorrem no sinal EMG durante a instalação do processo de fadiga, tendo potencial para se tornar um novo método para a caracterização da fadiga muscular localizada.

Comparação do sinal EMG e das características da passada em diferentes protocolos de corrida incremental

O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar o sinal eletromiográfi co, a frequência e a amplitude de passada entre diferentes intensidades de corrida: 60%, 80% e 100% da velocidade máxima em dois protocolos incrementais. Participaram deste estudo 11 corredores do sexo masculino. Os protocolos de corrida foram realizados com velocidades iniciais de 10 km.hr-1, com incrementos de 1 km.hr-1 a cada três minutos até a exaustão, que diferiram em relação ao intervalo entre cada estágio incremental: 30 e 120 segundos. Foram analisados valores RMS dos músculos iliocostal lombar, reto femoral, vasto lateral, vasto medial, bíceps femoral, tibial anterior, e gastrocnêmio, e a amplitude e frequência de passada. Os valores RMS mostraram aumento entre as intensidades para quase todos os músculos, e não foram influenciados pelo tipo de protocolo utilizado para maioria dos músculos. A frequência e amplitude de passada apresentaram contribuições percentuais diferenciadas para o aumento da velocidade de corrida.

Cerebral correlates of muscle tone fluctuations in restless legs syndrome: A pilot study with combined functional magnetic resonance imaging and anterior tibial muscle electromyography

BACKGROUND: The pathology of restless legs syndrome (RLS) is still not understood. To investigate the pathomechanism of the disorder further we recorded a surface electromyogram (EMG) of the anterior tibial muscle during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in patients with idiopathic RLS. METHODS: Seven subjects with moderate to severe RLS were investigated in the present pilot study. Patients were lying supine in the scanner for over 50min and were instructed not to move voluntarily. Sensory leg discomfort (SLD) was evaluated on a 10-point Likert scale. For brain image analysis, an algorithm for the calculation of tonic EMG values was developed. RESULTS: We found a negative correlation of tonic EMG and SLD (p <0.01). This finding provides evidence for the clinical experience that RLS-related subjective leg discomfort increases during muscle relaxation at rest. In the fMRI analysis, the tonic EMG was associated with activation in motor and somatosensory pathways and also in some regions that are not primarily related to motor or somatosensory functions. CONCLUSIONS: By using a newly developed algorithm for the investigation of muscle tone-related changes in cerebral activity, we identified structures that are potentially involved in RLS pathology. Our method, with some modification, may also be suitable for the investigation of phasic muscle activity that occurs during periodic leg movements.

Power line interference filtering on surface electromyography based on the stationary wavelet packet transform

Power line interference is one of the main problems in surface electromyogram signals (EMG) analysis. In this work, a new method based on the stationary wavelet packet transform is proposed to estimate and remove this kind of noise from EMG data records. The performance has been quantitatively evaluated with synthetic noisy signals, obtaining good results independently from the signal to noise ratio (SNR). For the analyzed cases, the obtained results show that the correlation coefficient is around 0.99, the energy respecting to the pure EMG signal is 98–104%, the SNR is between 16.64 and 20.40 dB and the mean absolute error (MAE) is in the range of −69.02 and −65.31 dB. It has been also applied on 18 real EMG signals, evaluating the percentage of energy respecting to the noisy signals. The proposed method adjusts the reduction level to the amplitude of each harmonic present in the analyzed noisy signals (synthetic and real), reducing the harmonics with no alteration of the desired signal.

Further evaluation of an EMG technique for assessment of the deep cervical flexor muscles

A novel surface electromyographic (EMG) technique was recently described for the detection of deep cervical flexor muscle activity. Further investigation of this technique is warranted to ensure EMG activity from neighbouring muscles is not markedly influencing the signals recorded. This study compared deep cervical flexor (DCF) muscle activity with the activity of surrounding neck and jaw muscles during various anatomical movements of the neck and jaw in 10 volunteer subjects. DCF EMG activity was recorded with custom electrodes inserted via the nose and fixed by suction to the posterior mucosa of the oropharynx. Surface electrodes were placed over the sternocleidomastoid, anterior scalene, masseter and suprahyoid muscles. Positioned in supine, subjects performed isometric cranio-cervical flexion, cervical flexion, right and left cervical rotation,jaw clench and resisted jaw opening. Across all movements examined, EMG amplitude of the DCF muscles was greatest during neck movements that would require activity of the DCF muscles, particularly during cranio-cervical flexion, their primary anatomical action. The actions of jaw clench and resisted jaw opening demonstrated significantly less DCF EMG activity than the cranio-cervical flexion action (p < 0.05). Across all other movements, the neighbouring neck and jaw muscles demonstrated greatest EMG amplitude during their respective primary anatomical actions, which occurred in the absence of increased EMG amplitude recorded from the DCF muscles. The finding of substantial EMG activity of the DCF muscles only during neck actions that would require their activity, particularly cranio-cervical flexion, and not during actions involving the jaw, provide further assurance that the majority of myoelectric signals detected from the nasopharyngeal electrode are from the DCF muscles. (C) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Relevance of motion artifact in electromyography recordings during vibration treatment

Electromyography readings (EMGs) from quadriceps of fifteen subjects were recorded during whole body vibration treatment at different frequencies (10-50 Hz). Additional electrodes were placed on the patella to monitor the occurrence of motion artifact, triaxial accelerometers were placed onto quadriceps to monitor motion. Signal spectra revealed sharp peaks corresponding to vibration frequency and its harmonics, in accordance with the accelerometer data. EMG total power was compared to that associated with vibration harmonics narrow bands, before and during vibration. On average, vibration associated power resulted in only 3% (±0.9%) of the total power prior to vibration and 29% (±13.4%) during vibration. Often, studies employ surface EMG to quantitatively evaluate vibration evoked muscular activity and to set stimulation frequency. However, previous research has not accounted for motion artifacts. The data presented in this study emphasize the need for the removal of motion artifacts, as they consistently affect RMS estimation, which is often used as a concise muscle activity index during vibrations. Such artifacts, rather unpredictable in amplitude, might be the cause of large inter-study differences and must be eliminated before analysis. Motion artifact filtering will contribute to thorough and precise interpretation of neuromuscular response to vibration treatment. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Modifications in Early Rehabilitation Protocol after Rotator Cuff Repair : EMG Studies

La déchirure de la coiffe des rotateurs est une des causes les plus fréquentes de douleur et de dysfonctionnement de l'épaule. La réparation chirurgicale est couramment réalisée chez les patients symptomatiques et de nombreux efforts ont été faits pour améliorer les techniques chirurgicales. Cependant, le taux de re-déchirure est encore élevé ce qui affecte les stratégies de réhabilitation post-opératoire. Les recommandations post-chirurgicales doivent trouver un équilibre optimal entre le repos total afin de protéger le tendon réparé et les activités préconisées afin de restaurer l'amplitude articulaire et la force musculaire. Après une réparation de la coiffe, l'épaule est le plus souvent immobilisée grâce à une écharpe ou une orthèse. Cependant, cette immobilisation limite aussi la mobilité du coude et du poignet. Cette période qui peut durer de 4 à 6 semaines où seuls des mouvements passifs peuvent être réalisés. Ensuite, les patients sont incités à réaliser les exercices actifs assistés et des exercices actifs dans toute la mobilité articulaire pour récupérer respectivement l’amplitude complète de mouvement actif et se préparer aux exercices de résistance réalisés dans la phase suivante de la réadaptation. L’analyse électromyographique des muscles de l'épaule a fourni des évidences scientifiques pour la recommandation de beaucoup d'exercices de réadaptation au cours de cette période. Les activités sollicitant les muscles de la coiffe des rotateurs à moins de 20% de leur activation maximale volontaire sont considérés sécuritaires pour les premières phases de la réhabilitation. À partir de ce concept, l'objectif de cette thèse a été d'évaluer des activités musculaires de l'épaule pendant des mouvements et exercices qui peuvent théoriquement être effectués au cours des premières phases de la réhabilitation. Les trois questions principales de cette thèse sont : 1) Est-ce que la mobilisation du coude et du poignet produisent une grande activité des muscles de la coiffe? 2) Est-ce que les exercices de renforcement musculaire du bras, de l’avant-bras et du torse produisent une grande activité dans les muscles de la coiffe? 3) Au cours d'élévations actives du bras, est-ce que le plan d'élévation affecte l'activité de la coiffe des rotateurs? Dans notre première étude, nous avons évalué 15 muscles de l'épaule chez 14 sujets sains par électromyographie de surface et intramusculaire. Nos résultats ont montré qu’avec une orthèse d’épaule, les mouvements du coude et du poignet et même quelques exercices de renforcement impliquant ces deux articulations, activent de manière sécuritaire les muscles de ii la coiffe. Nous avons également introduit des tâches de la vie quotidienne qui peuvent être effectuées en toute sécurité pendant la période d'immobilisation. Ces résultats peuvent aider à modifier la conception d'orthèses de l’épaule. Dans notre deuxième étude, nous avons montré que l'adduction du bras réalisée contre une mousse à faible densité, positionnée pour remplacer le triangle d’une orthèse, produit des activations des muscles de la coiffe sécuritaires. Dans notre troisième étude, nous avons évalué l'électromyographie des muscles de l’épaule pendant les tâches d'élévation du bras chez 8 patients symptomatiques avec la déchirure de coiffe des rotateurs. Nous avons constaté que l'activité du supra-épineux était significativement plus élevée pendant l’abduction que pendant la scaption et la flexion. Ce résultat suggère une séquence de plan d’élévation active pendant la rééducation. Les résultats présentés dans cette thèse, suggèrent quelques modifications dans les protocoles de réadaptation de l’épaule pendant les 12 premières semaines après la réparation de la coiffe. Ces suggestions fournissent également des évidences scientifiques pour la production d'orthèses plus dynamiques et fonctionnelles à l’articulation de l’épaule.

Modifications in Early Rehabilitation Protocol after Rotator Cuff Repair : EMG Studies

La déchirure de la coiffe des rotateurs est une des causes les plus fréquentes de douleur et de dysfonctionnement de l'épaule. La réparation chirurgicale est couramment réalisée chez les patients symptomatiques et de nombreux efforts ont été faits pour améliorer les techniques chirurgicales. Cependant, le taux de re-déchirure est encore élevé ce qui affecte les stratégies de réhabilitation post-opératoire. Les recommandations post-chirurgicales doivent trouver un équilibre optimal entre le repos total afin de protéger le tendon réparé et les activités préconisées afin de restaurer l'amplitude articulaire et la force musculaire. Après une réparation de la coiffe, l'épaule est le plus souvent immobilisée grâce à une écharpe ou une orthèse. Cependant, cette immobilisation limite aussi la mobilité du coude et du poignet. Cette période qui peut durer de 4 à 6 semaines où seuls des mouvements passifs peuvent être réalisés. Ensuite, les patients sont incités à réaliser les exercices actifs assistés et des exercices actifs dans toute la mobilité articulaire pour récupérer respectivement l’amplitude complète de mouvement actif et se préparer aux exercices de résistance réalisés dans la phase suivante de la réadaptation. L’analyse électromyographique des muscles de l'épaule a fourni des évidences scientifiques pour la recommandation de beaucoup d'exercices de réadaptation au cours de cette période. Les activités sollicitant les muscles de la coiffe des rotateurs à moins de 20% de leur activation maximale volontaire sont considérés sécuritaires pour les premières phases de la réhabilitation. À partir de ce concept, l'objectif de cette thèse a été d'évaluer des activités musculaires de l'épaule pendant des mouvements et exercices qui peuvent théoriquement être effectués au cours des premières phases de la réhabilitation. Les trois questions principales de cette thèse sont : 1) Est-ce que la mobilisation du coude et du poignet produisent une grande activité des muscles de la coiffe? 2) Est-ce que les exercices de renforcement musculaire du bras, de l’avant-bras et du torse produisent une grande activité dans les muscles de la coiffe? 3) Au cours d'élévations actives du bras, est-ce que le plan d'élévation affecte l'activité de la coiffe des rotateurs? Dans notre première étude, nous avons évalué 15 muscles de l'épaule chez 14 sujets sains par électromyographie de surface et intramusculaire. Nos résultats ont montré qu’avec une orthèse d’épaule, les mouvements du coude et du poignet et même quelques exercices de renforcement impliquant ces deux articulations, activent de manière sécuritaire les muscles de ii la coiffe. Nous avons également introduit des tâches de la vie quotidienne qui peuvent être effectuées en toute sécurité pendant la période d'immobilisation. Ces résultats peuvent aider à modifier la conception d'orthèses de l’épaule. Dans notre deuxième étude, nous avons montré que l'adduction du bras réalisée contre une mousse à faible densité, positionnée pour remplacer le triangle d’une orthèse, produit des activations des muscles de la coiffe sécuritaires. Dans notre troisième étude, nous avons évalué l'électromyographie des muscles de l’épaule pendant les tâches d'élévation du bras chez 8 patients symptomatiques avec la déchirure de coiffe des rotateurs. Nous avons constaté que l'activité du supra-épineux était significativement plus élevée pendant l’abduction que pendant la scaption et la flexion. Ce résultat suggère une séquence de plan d’élévation active pendant la rééducation. Les résultats présentés dans cette thèse, suggèrent quelques modifications dans les protocoles de réadaptation de l’épaule pendant les 12 premières semaines après la réparation de la coiffe. Ces suggestions fournissent également des évidences scientifiques pour la production d'orthèses plus dynamiques et fonctionnelles à l’articulation de l’épaule.

EMG biofeedback in the treatment of tinnitus : an experimental evaluation

26 tinnitus patients received either electromyogram (EMG) biofeedback with counterdemand instructions, EMG biofeedback with neutral demand instructions, or no treatment. Assessment was conducted on self-report measures of the distress associated with tinnitus, the loudness, annoyance and awareness of tinnitus, sleep-onset difficulties, depression, and anxiety. Audiological assessment of tinnitus was also conducted and EMG levels were measured (the latter only in the 2 treatment groups). No significant treatment effects were found on any of the measures. There was a significant decrease in the ratings of tinnitus awareness over the assessment occasions, but the degree of change was equivalent for treated and untreated groups. Results do not support the assertion that EMG biofeedback is an effective treatment for tinnitus.