Deep inelastic electroproduction structure functions for polarized and unpolarized proton targets

Following Ioffe's method of QCD sum rules the structure functions F2(x) for deep inelastic ep and en scattering are calculated. Valence u-quark and d-quark distributions are obtained in the range 0.1 less, approximate x <0.4 and compared with data. In the case of polarized targets the structure function g1(x) and the asymmetry Image Full-size image are calculated. The latter is in satisfactory agreement in sign and magnitude with experiments for x in the range 0.1< x < 0.4.

Impacts of sodic soil amelioration on deep drainage

Groundwater tables are rising beneath irrigated fields in some areas of the Lower Burdekin in North Queensland, Australia. The soils where this occurs are predominantly sodic clay soils with low hydraulic conductivities. Many of these soils have been treated by applying gypsum or by increasing the salinity of irrigation water by mixing saline groundwater with fresh river water. While the purpose of these treatments is to increase infiltration into the surface soils and improve productivity of the root zone, it is thought that the treatments may have altered the soil hydraulic properties well below the root zone leading to increased groundwater recharge and rising water tables. In this paper we discuss the use of column experiments and HYDRUS modelling, with major ion reaction and transport and soil water chemistry-dependent hydraulic conductivity, to assess the likely depth, magnitude and timing of the impacts of surface soil amelioration on soil hydraulic properties below the root zone and hence groundwater recharge. In the experiments, columns of sodic clays from the Lower Burdekin were leached for extended periods of time with either gypsum solutions or mixed cation salt solutions and change s in hydraulic conductivity were measured. Leaching with a gypsum solution for an extended time period, until the flow rate stabilised, resulted in an approximately twenty fold increase in the hydraulic conductivity when compared with a low salinity, mixed cation solution. HYDRUS modelling was used to high light the role of those factors which might influence the impacts of soil treatment, particularly at depth, including the large amounts of rain during the relatively short wet season and the presence of thick low permeability clay layers.

New temperature fluctuation method for direct determination of thermal activation energy of deep levels in semiconductors

A new method is suggested where the thermal activation energy is measured directly and not as a slope of an Arrhenius plot. The sample temperature T is allowed to fluctuate about a temperature T0. The reverse-biased sample diode is repeatedly pulsed towards zero bias and the transient capacitance C1 at time t1 is measured The activation energy is obtained by monitoring the fluctuations in C1 and T. The method has been used to measure the activation energy of the gold acceptor level in silicon.

Compiling Techniques for Coarse Grained Runtime Reconfigurable Architectures

In this paper we develop compilation techniques for the realization of applications described in a High Level Language (HLL) onto a Runtime Reconfigurable Architecture. The compiler determines Hyper Operations (HyperOps) that are subgraphs of a data flow graph (of an application) and comprise elementary operations that have strong producer-consumer relationship. These HyperOps are hosted on computation structures that are provisioned on demand at runtime. We also report compiler optimizations that collectively reduce the overheads of data-driven computations in runtime reconfigurable architectures. On an average, HyperOps offer a 44% reduction in total execution time and a 18% reduction in management overheads as compared to using basic blocks as coarse grained operations. We show that HyperOps formed using our compiler are suitable to support data flow software pipelining.

Stress Analysis of Deep Beams

In a beam whose depth is comparable to its span, the distribution of bending and shear stresses differs appreciably from those given by the ordinary flexural theory. In this paper, a general solution for the analysis of a rectangular, single-scan beam, under symmetrical loading is developed. The Multiple Fourier procedure is employed using four series by which it has been possible to satisfy all boundary and the resulting relation among the co-efficient are derives.

Electrical properties of nickel-related deep levels in silicon

Electrically active deep levels related to nickel in silicon are studied under different diffusion conditions, quenching modes, and annealing conditions. The main nickel-related level is at Ev+0.32 eV. Levels at Ev+0.15 and Ev+0.54 eV are not related to nickel while those at Ev+0.50 and Ev+0.28 eV may be nickel related. Their concentrations depend on the quenching mode. There is no nickel-related level in the upper half of the band gap. The complicated annealing behavior of the main nickel-related level is explained on the basis of the formation and dissociation of a nickel-vacany complex. Journal of Applied Physics is copyrighted by The American Institute of Physics.

Investigation of Deep Defects Due to -Particle Irradiation in n-Silicon

Electrical properties of deep defects induced in n-silicon by -particles of about 10 MeV energy at a dose of 1014 and 1015 cm-2 are studied by DLTS. The levels at Ec -0.18 eV, Ec -0.26 eV, and Ec -0.48 eV are identified as A center, V2 (=/-) and V2 (-/0) on the basis of activation energy, electron capture cross section, and annealing behavior. Two other irradiation related levels at Ec -0.28 eV and Ec -0.51 eV could not be related to any known center.

Towards vision-based deep reinforcement learning for robotic motion control

This paper introduces a machine learning based system for controlling a robotic manipulator with visual perception only. The capability to autonomously learn robot controllers solely from raw-pixel images and without any prior knowledge of configuration is shown for the first time. We build upon the success of recent deep reinforcement learning and develop a system for learning target reaching with a three-joint robot manipulator using external visual observation. A Deep Q Network (DQN) was demonstrated to perform target reaching after training in simulation. Transferring the network to real hardware and real observation in a naive approach failed, but experiments show that the network works when replacing camera images with synthetic images.

Response to deep placed P, K and S in central Queensland

Two field experiments were established in central Queensland at Capella and Gindie to investigate the immediate and then residual benefit of deep placed (20 cm) nutrients in this opportunity cropping system. The field sites had factorial combinations of P (40 kg P/ha), K (200 kg K/ha) and S (40 kg S/ha) and all plots received 100 kg N/ha. No further K or S fertilizers were added during the experiment but some crops had starter P. The Capella site was sown to chickpea in 2012, wheat in 2013 and then chickpea in 2014. The Gindie site was sown to sorghum in 2011/12, chickpea in 2013 and sorghum in early 2015. There were responses to P alone in the first two crops at each site and there were K responses in half the six site years. In year 1 (a good year) both sites showed a 20% grain yield response to only to deep P. In year 2 (much drier) the effects of deep P were still evident at both sites and the effects of K were clearly evident at Gindie. There was a suggestion of an additive P+K effect at Capella and a 50% increase for P+K at Gindie. Year 3 was dry and chickpeas at Capella showed a larger response to P+K but the sorghum at Gindie only responded to deep K. These results indicate that responses to deep placed P and K are durable over an opportunity cropping system, and meeting both requirements is important to achieve yield responses.

Res Communis? A critical legal geography of outer space, Antarctica, and the deep seabed

This chapter provides a critical legal geography of outer Space, charting the topography of the debates and struggles around its definition, management, and possession. As the emerging field of critical legal geography demonstrates, law is not a neutral organiser of space, but is instead a powerful cultural technology of spatial production. Drawing on legal documents such as the Outer Space Treaty and the Moon Treaty, as well as on the analogous and precedent-setting legal geographies of Antarctica and the deep seabed, the chapter addresses key questions about the legal geography of outer Space, questions which are of growing importance as Space’s available satellite spaces in the geostationary orbit diminish, Space weapons and mining become increasingly viable, Space colonisation and tourism emerge, and questions about Space’s legal status grow in intensity. Who owns outer Space? Who, and whose rules, govern what may or may not (literally) take place there? Is the geostationary orbit the sovereign property of the equatorial states it supertends, as these states argued in the 1970s? Or is it a part of the res communis, or common property of humanity, which currently legally characterises outer Space? Does Space belong to no one, or to everyone? As challenges to the existing legal spatiality of outer Space emerge from spacefaring states, companies, and non-spacefaring states, it is particularly critical that the current spatiality of Space is understood and considered.

Rational design of 3D dendritic TiO2 nanostructures with favorable architectures

Controlling the morphology and size of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanostructures is crucial to obtain superior photocatalytic, photovoltaic, and electrochemical properties. However, the synthetic techniques for preparing such structures, especially those with complex configurations, still remain a challenge because of the rapid hydrolysis of Ti-containing polymer precursors in aqueous solution. Herein, we report a completely novel approach-three- dimensional (3D) TiO2 nanostructures with favorable dendritic architectures-through a simple hydrothermal synthesis. The size of the 3D TiO2 dendrites and the morphology of the constituent nano-units, in the form of nanorods, nanoribbons, and nanowires, are controlled by adjusting the precursor hydrolysis rate and the surfactant aggregation. These novel configurations of TiO2 nanostructures possess higher surface area and superior electrochemical properties compared to nanoparticles with smooth surfaces. Our findings provide an effective solution for the synthesis of complex TiO2 nano-architectures, which can pave the way to further improve the energy storage and energy conversion efficiency of TiO 2-based devices.

Editor's message: the sunk cost fallacy of deep drilling

At the beginning of 2008, I visited a watershed, located in Karkinatam village in the state of Karnataka, South India, where crops are intensively irrigated using groundwater. The water table had been depleted from a depth of 5 to 50 m in a large part of the area. Presently, 42% of a total of 158 water wells in the watershed are dry. Speaking with the farmers, I have been amazed to learn that they were drilling down to 500 m to tap water. This case is, of course, not isolated.

Deep Packet Inspection Using Message Passing Networks

We propose a solution based on message passing bipartite networks, for deep packet inspection, which addresses both speed and memory issues, which are limiting factors in current solutions. We report on a preliminary implementation and propose a parallel architecture.

Compiler-assisted instruction decoder energy optimization for clustered VLIW architectures

Traditionally, an instruction decoder is designed as a monolithic structure that inhibit the leakage energy optimization. In this paper, we consider a split instruction decoder that enable the leakage energy optimization. We also propose a compiler scheduling algorithm that exploits instruction slack to increase the simultaneous active and idle duration in instruction decoder. The proposed compiler-assisted scheme obtains a further 14.5% reduction of energy consumption of instruction decoder over a hardware-only scheme for a VLIW architecture. The benefits are 17.3% and 18.7% in the context of a 2-clustered and a 4-clustered VLIW architecture respectively.

The legality of deep packet inspection

Deep packet inspection is a technology which enables the examination of the content of information packets being sent over the Internet. The Internet was originally set up using “end-to-end connectivity” as part of its design, allowing nodes of the network to send packets to all other nodes of the network, without requiring intermediate network elements to maintain status information about the transmission. In this way, the Internet was created as a “dumb” network, with “intelligent” devices (such as personal computers) at the end or “last mile” of the network. The dumb network does not interfere with an application's operation, nor is it sensitive to the needs of an application, and as such it treats all information sent over it as (more or less) equal. Yet, deep packet inspection allows the examination of packets at places on the network which are not endpoints, In practice, this permits entities such as Internet service providers (ISPs) or governments to observe the content of the information being sent, and perhaps even manipulate it. Indeed, the existence and implementation of deep packet inspection may challenge profoundly the egalitarian and open character of the Internet. This paper will firstly elaborate on what deep packet inspection is and how it works from a technological perspective, before going on to examine how it is being used in practice by governments and corporations. Legal problems have already been created by the use of deep packet inspection, which involve fundamental rights (especially of Internet users), such as freedom of expression and privacy, as well as more economic concerns, such as competition and copyright. These issues will be considered, and an assessment of the conformity of the use of deep packet inspection with law will be made. There will be a concentration on the use of deep packet inspection in European and North American jurisdictions, where it has already provoked debate, particularly in the context of discussions on net neutrality. This paper will also incorporate a more fundamental assessment of the values that are desirable for the Internet to respect and exhibit (such as openness, equality and neutrality), before concluding with the formulation of a legal and regulatory response to the use of this technology, in accordance with these values.