Evolution or extinction? Reflections on the future of research in educational leadership and management

Consideration of the quality, relevance and utility of research in educational leadership and management has been a growing concern of researchers, policy-makers and practitioners, but there is little agreement about its current state or priorities for development. The article reflects on the key criticisms that have been made of research in educational leadership and management in this issue, and elsewhere. It considers how we might begin to devise better ways of understanding its audiences, judging its quality and identifying priorities for the future. It argues that the research reflects its capture by those with particular interests or values, and impacts in ways which are complex and indirect. If educational leadership and management research is to be secure in its perceived value and contribution in the future, several developments are needed, including a greater emphasis on interdisciplinarity, an expansion of the range of methodologies, particularly qualtitative studies; and these shifts must be evident in training researchers as well as in the conduct of research.

Behaviour change in the UK climate debate : an assessment of responsibility, agency and political dimensions

This paper explores the politics around the role of agency in the UK climate change debate. Government interventions on the demand side of consumption have increasingly involved attempts to obtain greater traction with the values, attitudes and beliefs of citizens in relation to climate change and also in terms of influencing consumer behaviour at an individual level. With figures showing that approximately 40% of the UK’s carbon emissions are attributable to household and transport behaviour, policy initiatives have progressively focused on the facilitation of “sustainable behaviours”. Evidence suggests however, that mobilisation of pro-environmental attitudes in addressing the perceived “value-action gap” has so far had limited success. Research in this field suggests that there is a more significant and nuanced “gap” between context and behaviour; a relationship that perhaps provides a more adroit reflection of reasons why people do not necessarily react in the way that policy-makers anticipate. Tracing the development of the UK Government’s behaviour change agenda over the last decade, we posit that a core reason for the limitations of this programme relates to an excessively narrow focus on the individual. This has served to obscure some of the wider political and economic aspects of the debate in favour of a more simplified discussion. The second part of the paper reports findings from a series of focus groups exploring some of the wider political views that people hold around household energy habits, purchase and use of domestic appliances, and transport behaviour-and discusses these insights in relation to the literature on the agenda’s apparent limitations. The paper concludes by considering whether the aims of the Big Society approach (recently established by the UK’s Coalition Government) hold the potential to engage more directly with some of these issues or whether they merely constitute a “repackaging” of the individualism agenda.

The national dialogue on behaviour change in UK climate policy: some observations on responsibility, agency and political dimensions

This chapter explores the politics around the role of agency in the UK climate change debate. Government interventions on the demand side of consumption have increasingly involved attempts to obtain greater traction with the values, attitudes and beliefs of citizens in relation to climate change and also in terms of influencing consumer behaviour at an individual level. With figures showing that approximately 40% of the UK’s carbon emissions are attributable to household and transport behaviour, policy initiatives have progressively focused on the facilitation of “sustainable behaviours”. Evidence suggests however, that mobilisation of pro-environmental attitudes in addressing the perceived “value-action gap” has so far had limited success. Research in this field suggests that there is a more significant and nuanced “gap” between context and behaviour; a relationship that perhaps provides a more adroit reflection of reasons why people do not necessarily react in the way that policy-makers anticipate. Tracing the development of the UK Government’s behaviour change agenda over the last decade, we posit that a core reason for the limitations of this programme relates to an excessively narrow focus on the individual. This has served to obscure some of the wider political and economic aspects of the debate in favour of a more simplified discussion. The second part of the chapter reports findings from a series of focus groups exploring some of the wider political views that people hold around household energy habits, purchase and use of domestic appliances, and transport behaviour-and discusses these insights in relation to the literature on the agenda’s apparent limitations. The chapter concludes by considering whether the aims of the Big Society approach (recently established by the UK’s Coalition Government) hold the potential to engage more directly with some of these issues or whether they merely constitute a “repackaging” of the individualism agenda.

Willingness-to-pay for a probabilistic flood forecast: a risk-based decision-making game

Probabilistic hydro-meteorological forecasts have over the last decades been used more frequently to communicate forecastuncertainty. This uncertainty is twofold, as it constitutes both an added value and a challenge for the forecaster and the user of the forecasts. Many authors have demonstrated the added (economic) value of probabilistic over deterministic forecasts across the water sector (e.g. flood protection, hydroelectric power management and navigation). However, the richness of the information is also a source of challenges for operational uses, due partially to the difficulty to transform the probability of occurrence of an event into a binary decision. This paper presents the results of a risk-based decision-making game on the topic of flood protection mitigation, called “How much are you prepared to pay for a forecast?”. The game was played at several workshops in 2015, which were attended by operational forecasters and academics working in the field of hydrometeorology. The aim of this game was to better understand the role of probabilistic forecasts in decision-making processes and their perceived value by decision-makers. Based on the participants’ willingness-to-pay for a forecast, the results of the game show that the value (or the usefulness) of a forecast depends on several factors, including the way users perceive the quality of their forecasts and link it to the perception of their own performances as decision-makers.

Percepções de valor e sacrifício na conquista da bagagem profissional : uma contribuição à discussão de valor do profissional

Os executivos carregam uma bagagem onde estão depositadas suas competências, experiências e conhecimentos apreendidos ao longo da sua carreira e trajetória profissional. Conceitos de valor percebido, sacrifício e profissional das áreas de marketing, comportamento do consumidor, psicologia e recursos humanos são utilizados no estudo para revelar, sob a ótica do executivo, o valor e o sacrifício contidos nessa bagagem. Com esse ferramental será possível verificar como o executivo percebe e avalia o valor e sacrifício das suas conquistas profissionais. Presume-se que com esse conhecimento ele possa demonstrar o seu valor e apresentá-lo para seu potencial empregador. Em época em que todos são desafiados a fazer mais com uso de recursos menores e mais escassos, qual empresa empregadora não gostaria de ouvir de um profissional que possa apresentar uma explicação elaborada do valor que representa e da bagagem profissional que ela poderá ter acesso caso venha a contratá-lo? Apoiado em pesquisa bibliográfica o projeto teve continuidade em duas etapas junto a executivos na cidade de São Paulo: uma etapa exploratória inicial para associar os construtos e auxiliar em eventuais ajustes e a segunda envolvendo esforço quantitativo permitindo análises, inferências e avaliações quantificadas. Ambos conduzidos junto a uma amostra de executivos da cidade de São Paulo que concordaram em participar da pesquisa.

Valor percebido pelo consumidor e estratégia de marketing de restaurantes na cidade de São Paulo: um estudo exploratório

Examina o valor percebido que os consumidores formam no ambiente de restaurantes na cidade de São Paulo, focando como a administração destes empreendimentos vê o construto valor percebido e como lida com ele na implementação de sua estratégia de marketing. Envolve uma revisão do estado da arte destes conceitos e de suas inter-relações na esfera de marketing, complementada por entrevistas com administradores de restaurantes. Ao final, são feitas análise de conteúdo, comentários e sugestões para pesquisas adicionais neste campo.

Desenvolvimento de módulos para habitação popular no Brasil : geração de valor no processo de co-criação com o cliente

O mercado brasileiro da construção civil tem sofrido profundas transformações nos últimos anos, principalmente na relação fornecedor-cliente, que afetam de maneira significativa a lucratividade e o posicionamento de mercado dos fabricantes de insumos. Por conseguinte, as empresas têm buscado novas formas de criar valores, voltadas para o seu capital humano. Considerando-se a necessidade de os funcionários anteciparem e compreenderem as novas demandas do mercado, o objetivo neste trabalho é estudar o processo de co-criação como geração de valor na empresa Deca, avaliando-se os seus efeitos estratégicos diante da nova realidade e, ainda, seu impacto na relação com o cliente. Com o processo de co-criação, a empresa visa a utilizar seus recursos intangíveis para agregar valor a seus produtos, conhecer com profundidade a realidade de seus clientes e diferenciar-se dos concorrentes em um mercado com tendência à comoditização. Além disso, visa a reavaliar as estratégias existentes, tendo em vista o seu reposicionamento com base em suas competências centrais de fabricante de louças e metais sanitários e em conceitos de inovação e co-criação, no intuito de aumentar o valor percebido por clientes potenciais e expandir sua fronteira de atuação atual. Na avaliação dos resultados dessa tentativa de reposicionamento estratégico, utiliza-se um indicador não financeiro, o Customer Lifetime Value, com o objetivo de mensurar os impactos no longo prazo.

Percepções de qualidade, sacrifício e valor: uma investigação em serviços bancários

Esta Tese estuda o valor percebido nos serviços bancários. Valor percebido é definido como uma equalização entre qualidade percebida e sacrifícios monetário e não monetário percebidos. A qualidade do relacionamento com o gerente e o crédito são dois importantes constructos, com impacto no desempenho da qualidade percebida. Obteve-se uma amostra final de 340 empresas de médio porte, com atuação na indústria, comércio e serviços, localizadas na Grande São Paulo. A partir da modelagem de equações estruturais, deu-se o exame empírico das relações entre seis constructos, configuradas em um modelo base e dois rivais. Os resultados mostraram que o crédito tem um efeito positivo na qualidade de relacionamento; a qualidade de relacionamento tem um efeito positivo na qualidade percebida; a qualidade percebida tem um efeito positivo no valor percebido; o sacrifício monetário tem um efeito positivo na qualidade percebida e negativo no valor percebido; sacrifício não monetário tem um efeito negativo no valor percebido. No final, discutem-se os resultados, fornecem-se implicações gerenciais e acadêmicas e apontam-se limitações, com sugestões para futuras pesquisas.

Inovação e criatividade no setor de telecomunicações brasileiro : co-criando valor mediante processo de centralidade no cliente

Empresas que atuam em ambientes de alta tecnologia marcados por metamorfoses contínuas na relação cliente-fornecedor ficam reféns de suas estratégias de marketing na busca do crescimento lucrativo. Para se libertarem dessa condição dependem do desenvolvimento perene de novas competências. O caminho que se abre nessa direção revela-se no imperativo de co-criar valor com os clientes provendo experiências únicas de interação com a empresa. Este trabalho visa a aplicação de uma estratégia de marketing baseada na co-criação de valor feita pela empresa com o cliente, o primeiro como indutor e este último, agente central do processo. Esta abordagem será sugerida e aplicada numa empresa que atua no setor brasileiro de telecomunicações, na qual se impõe transformar sua maneira de competir no mercado, dada a tendência de comoditização de seus serviços, estagnação no crescimento da receita e necessidade de construção de relacionamentos que favoreçam a fidelização dos seus clientes. Resultados financeiros e não financeiros serão mensurados e comparados com a prática vigente, num contexto onde a centralidade do cliente não é usual na criação de valor para os serviços prestados. Neste sentido buscaremos avaliar se um novo patamar de lucratividade e crescimento poderá ser obtido com esta nova abordagem. A métrica a ser utilizada será o Customer Lifetime Value (CLV ou valor do cliente ao longo do tempo).

The Panama canal expansion mega project : a case study and stakeholder´s analysis

As globalization increases integration, a new playing field is emerging which is driving the need for operational efficiencies and alignment of complementary capabilities among countries to build sustainable models and integrated offerings. As demands increase, companies are turning to effective project management as means to control operations and countries are increasing the amount of mega projects to boost their competitiveness and global footprint. Given the scale, complexity, political nature, multicultural makeup, and high level of visibility; mega projects rely on successful stakeholder management to effectively manage its operational, tactical, and strategic levels to execute their mission. This paper examines the success drivers of mega projects and presents an in depth stakeholder assessment of the Panama Canal Expansion mega project to identify the perceived value to its stakeholder community. The stakeholder categories include: the Panama Canal Authority, subcontractors executing the expansion project, customers of the canal in Panama and U.S., as well as the communities surrounding the Panama Canal and ports in the U.S. East Coast. The conclusion of this paper captures the relationship between the effective stakeholder engagement from the Panama Canal Authority, the perceived value of the Panamanian stakeholders, and compares it to U.S. based mega projects being executed simultaneously to allow the U.S. East Coast ports to accommodate increased cargo volumes.

Os efeitos das reclamações online na lealdade dos consumidores: um estudo experimental

In an environment of constant change, technological developments, market competition and more informed consumers, the search for a lasting relationship through the conquest of loyalty has become the objective of companies. However, several authors suggest that this loyalty can be affected by negative comments available on the internet. Therefore, this dissertation has as objective to examine if the complaints are available on the internet impact the loyalty to a brand of mobile phone. The research used as the basis the Expanded NCSB model suggest by Johnson et al. (2001), studying five prominent drives of loyalty: image/brand reputation, affective commitment, calculative commitment, perceived value and trust, beyond the satisfaction construct as moderator variable. The research method adopted was the experimental design which included 285 undergraduate students, with the trial which included 285 undergraduate students, with the field study of the mobile industry, specifically, the brands of cell phones. The research approach was quantitative and methods were descriptive statistics, factor analysis, cluster analysis, linear regression and non-parametric test of Wilcoxon for data analysis. Of the 16 hypothesis stemmed from the research model proposed, 12 were confirmed. The results showed that the complaint available on the internet, here represented by the available on the site Reclame Aqui, may impact consumer perceptions about brand loyalty, as well as its antecedents, being that these complaints can affect all the consumers, regardless of historical satisfaction with the brand. It also noted the positive relationship between the independent variables trust, image/brand reputation, perceived value, affective commitment and calculative commitment and the dependent variable - loyalty, even when considering the data obtained after exposure to the complaint. However, no unanimous conclusion that the relationship between these variables was strongest in the group with satisfactory experience. At the first moment of the research, the trust was the most important variable for the formation of loyalty. However, after exposure to treatment, the image/brand reputation, was more relevant. Contributions of the study, limitations and recommendations for future researches are approached in the present investigation

The social construction of cooperation: exchange, identification and collective intentions within the organization

My aim is to develop a theory of cooperation within the organization and empirically test it. Drawing upon social exchange theory, social identity theory, the idea of collective intentions, and social constructivism, the main assumption of my work implies that both cooperation and the organization itself are continually shaped and restructured by actions, judgments, and symbolic interpretations of the parties involved. Therefore, I propose that the decision to cooperate, expressed say as an intention to cooperate, reflects and depends on a three step social process shaped by the interpretations of the actors involved. The first step entails an instrumental evaluation of cooperation in terms of social exchange. In the second step, this “social calculus” is translated into cognitive, emotional and evaluative reactions directed toward the organization. Finally, once the identification process is completed and membership awareness is established, I propose that individuals will start to think largely in terms of “We” instead of “I”. Self-goals are redefined at the collective level, and the outcomes for self, others, and the organization become practically interchangeable. I decided to apply my theory to an important cooperative problem in management research: knowledge exchange within organizations. Hence, I conducted a quantitative survey among the members of the virtual community, “www.borse.it” (n=108). Within this community, members freely decide to exchange their knowledge about the stock market among themselves. Because of the confirmatory requirements and the structural complexity of the theory proposed (i.e., the proposal that instrumental evaluations will induce social identity and this in turn will causes collective intentions), I use Structural Equation Modeling to test all hypotheses in this dissertation. The empirical survey-based study found support for the theory of cooperation proposed in this dissertation. The findings suggest that an appropriate conceptualization of the decision to exchange knowledge is one where collective intentions depend proximally on social identity (i.e., cognitive identification, affective commitment, and evaluative engagement) with the organization, and this identity depends on instrumental evaluations of cooperators (i.e., perceived value of the knowledge received, assessment of past reciprocity, expected reciprocity, and expected social outcomes of the exchange). Furthermore, I find that social identity fully mediates the effects of instrumental motives on collective intentions.

Evaluating Faculty Publications in Accounting Ph.D. Programs: The Author Affiliation Index as an Alternative

We propose a new model, the Author Affiliation Index (AAI), for examining journal quality, explain how the AAI is calculated, and report the resulting scores for 35 accounting and accounting-related journals. Next, we compare AAI journal rankings with those from other published studies and examine the correlations between them to show how the AAI can be used to evaluate relatively new journals, such as Accounting and the Public Interest, that are not included in extant ranking lists. By explaining its flexibility, we demonstrate that the AAI model can serve as a valuable tool for measuring journal quality and for meeting AACSB accreditation requirements for faculty groups as well as individual faculty. The AAI is based on the principle that as the percentage of authors in a journal who are accounting faculty at doctoral-granting institutions increases, the perceived value of that journal in terms of quality to Ph.D.-granting accounting programs also increases. Although our illustrations focus on the construction of this measure for use by Ph.D.-granting institutions, we describe how it can be adapted for use by other faculty groups.

THE ALCOHOL TREATMENT PROFILE SYSTEM: ITS DEVELOPMENT AND AN EVALUATION OF ITS CAPABILITIES

The development of the Alcohol Treatment Profile System (ATPS) was described and an evaluation of its perceived value by various States was undertaken, The ATPS is a treatment needs assessment tool based on the unification of several large national epidemiologic and treatment data sets. It was developed by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) and responsibility for its creation was given to the NIAAA's Alcohol Epidemiologic Data System (AEDS). The ATPS merges county-level measures of alcohol problem prevalence (the specially constructed AEDS Alcohol Problem Indicators), indicating "need" for treatment, and treatment utilization measures (the National Drug and Alcohol Treatment Utilization Survey), indicating treatment "demand." The capabilities of the ATPS in the unique planning and policy-making settings of several States were evaluated.^