794 resultados para cultural factors


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Objetivo: Realizar una revisión de la literatura sobre la adherencia a la quimioterapia y a la radioterapia para el cáncer, por los altos costos biopsicosociales y culturales que acarrean y que están relacionados con bajas tasas de adherencia. Método: se realizó una búsqueda de la literatura en bases de datos especializadas utilizando las palabras clave. Resultados: Se definió adherencia encontrándose múltiples significados y confusión conceptual, se presentan las tasas nacionales en Colombia y mundiales de deserción del tratamiento oncológico, los factores biológicos, psicológicos y socioculturales que pueden aumentar y disminuir la probabilidad de adherencia al tratamiento oncológico y los métodos y técnicas de evaluación e intervención de la adherencia a este tratamiento. Conclusiones: La adherencia es un constructo multifactorial y multideterminado, ampliamente estudiado en tratamientos no oncológicos (p.e. SIDA) y la inespecificidad de las intervenciones psicológicas para abordar la no adherencia y promover la adherencia a tratamientos oncológicos es evidente.

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El presente trabajo de investigación busca responder cuestiones relativas a los procesos de formación de identidades bajo la lógica de un modelo transnacional de las migraciones. De manera más específica, es un intento por analizar el desarrollo de los sucesos que provocaron en enero de este año el revocamiento del mandato de Zine El Abidine Ben Alí, quien se mantuvo en el poder desde 1987, a la luz de conceptos como la identidad nacional, la migración transnacional y la formación de identidades. ¿Cuál es el proyecto nacional que se está planteando la sociedad tunecina actual y sobre cuáles han sido los factores sociales, políticos, económicos y culturales que han determinado las actuaciones de los tunecinos luego de su independencia de Francia. ¿Han sido estas protestas el reflejo de un cambio en la manera en la cual los tunecinos se identifican unos con otros?, o, en otras palabras, ¿el proyecto político emprendido por la sociedad tunecina actual responde a un cambio en la construcción de identidad de la nación, y cuáles han sido los factores que han determinado ese proceso?

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Este escrito expone los principales factores geopolíticos, religiosos y culturales que se presentaron en el conflicto entre India y Paquistán por la región de Cachemira, durante los tres enfrentamientos directos que se dieron de 1947 a 1972.

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Introducción: La hemofilia es una enfermedad poco frecuente; no obstante, los avances en los tratamientos de pacientes hemofílicos en las últimas décadas han generado cambios en su calidad de vida. Esto ha motivado el desarrollo de múltiples investigaciones al respecto. Objetivo: Revisar la literatura sobre la calidad de vida en el paciente hemofílico, producida en el periodo 2008-2012. Método: Se consultaron algunas bases de datos científicas utilizando como palabras clave “hemofilia” y “calidad de vida”. Se recopiló la información encontrada y se organizó según los objetivos propuestos en “factores negativos” y “factores protectores” de la calidad de vida a nivel fisiológico, psicosocial y cultural; “instrumentos para la evaluación de la calidad de vida” a nivel específico y general; y antecedentes empíricos de los últimos cinco años en los que se evaluara la calidad de vida o se realizara alguna intervención en la misma. Resultados: En general la información disponible sobre el comportamiento epidemiológico de la hemofilia es limitada. El interés por factores protectores y negativos es principalmente de tipo fisiológico, aunque se encontraron factores de tipo psicosocial y cultural, lo que indica la importancia de profundizar en esta temática. Existen pocos instrumentos especializados para la evaluación de la calidad de vida en hemofílicos. La evidencia empírica se centra en la evaluación. Conclusión: El estudio de la calidad de vida en pacientes hemofílicos amerita ser abordado de manera interdisciplinaria.

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O interesse em estudar o papel de variáveis sócio-demográficas no funcionamento cognitivo vem ganhando destaque nos últimos anos. Alguns estudos em neuropsicologia têm mostrado que os fatores sócio-culturais podem ser variáveis importantes na execução de tarefas neuropsicológicas. No entanto, pesquisas com populações saudáveis ainda são recentes na área. O presente artigo teve por objetivo realizar uma revisão sistemática da literatura sobre o papel das variáveis sócio-demográficas escolaridade, idade e gênero no processamento da tomada de decisão avaliado pelo Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). Foram consultadas as bases de dados Medline, Pubmed, Psycinfo e Web of Science, no período de 2000 até 2010, com as seguintes palavras-chaves na sintaxe “education OR schooling AND Iowa Gambling Task” OR “somatic marker” para a variável escolaridade; “age” OR “aging” AND “Iowa Gambling Task” OR “somatic marker” para a variável idade e; “sex” OR “gender” AND “Iowa Gambling Task” OR “somatic marker” para a variável sexo/gênero. Dos abstracts que preenchiam os critérios de inclusão, foram examinados 9 artigos completos para a variável idade, 3 artigos para a variável escolaridade e 6 artigos para a variável gênero. Foram encontrados poucos estudos sobre os fatores idade, escolaridade e gênero e seu impacto no desempenho do IGT. A variável mais estudada foi a idade. A maioria dos estudos mostrou que os adultos jovens tiveram uma melhor aprendizagem ao longo da tarefa do que os adultos idosos, mas não tiveram diferenças quanto ao desempenho total no instrumento. Já quanto ao fator escolaridade poucos estudos foram encontrados e quanto à variável gênero os resultados são contraditórios. Assim, evidencia-se a necessidade de um maior número de investigações com populações saudáveis que esclareçam o papel das variáveis idade, escolaridade e gênero na tomada de decisão mensurada pelo IGT.

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Mediante la combinación de métodos de análisis comportamental y lingüísticos se estudió la relación entre el uso del lenguaje y los patrones atributivos en jóvenes y niños colombianos en distintas etapas de su desarrollo y en diferentes contextos regionales. Se midió la producción de juicios atributivos con el fin de analizar el rol relativo de factores del desarrollo y socioculturales en la complejidad de la producción lingüística y las tendencias de agresividad indirecta. En segundo lugar, se evaluó si los patrones observados en Colombia reproducen los reportados en otras partes del mundo. Los resultados muestran que, de manera consistente con la literatura, existen diferencias en la complejidad del lenguaje producido en distintas etapas del desarrollo y en las tendencias y valencias de juicios atributivos en distintos contextos regionales de Colombia. Se desprenden dos hipótesis emergentes: 1) Existen elementos del neurodesarrollo que influyen en el dominio competente del lenguaje evidenciados a través de patrones universales de desarrollo tardío. 2) El contexto sociocultural es un factor determinante en la elección de juicios atributivos y patrones de agresividad indirecta.

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El estudio de la relación fisioterapeuta-paciente es de gran interés, pues a diferencia de otros profesionales de la salud, el fisioterapeuta tiene un contacto corporal directo con el paciente, lo que no es usual en los servicios de atención en salud. Así que identificar y analizar los mecanismos que hacen posible esta relación, permite avanzar en la comprensión de los mecanismos de interacción, de los elementos de poder presentes y de las posiciones relativas de cada actor, producto del bagaje social y cultural de cada uno de ellos. Se busca propiciar una mirada crítica a la manera de interactuar en la sesión de tratamiento, para redimensionar la práctica profesional del fisioterapeuta desde referentes sociales y culturales. En esta primera fase emergen categorías de estudio alrededor del lenguaje corporal, la comunicación verbal y los factores del ambiente que afectan la relación, como los ejes de análisis para el proceso de interpretación de la segunda fase.

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El emprendimiento es una característica del liderazgo que puede contribuir al progreso económico de un país. Para que el emprendimiento como habilidad se presente en los individuos, debe existir una serie de variables relacionadas con factores internos y externos que impulsen su desarrollo. Con base en lo anterior, con este trabajo se pretende analizar el efecto que tienen los factores culturales en el emprendimiento, como característica de los líderes, a través de una revisión de la literatura, que permita, por medio de la exposición de sus hallazgos comprender estos fenómenos de manera más integral.

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Esta investigación diagnostica constituye un análisis acerca de la posibilidad de creación del departamento del magdalena medio y la incidencia de los factores políticos y culturales en la planeación de nuevas entidades territoriales. En este sentido, se exploran las diferentes reformas al ordenamiento territorial colombiano desde la constitución de 1886, y las intersecciones de la constituyente de 1991 en la ordenación del territorio colombiano a través de la (LOOT). Para ello, se reflexiona a través de la articulación conceptual de las dificultades del ordenamiento territorial colombiano a causa de una deficiente distribución del territorio.

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With increasing calls for global health research there is growing concern regarding the ethical challenges encountered by researchers from high-income countries (HICs) working in low or middle-income countries (LMICs). There is a dearth of literature on how to address these challenges in practice. In this article, we conduct a critical analysis of three case studies of research conducted in LMICs.We apply emerging ethical guidelines and principles specific to global health research and offer practical strategies that researchers ought to consider. We present case studies in which Canadian health professional students conducted a health promotion project in a community in Honduras; a research capacity-building program in South Africa, in which Canadian students also worked alongside LMIC partners; and a community-university partnered research capacity-building program in which Ecuadorean graduate students, some working alongside Canadian students, conducted community-based health research projects in Ecuadorean communities.We examine each case, identifying ethical issues that emerged and how new ethical paradigms being promoted could be concretely applied.We conclude that research ethics boards should focus not only on protecting individual integrity and human dignity in health studies but also on beneficence and non-maleficence at the community level, explicitly considering social justice issues and local capacity-building imperatives.We conclude that researchers from HICs interested in global health research must work with LMIC partners to implement collaborative processes for assuring ethical research that respects local knowledge, cultural factors, the social determination of health, community participation and partnership, and making social accountability a paramount concern.

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With increasing calls for global health research there is growing concern regarding the ethical challenges encountered by researchers from high-income countries (HICs) working in low or middle-income countries (LMICs). There is a dearth of literature on how to address these challenges in practice. In this article, we conduct a critical analysis of three case studies of research conducted in LMICs.We apply emerging ethical guidelines and principles specific to global health research and offer practical strategies that researchers ought to consider. We present case studies in which Canadian health professional students conducted a health promotion project in a community in Honduras; a research capacity-building program in South Africa, in which Canadian students also worked alongside LMIC partners; and a community-university partnered research capacity-building program in which Ecuadorean graduate students, some working alongside Canadian students, conducted community-based health research projects in Ecuadorean communities.We examine each case, identifying ethical issues that emerged and how new ethical paradigms being promoted could be concretely applied.We conclude that research ethics boards should focus not only on protecting individual integrity and human dignity in health studies but also on beneficence and non-maleficence at the community level, explicitly considering social justice issues and local capacity-building imperatives.We conclude that researchers from HICs interested in global health research must work with LMIC partners to implement collaborative processes for assuring ethical research that respects local knowledge, cultural factors, the social determination of health, community participation and partnership, and making social accountability a paramount concern.

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Despite the wide use of Landscape Character Assessment (LCA) as a tool for landscape planning in NW Europe, there are few examples of its application in the Mediterranean. This paper reports on the results from the development of a typology for LCA in a study area of northern Sardinia, Italy to provide a spatial framework for the analysis of current patterns of cork oak distribution and future restoration of this habitat. Landscape units were derived from a visual interpretation of map data stored within a GIS describing the physical and cultural characteristics of the study area. The units were subsequently grouped into Landscape Types according to the similarity of shared attributes using Two Way Indicator Species Analysis (TWINSPAN). The preliminary results showed that the methodology classified distinct Landscape Types but, based on field observations, there is a need for further refinement of the classification. The distribution and properties of two main cork oak habitats types was examined within the identified Landscape Types namely woodlands and wood pastures using Patch Analyst. The results show very clearly a correspondence between the distribution of cork oak pastures and cork oak woodland and landscape types. This forms the basis of the development of strategies for the maintenance, restoration and recreation of these habitat types within the study area, ultimately for the whole island of Sardinia. Future work is required to improve the landscape characterisation , particularly with respect to cultural factors, and to determine the validity of the landscape spatial framework for the analysis of cork oak distribution as part of a programme of habitat restoration and re-creation.

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Three methodological limitations in English-Chinese contrastive rhetoric research have been identified in previous research, namely: the failure to control for the quality of L1 data; an inference approach to interpreting the relationship between L1 and L2 writing; and a focus on national cultural factors in interpreting rhetorical differences. Addressing these limitations, the current study examined the presence or absence and placement of thesis statement and topic sentences in four sets of argumentative texts produced by three groups of university students. We found that Chinese students tended to favour a direct/deductive approach in their English and Chinese writing, while native English writers typically adopted an indirect/inductive approach. This study argues for a dynamic and ecological interpretation of rhetorical practices in different languages and cultures.

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Beyond school performance An analysis of PISA 2006 from an intersectional perspective One of the central questions in recent discussions about Swedish schools is which factors that influence school performance. Socio-economic background, gender, ethnicity, country of birth are some aspects that are mentioned in many international and national studies. Sweden is one of the participants in the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) and the results of PISA since 2000 show deteriorated results for Sweden in reading performance, mathematics and science among 15-year-old students. In order to set school performance in a broader context we analyzed data for the Swedish part of PISA 2006, in which 57 countries participated (of which 30 OECD-countries), with multivariate methods from an intersectional perspective. Our analysis of PISA 2006 shows a complexity of different social, economic and cultural factors behind students’ school performance. This intersectional result is also strengthened by the results from PISA 2009, not analysed here. Further, our results show that students’ school performance vary with immigration status but that this variation increases by the factor of social inequality in the Swedish society.

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This study exploits the Organizational Culture theme by a not very conventional way of the Theories of the Organization. Seeking solid bases in the anthropology and in the sociology with Geertz, Bourdieu, Guerreiro Ramos, Hofstede, Peter Berger, among others admirable thinkers, escapes from the common place established in the decade of 70 and mimetically repeated since then, by those who are arranged to study the cultures of the organizations. Instead of understand the culture as a variable of the reality, it treats like a form of access it. Instead of the purpose, it treats like a way. With a powerful instrument of diagnosis based on methods originated from the semiology and from the analysis of discourses, we study the case of a big Brazilian company that faces problems in the implementation of his program of excellence in security, environment and health. From the identification of the Organizational Culture as the element that hindes the full implementation of this program, we develop considerations as to the cultural factors that limit its implementation and that are going to be worked by the individuals that share this culture, in case of wanting effectively its implementation. Dimensions of the national culture as distance of power, legalism, formalism, posture of spectator, among others, are well-defined from the analysis we did and suggestions of how the manager should deal with these characteristics in the everyday life of its activities are presented.