Hyperbranched polyurethanes with varying spacer segments between the branching points

Hyperbranched polyurethanes, with varying oligoethyleneoxy spacer segments between the branching points, have been synthesized by a one-pot approach starting from the appropriately designed carbonyl azide that incorporates the different spacer segments. The structures of monomers and polymers were confirmed by IR and H-1-NMR spectroscopy. The solution viscosity of the polymers suggested that they were of reasonably high molecular weight. Reversal of terminal functional groups was achieved by preparing the appropriate monohydroxy dicarbonyl azide monomer. The large number of terminal isocyanate groups at the chain ends of such hyperbranched macromolecules caused them to crosslink prior to its isolation. However, carrying out the polymerization in the presence of 1 equiv of a capping agent, such as an alcohol, resulted in soluble polymers with carbamate chain ends. Using a biphenyl-containing alcohol as a capping agent, we have also prepared novel hyperbranched perbranched polyurethanes with pendant mesogenic segments. These mesogen-containing polyurethanes, however, did not exhibit liquid crystallinity probably due to the wholly aromatic rigid polymer backbone. (C) 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Role of elasto-plastic analysis under cyclic loading in fatigue crack growth studies

Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM) has been widely used in the past for fatigue crack growth studies, but this is acceptable only in situations which are within small scale yielding (SSY). In many practical structural components, conditions of SSY could be violated and one has to look for fracture criteria based on elasto-plastic analysis. Crack closure phenomenon, one of the most striking discoveries based on inelastic deformations during crack growth, has significant effect on fatigue crack growth rate. Numerical simulation of this phenomenon is computationally intensive and involved but has been successfully implemented. Stress intensity factors and strain energy release rates lose their meaning, J-integral (or its incremental) values are applicable only in specific situations, whereas alternate path independent integrals have been proposed in the literature for use with elasto-plastic fracture mechanics (EPFM) based criteria. This paper presents certain salient features of two independent finite element (numerical) studies of relevance to fatigue crack growth, where elasto-plastic analysis becomes significant. These problems can only be handled in the current day computational environment, and would have been only a dream just a few years ago.

Fatigue crack growth under an eqivalent falstaff spectrum

Optical fractography was used to estimate growth of small cracks at notches under programmed FALSTAFF loading in an Al-Cu alloy. Crack sizes as low as 25 microns and growth rates over two orders of magnitude could be resolved using this technique. Randomized MiniFALSTAFF load sequence was modified into a programmed load equivalent with major loads either preceding or following marker loads. Crack growth rate under programmed FALSTAFF spectrum as estimated by optical fractography conformed to compliance based estimates on a SE(T) specimen. Long crack growth rates under programmed and randomized MiniFALSTAFF spectrum were essentially similar. Spectrum load fatigue crack growth was studied in central hole coupons under notch inelastic conditions. Scatter in growth rates for small notch cracks was found to be of the same magnitude as that of long cracks. Multiple fatigue cracks are observed at the notch root, and they appear to influence each other.

The fatigue crack growth rate in L-72 Al-alloy plate specimens with cold worked holes

A fatigue crack growth rate study has been carried out on L-72 aluminium alloy plate specimens with and without cold worked holes. The cold worked specimens showed significantly increased fatigue life compared to unworked specimens. Computer software is developed to evaluate the stress intensity factor for non-uniform stress distributions using Green's function approach. The exponents for the Paris equation in the stable crack growth region for cold worked and unworked specimens are 1.26 and 3.15 respectively. The reduction in exponent value indicates the retardation in crack growth rate. An SEM study indicates more plastic deformation at the edge of the hole for unworked samples as compared to the worked samples during the crack initiation period.

Re-examination of crack opening model of interface fracture

The complex singularity associated with a crack at the interface between two dissimilar, isotropic and homogeneous materials leads to mathematical artefacts, such as stress oscillations and crack face interpenetrations in the vicinity of the crack tip. To avoid these unrealistic features, Sinclair (Sinclair GB. On the stress singularity at an interface crack. International Journal of Fracture 1980;16(2):111-9) assumed a finite crack opening angle (COA) such that the singularity lambda became real equal to 1/2. This paper extends the COA model by considering real singularities not necessarily equal to 1/2. When COA is 0 degrees: the interface crack singularity is complex with a real part equal to 1/2. On increasing COA, the imaginary part of the singularity decreases and becomes zero at a threshold value of COA; at this point, the singularity is a real, repeated value. A further increase in COA results in a pair of real singularities. Different crack opening configurations and material combinations are studied, and results presented for threshold COAs and associated values of singularity. Stress analyses for these three regimes: (a) complex, (b) real pair and (c) real repeated singularities, are reported. It is seen that additional complexities are present in the last case. Typical results for stress fields are also included for comparing with standard fields. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Energy released during arc crack propagation

The problem of circular arc cracks in a homogeneous medium is revisited. An unusual but simple method to calculate the energy change due to arc crack propagation along a circle is illustrated based on the earlier work of Sih and Liebowitz (1968). The limiting case of crack of angle 27pi is shown to correspond with the problem of a circular hole in a large plate under remote loading.

Effect of lattice orientation on crack tip constraint in ductile single crystals

In this work, the effect of lattice orientation on the fields prevailing near a notch tip is investigated pertaining to various constraint levels in FCC single crystals. A modified boundary layer formulation is employed and numerical solutions under mode I, plane strain conditions are generated by assuming an elastic-perfectly plastic FCC single crystal. The analysis is carried out corresponding to different lattice orientations with respect to the notch line. It is found that the near-tip deformation field, especially the development of kink or slip shear bands is sensitive to the constraint level. The stress distribution and the size and shape of the plastic zone near the notch tip are also strongly influenced by the level of T-stress. The present results clearly establish that ductile single crystal fracture geometries would progressively lose crack tip constraint as the T-stress becomes more negative irrespective of lattice orientation. Also, the near-tip field for a range of constraint levels can be characterized by two-parameters such as K-T or J-Q as in isotropic plastic solids.

Crack formation due to annealing of Al2O3 films grown on Si(100) by MOCVD

We report crack formation in alumina films grown on Si(100), caused by annealing in a controlled oxidizing ambient. The films were grown in a low-pressure CVD reactor, using aluminium acetylacetonate as precursor. High purity argon and nitrous oxide were employed as carrier and oxidizing gas, respectively. The films were characterized by optical microscopy and SEM/EDAX. The proportion and chemical nature of the heteroatoms, namely C and H, incorporated into the films from the precursor, were characterized by XPS, and FTIR. As-deposited films do not exhibit any cracks, while post-deposition annealing results in cracks. Apart from the delamination of the films, annealing in nitrous oxide ambient leads to an unusual crack geometry, which we term the “railway-track”. These twin cracks are very straight and run parallel to each other for as much as several millimeters. Often, two such linear tracks meet at exactly 90°. Between some of these tracks lie bullet-like structures with very sharp tips, oriented in a specific direction. As cracks are generally activated by residual stress, both thermal and intrinsic, the origins of the stresses that generate these linear cracks are discussed. The redistribution of stress, arising from the removal of C and H during annealing, will also be discussed. An attempt has been made to correlate the formation of cracks with the crystal structure of the film.

The effect of T-stress on plane strain dynamic crack growth in elastic-plastic materials

In this paper, the effects of T -stress on steady, dynamic crack growth in an elastic-plastic material are examined using a modified boundary layer formulation. The analyses are carried out under mode I, plane strain conditions by employing a special finite element procedure based on moving crack tip coordinates. The material is assumed to obey the J (2) flow theory of plasticity with isotropic power law hardening. The results show that the crack opening profile as well as the opening stress at a finite distance from the tip are strongly affected by the magnitude and sign of the T -stress at any given crack speed. Further, it is found that the fracture toughness predicted by the analyses enhances significantly with negative T -stress for both ductile and cleavage mode of crack growth.