An integrated approach to national marine resources development

A review is presented of the various marine resources and their potential, concerning fishing, aquaculture, transportation, pollution, hydrocarbons and solid minerals, renewable energy and ocean thermal energy conversion. Administrative problems confronting their rational management in Sri Lanka are examined, considering coastal area management and development, management issues, and alternatives.

Concentration and distribution of heavy metals (lead, cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, zinc) in Karachi shore and offshore sediments

A study to measure the heavy metal pollution level in the sediment of coastal and offshore area indicates that high concentration of heavy metals were found around Manora channel and eastern coast of Karachi. In comparison with coastal areas, relatively low concentration of heavy metals was recorded in the offshore area. The result shows that sewage and industrial wastes are the main source of heavy metal pollution in the coastal area. The concentration of heavy metals in the sediments is as follows: Chromium 10.4-33.69, nickel 13.3-47.6, lead 10.0-39.04, cadmium 0.08-0.21, zinc 7.4-73.2 and copper 9.44-18.56 mg/kg. In the offshore areas strong correlation was observed between copper and organic carbon, and calcium carbonate and cadmium. In the shore area such correlation has been recorded among nickel, chromium, zinc, and chromium and copper. The Karachi. coast is viewed as moderately polluted when compared to other continental coastal areas.

Performance of genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT) under mono and mixed cui ture with silver barb (Barbodes gonionotus) in south-west Bangladesh

A participatory on-farm trial was carried out to evaluate the production performance of GIFT (genetically improved farmed tilapia) strain of Oreochmis sp., either alone or with silver barb (Barbodes gonionotus), in six rain-fed freshwater ponds of coastal area. There vvere two treatments; (i) GIFT alone at a stocking density of 24,700/ha (T1) and (ii) 1:1 combination of GIFT and silver barb (T1). Each of the treatments had three replications. A significantly (pcoastal areas.

Seawater irrigation systems for intensive marine shrimp farming in Thailand

The aim of the seawater irrigation system (SIS) is to clean up shrimp pond effluent and provide high quality seawater for shrimp farming. The system has 3 components: water intake; treatment reservoir and discharge system. There are criteria for site selection because shrimp farmers are required to form associations so they can work closely together. The construction site must be on the coastal area outside a mangrove forest and located away from a production agricultural area. All construction sites must have undergone an environmental impact assessment, and should be located on the area listed in Thailand's Coastal Zone Management Plan. Five SIS projects, which cover a culture area of 6,500 ha with 1,300 farmers (families), were completed and operated. The Department of Fisheries has planned for another 28 projects, that will cover almost 44,000 ha of culture area.

River mouth bar formation, riverbed aggradation and channel migration in the modern Huanghe (Yellow) River delta, China

This paper addresses the recent (1970s-1990s) processes of river mouth bar formation, riverbed aggradation and distributary migration in the Huanghe River mouth area, in the light of station-based monitoring, field measurements and remote sensing interpretation. The results show that the morphological changes of the river mouth bar have been closely associated with the largely reduced fluvial discharge and sediment load. Landforrn development such as bar progradation occurred in two phases, i.e. before and after 1989, which correspond to faster and lower bar growth rates, respectively. Fast riverbed aggradation in the mouth channel was strongly related to river mouth bar progradation. During 1976-1996, about 2.8% of the total sediment loads were deposited in the river channel on the upper to middle delta. Therefore, the river water level rose by a few meters from 1984 to 1996. The frequent distributary channel migration, which switched the radial channel pattern into the SE-directed pattern in the mid-1980s, was linked with mouth bar formation. Marine conditions also constrain seaward bar progradation. Furthermore, the history of river mouth bar formation reflects human impacts, such as dredging and dyking in order to stabilize the coastal area. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The statistic inversion algorithms of water constituents for the Huanghai Sea and the East China Sea

A group of statistical algorithms are proposed for the inversion of the three major components of Case-H waters in the coastal area of the Huanghai Sea and the East China Sea. The algorithms are based on the in situ data collected in the spring of 2003 with strict quality assurance according to NASA ocean bio-optic protocols. These algorithms are the first ones with quantitative confidence that can be applied for the area. The average relative error of the inversed and in situ measured components' concentrations are: Chl-a about 37%, total suspended matter (TSM) about 25%, respectively. This preliminary result is quite satisfactory for Case-H waters, although some aspects in the model need further study. The sensitivity of the input error of 5% to remote sensing reflectance (Rrs) is also analyzed and it shows the algorithms are quite stable. The algorithms show a large difference with Tassan's local SeaWiFS algorithms for different waters, except for the Chl-a algorithm.

淤泥质潮滩地貌的遥感研究－以苏北辐射沙洲海岸为例

本文以具有典型特征的苏北淤泥质潮滩海岸作为研究区，利用1975-2003年间14景覆盖该地区的Landsat和SPOT卫星影像作为主要数据源，结合地面调查和验证工作，在遥感影像处理和地理信息系统分析技术的支持下，对区内潮滩、岸线、水边线和盐沼植被等进行遥感解译，分析苏北辐射沙脊群和沿岸地貌的空间分布特征和动态演变趋势。研究结果表明：苏北辐射沙脊群海域的潮汐水位过程的不同步现象普遍存在，限制了常规遥感数据在苏北潮滩地貌研究中的适用范围和解译精度；在人工判别的辅助下，多光谱遥感的非监督分类方法可以有效解译淤泥质潮滩的水边线；利用修改型土壤调整植被指数（MSAVI）可以较好地提取潮滩上的盐沼植被信息；苏北沿岸潮滩的快速淤长促进了盐沼植被带向海侧快速扩展，近年来持续的潮滩围垦工程则不断从陆侧侵占盐沼植被带，使盐沼植被带宽度减小乃至消失；在大规模人类活动和自然条件的共同影响下，苏北辐射沙脊群海岸的岸线发育趋于平直化，无序的潮滩围垦项目使得可垦滩地资源被过度消耗；1975～2002年间，研究区北部和南部沿岸的高潮滩整体上处于淤长状态，中部沿岸潮滩和离岸沙洲高潮滩则被大面积侵蚀；1999年以来，研究区内低潮滩部位开始形成有序排列的滩面地物，并表现出逐年大面积蔓延的趋势，可能是滩涂紫菜养殖区扩展的结果。

近岸海洋动力要素相互作用的数值模拟及其对物质输运影响的研究

浅海波浪、潮汐风暴潮相互作用的研究是当今国际热点研究方向之一.该项研究针对典型浅海海域渤海,研究了在这个海域的波浪、潮汐风暴潮的相互作用以及物质输运规律.建立了一个渤海波浪和潮汐风暴潮运动相互作用的数值模式.模式主要由两部分组成:一个物理上先进的第三代浅海波浪数值模式和一个二维潮汐风暴潮数值模式,实现了两个模式耦合.运用这个模式,重点研究了波浪对表面拖曳系数的影响;波浪对底摩擦应力的作用;辐射应力对潮汐风暴潮水位的影响以及潮汐风暴潮对波浪的作用.在这个基础上,对物质输运规律进行了研究.

东南沿海火山碎屑岩40Ar/39Ar年代学研究

The Mesozoic pyroclastic rocks cover a vast coastal area in southeastern China, which is an important part of volcanic belt around Pacific Ocean. However, the previous dates for these rocks are confused and conflicted with each other, which have limited the further researches. It is difficult to date pyroclastic rocks, for almost all the dating methods, due to the multiple sources during their formation. Single crystal laser probe 40Ar/39Ar method is a powerful means to date pyroclastic rocks with complex sources. By distinguishing the xenocrysts and altered materials, Singe crystal total fusions of CO2 lasing on the sanidine separates could yield rational 40Ar/39Ar results and distinguish their sources. Timing on formations of the Moshishan Group, after avoiding the exotic and altered grains by lasing on the single sanidine separate, was reported in this study. 40Ar/39Ar incremental heating results of Cement part of the pyroclastic rocks show that the age spectrums are too complex to interpret for geological significance because of the alteration and 39Ar recoil. Incremental heating on K-feldspar separate from pyroclastic rocks give reliable data. Combining 40Ar/39Ar incremental heating ages and laser total fusion ages, we suggest the age was 125Ma-120Ma for Dashuang Fm, 120-119 Ma for Gaowu Fm, 119-114Ma for Xishantou Fm, 114-112Ma for Chawan Fm and 112-110Ma for Jiuliping Fm. The most intense period of volcanic activity in eastern Zhejiang Province was at about 120Ma. These new ages are much younger than the previous ones, suggesting that these thick volcanic formations had been formed in very short durations.

华南震旦纪-寒武纪两期成磷事件及其地球动力学意义

Phosphorus is an important biological and ecological element that to a certain degree constrains ecological environment and nutrient (including carbon) cycling. Marine sedimentary phosphorites are the principal phosphorus supply of the mankind. In the eastern to southern margins of the Yangtze Craton, South China, there are two phosphogenetic events at the Doushantuo stage of the Late Sinian and the Meishucun stage of the Early Cambrian respectively, corresponding two explosion events of life across the Precambrian\Cambrian boundary. Phosphorus ores from the Sinian and Cambrian phosphate in South China can be classified roughly into two categories, namely, grained and non-grained phosphorites. Grained phosphorites, hosted in dolostone type of phosphogenetic sequences and with larger industrial values, occur mainly in margins of the Upper Yangtze Platform, formed in shallow-water environments with high hydraulic energy and influenced by frequent sea-level change. Non-grained phosphorites, hosted principally in black-shale type of phosphogenetic sequences and with smaller industrial values, are distributed mainly in the Jiangnan region where deeper-water sub-basins with low hydraulic energy were prevailing at the time of phosphogenesis. Secular change ofδ~(13)C, δ~(18) O, ~(86)Sr/~(87)Sr values of carbonates from Sinian and Cambrian sequences were determined. A negative abnormal ofδ~(13)C, δ~(18)O values and positive abnormal of 86Sr/87Sr values from the fossiliferous section of the Lowest Cambrian Meishucun Formation implies life depopulation and following explosion of life across the PrecambriamCambrian boundary. Based on a lot of observations, this paper put forward a six-stage genetic model describing the whole formational process of industrial phosphorites: 1) Phosphorus was transported from continental weathering products and stored in the ocean; 2) dissolved phosphates in the seawater were enriched in specific deep seawater layer; 3) coastal upwelling currents took this phosphorus-rich seawater to a specific coastal area where phosphorus was captured by oceanic microbes; 4) clastic sediments in this upwelling area were enriched in phosphorus because of abundant phosphorus-rich organic matters and because of phosphorus absorption on grain surfaces; 5) during early diagenesis, the phosphorus enriched in the clastic sediments was released into interstitial water by decomposition and desorption, and then transported to the oxidation-reduction interface where authigenic phosphates were deposited and enriched; 6) such authigenic phosphate-rich layers were scoured, broken up, and winnowed in shallow-water environments resulting in phosphate enrichment. The Sinian-Cambrian phosphorites in South China are in many aspects comparable with coastal-upwelling phosphorites of younger geological ages, especially with phosphorites from modern coastal upwelling areas. That implies the similarities between the Sinian-Cambrian ocean and the modern ocean. Although Sinian-Cambrian oceanic life was much simpler than modern one, but similar oceanic planktons prevail, because oceanic planktons (particularly phytoplanktons) are crucial for phosphate enrichment related to coastal upwelling. It implies also a similar seawater-layering pattern between the Sinian-Cambrian ocean and the modern ocean. The two global phosphate-forming events and corresponding life-explosion events at the Sinian and Cambrian time probably resulted from dissolved-phosphate accumulation in seawater over a critical concentration during the Earth's evolution. Such an oceanic system with seawater phosphorus supersaturation is evidently unstable, and trends to return to normal state through phosphate deposition. Accordingly, this paper put forward a new conception of "normal state <=> phosphorus-supersaturation state" cycling of oceanic system. Such "normal state <=> phosphorus-supersaturation state" cycling was not only important for the three well-known global phosphate-forming events, also related to the critical moments of life evolution on the Earth. It might be of special significance. The favorable paleo-oceanic orientation in regard to coastal-upwelling phosphorite formation suggests a different orientation of the Yangtze Craton between the Sinian time and the present time (with a 135° clockwise difference), and a 25° anti-clockwise rotation of the Yangtze Craton from late Sinian to early Cambrian. During the Sinian-Cambrian time, the Yangtze Craton might be separated from the Cathaysia Block, but might be still associated with the North China Craton.

Flexible diel vertical migration behaviour of zooplankton in the Irish Sea

The diel vertical migration (DVM) of the whole plankton community was investigated in the central and coastal Irish Sea. Generally, more than 60% of the plankton did not perform significant DVM. A correlation analysis of the weighted mean depths of different organisms and their potential predators suggested relationships between two groups, Oithona spp., copepod nauplii and fish larvae, and between Pseudocalanus elongatus, Calanus spp. and chaetognaths. The organisms showing significant DVM were chaetognaths (Sagitta spp.), Calanus spp. and P. elongatus. Calanus spp. showed clear ontogenic variations in DVM, and along with P. elongatus demonstrated great flexibility both in the amplitude and direction of migration. P. elongatus did not migrate in the coastal area and Calanus spp. showed a clear reverse migration. The direction of migration appeared to be related to the vertical position of the chaetognaths in the water column during the day.

New wild Brassica oleracea L. germplasm at its western distribution limit in the Iberian Peninsula

An exploration and collection mission for wild Brassica oleracea populations was carried out in spring and summer of 2013. The aim of this collection was to expand the number of accessions of wild Brassica oleracea available for basic and applied research in plant breeding. In this paper we report a new accession of wild Brassica oleracea in an unexplored coastal area of Galicia, NW Iberian Peninsula. Details of population ecology and vegetation, soil, climate and geographic data were recorded for this population. The “Endangered” threat category for the region is proposed, and actions for in situ and ex situ conservation are proposed. Seeds will be added to the germplasm collections of University of Santiago de Compostela and Misión Biológica de Galicia (CSIC) for further research on diverse aspects of the dynamics and ecophysiology of the population along with characterization and evaluation of useful traits.

Alguns aspectos da modelação ecológica na costa portuguesa (Aveiro) : efeitos físicos na distribuição de nutrientes e biomassa fitoplanctónica

O presente trabalho propõe estudar alguns aspectos da modelação ecológica na Costa Portuguesa, nomeadamente o efeito físico na distribuição de nutrientes e biomassa fitoplanctónica. O principal propósito foi implementar e validar um modelo acoplado tridimensional físico e ecológico, para a costa portuguesa, e aplicá-lo numa área limitada, a norte, por Vila do Conde e a sul pela Figueira da Foz centrada na região de Aveiro, para estudar a distribuição, vertical e horizontal, de temperatura, nutrientes e biomassa fitoplanctónica. A região em estudo está situada na costa oeste da Península Ibérica e faz parte da Região de Afloramento do Atlântico Norte. É caracterizada por condições meteorológicas onde a predominância e prevalência, durante uma grande parte do ano, de ventos de norte/noroeste, constitui um dos principais elementos forçadores do transporte para o largo das águas costeiras e consequente subida das águas mais frias e profundas, ricas em nutrientes. A estas condições juntam-se as boas condições de luminosidade e temperatura essenciais ao desenvolvimento fitoplanctónico, que servirá de alimento às espécies marinhas. Este facto, torna esta região, uma zona de elevada riqueza biológica favorável ao desenvolvimento de várias espécies marinhas, transformando este local num ecossistema de forte produtividade. O modelo foi calibrado e validado para a área em estudo e simulou com sucesso, a resposta do sistema à situação de ventos favoráveis ao afloramento costeiro para a região em estudo. Quando comparada com dados observados, os resultados mostram que o modelo é capaz de prever satisfatoriamente as distribuições superficiais e na coluna de água: da temperatura, dos nutrientes, do oxigénio e da clorofila-a. Os resultados evidenciam o crucial papel desempenhado pelos processos físicos no aumento de fitoplâncton que ocorre ao longo de uma estreita área da costa norte portuguesa, mostrando a estreita ligação entre a distribuição costeira de fitoplâncton e a distribuição costeira de temperatura, à superfície. A produtividade do fitoplâncton que ocorre nas águas costeiras não só é atribuída à disponibilidade de nutrientes mas também à intensidade luminosa. A luz e a intensidade dos ventos de norte/noroeste são os factores chave no controlo dos blooms de fitoplâncton observados nesta região de afloramento, sobretudo no Verão, nomeadamente na camada de mistura pouco profunda e junto à nutriclina. Deste modo os modelos numéricos em associação com dados in situ e imagens de satélite poderão ser considerados uma excelente ferramenta para a análise e previsão de cenários, presentes e futuros, de acções praticadas sobre o meio ambiente.

The Portuguese continental shelf soft-bottom benthic habitats

As comunidades de macrofauna bentónica são ecológica e economicamente relevantes, sendo fonte de diversos bens e serviços. A sua identificação, caracterização e mapeamento são importantes para identificar áreas marinhas protegidas e para uma melhor utilização do ambiente marinho. Este trabalho apresenta um estudo holístico da diversidade e distribuição espacial das comunidades de macrofauna bentónica ao longo da plataforma continental Portuguesa. Cerca de 145 locais posicionados ao longo da plataforma ocidental e setentrional foram amostrados com uma draga Smith-McIntyre de área 0,1 m2, a profundidades que variaram entre os 13 e 195 metros. Os sedimentos foram caracterizados em termos de granulometria, de matéria orgânica e geoquímica. São propostos seis habitats bentónicos principais para a plataforma continental Portuguesa, analisada a relação entre os dados biológicos e ambientais e discutidas questões biogeográficas relacionadas com a distribuição espacial de espécies e das comunidades. A distribuição da granulometria e assinatura geoquímica dos sedimentos da plataforma continental revelou-se bastante complexa, refletindo importantes diferenças nas fontes (naturais e antropogénicas), origem fluvial, geomorfologia da plataforma, hidrodinamismo e atividade biológica. Relativamente à macrofauna, entre os mais de 30 mil indivíduos recolhidos, foram identificados cerca de 737 taxa, dos quais quatro são novas espécies e aproximadamente 40 correspondem a primeiras ocorrências para a costa Portuguesa. As espécies mais frequentes foram a Ampharete finmarchica, Ampelisca sp. e Lumbrineris lusitanica sp. nov. enquanto as mais abundantes foram Mediomastus fragilis, Polygordius appendiculatus e Ampharete finmarchica. A abundância por local de amostragem variou entre 7 e 1.307 espécimens e a diversidade alfa atingiu um máximo de 96 taxa. Os sedimentos mais grosseiros apresentaram maior diversidade e abundância comparativamente com os sedimentos envasados. Foram identificados seis habitats bentónicos na plataforma continental Portuguesa: (a) sedimentos grosseiros com Protodorvillea kefersteini, Pisione remota, Angulus pygmaeus e várias espécies intersticiais; (b) areias finas hidrodinamicamente expostas e próximas da linha de costa com Magelona johnstoni, Urothoe pulchella e Angulus fabula; (c) comunidade de Abra alba em areia envasadas da plataforma profunda do noroeste; (d) Galathowenia oculata, Lumbrinerides amoureuxi e outros poliquetas escavadores e tubícolas em areais envasadas muito profundas na plataforma sudoeste; (e) Euchone rubrocincta, Nematonereis unicornis e várias espécies setentrionais nas areias envasadas da plataforma sul; (f) vasas com Sternaspis scutata, Heteromastus filiformis e Psammogammarus caecus. A granulometria do sedimento (particularmente teor em finos), matéria orgânica, profundidade e hidrodinamismo foram as variáveis ambientais com a maior relação com os padrões de distribuição da macrofauna. As espécies cosmopolitas e de latitudes superiores (clima Boreal ou Temperado Frio) dominaram o setor noroeste, sendo substituídas por espécies mais quentes na área de transição entre os canhões da Nazaré e S. Vicente, que dominaram por conseguinte a plataforma sul. O presente estudo evidenciou a abundância e diversidade da macrofauna bentónica ao longo da área costeira de Portugal, na qual coexistem faunas das províncias biogeográficas do norte da Europa, bem como subtropicais. Integrado com outro estudos, este poderá ser a base para uma melhor gestão da plataforma continental Portuguesa.

Modelling the Minho river plume intrusion into the rias baixas

The Minho River, situated 30 km south of the Rias Baixas is the most important freshwater source flowing into the Western Galician Coast (NW of the Iberian Peninsula). This discharge is important to determine the hydrological patterns adjacent to its mouth, particularly close to the Galician coastal region. The buoyancy generated by the Minho plume can flood the Rias Baixas for long periods, reversing the normal estuarine density gradients. Thus, it becomes important to analyse its dynamics as well as the thermohaline patterns of the areas affected by the freshwater spreading. Thus, the main aim of this work was to study the propagation of the Minho estuarine plume to the Rias Baixas, establishing the conditions in which this plume affects the circulation and hydrographic features of these coastal systems, through the development and application of the numerical model MOHID. For this purpose, the hydrographic features of the Rias Baixas mouths were studied. It was observed that at the northern mouths, due to their shallowness, the heat fluxes between the atmosphere and ocean are the major forcing, influencing the water temperature, while at the southern mouths the influence of the upwelling events and the Minho River discharge were more frequent. The salinity increases from south to north, revealing that the observed low values may be caused by the Minho River freshwater discharge. An assessment of wind data along the Galician coast was carried out, in order to evaluate the applicability of the study to the dispersal of the Minho estuarine plume. Firstly, a comparative analysis between winds obtained from land meteorological stations and offshore QuikSCAT satellite were performed. This comparison revealed that satellite data constitute a good approach to study wind induced coastal phenomena. However, since the numerical model MOHID requires wind data with high spatial and temporal resolution close to the coast, results of the forecasted model WRF were added to the previous study. The analyses revealed that the WRF model data is a consistent tool to obtain representative wind data near the coast, showing good results when comparing with in situ wind observations from oceanographic buoys. To study the influence of the Minho buoyant discharge influence on the Rias Baixas, a set of three one-way nested models was developed and implemented, using the numerical model MOHID. The first model domain is a barotropic model and includes the whole Iberian Peninsula coast. The second and third domains are baroclinic models, where the second domain is a coarse representation of the Rias Baixas and adjacent coastal area, while the third includes the same area with a higher resolution. A bi-dimensional model was also implemented in the Minho estuary, in order to quantify the flow (and its properties) that the estuary injects into the ocean. The chosen period for the Minho estuarine plume propagation validation was the spring of 1998, since a high Minho River discharge was reported, as well as favourable wind patterns to advect the estuarine plume towards the Rias Baixas, and there was field data available to compare with the model predictions. The obtained results show that the adopted nesting methodology was successful implemented. Model predictions reproduce accurately the hydrodynamics and thermohaline patterns on the Minho estuary and Rias Baixas. The importance of the Minho river discharge and the wind forcing in the event of May 1998 was also studied. The model results showed that a continuous moderate Minho River discharge combined with southerly winds is enough to reverse the Rias Baixas circulation pattern, reducing the importance of the occurrence of specific events of high runoff values. The conditions in which the estuarine plume Minho affects circulation and hydrography of the Rias Baixas were evaluated. The numerical results revealed that the Minho estuarine plume responds rapidly to wind variations and is also influenced by the bathymetry and morphology of the coastline. Without wind forcing, the plume expands offshore, creating a bulge in front of the river mouth. When the wind blows southwards, the main feature is the offshore extension of the plume. Otherwise, northward wind spreads the river plume towards the Rias Baixas. The plume is confined close to the coast, reaching the Rias Baixas after 1.5 days. However, for Minho River discharges higher than 800 m3 s-1, the Minho estuarine plume reverses the circulation patterns in the Rias Baixas. It was also observed that the wind stress and Minho River discharge are the most important factors influencing the size and shape of the Minho estuarine plume. Under the same conditions, the water exchange between Rias Baixas was analysed following the trajectories particles released close to the Minho River mouth. Over 5 days, under Minho River discharges higher than 2100 m3 s-1 combined with southerly winds of 6 m s-1, an intense water exchange between Rias was observed. However, only 20% of the particles found in Ria de Pontevedra come directly from the Minho River. In summary, the model application developed in this study contributed to the characterization and understanding of the influence of the Minho River on the Rias Baixas circulation and hydrography, highlighting that this methodology can be replicated to other coastal systems.