Bus Transportation – Córas Iompair Éireann and Michael Scott

The book acts as a companion to the Irish pavilion at the 2014 Venice Biennale for Architecture. This chapter examines the context of roads transport and then analyses how its architectural infrastructure developed in this period, concentrating on the work carried out mainly by one Irish firm: Michael Scott and Partners.

Improving fuel economy application of the organic Rankine Cycle on a hybrid bus

Globally vehicle operators are experiencing rising fuel costs and increased
running expenses as governments around the world attempt to decrease carbon dioxide emissions and fossil fuel consumption, due to global warming and the drive to reduce dependency on fossil fuels. Recent advances in hybrid vehicle design have made great strides towards more efficient operation, with regenerative braking being widely used to capture otherwise lost energy. In this paper a hybrid series bus is developed a step further, by installing another method of energy capture on the vehicle. In this case, it is in the form of the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC). The waste heat expelled to the exhaust and coolant streams is recovered and converted to electrical energy which is then stored in the hybrid vehicles batteries. The electrical energy can then be used for the auxiliary power circuit or to assist in vehicle propulsion, thus reducing the load on the engine, thereby improving the overall fuel economy of the vehicle and reducing carbon dioxide emissions.

A Parametric Study Of A Turbogenerator On A Diesel-Electric Hybrid Bus

The fuel consumption of automotive vehicles has become a prime consideration to manufacturers and operators as fuel prices continue to rise steadily, and legislation governing toxic emissions becomes ever more strict. This is particularly true for bus operators as government fuel subsidies are cut or removed.

In an effort to reduce the fuel consumption of a diesel-electric hybrid bus, an exhaust recovery turbogenerator has been selected from a wide ranging literature review as the most appropriate method of recovering some of the wasted heat in the exhaust line. This paper examines the effect on fuel consumption of a turbogenerator applied to a 2.4-litre diesel engine.

A validated one-dimensional engine model created using Ricardo WAVE was used as a baseline, and was modified in subsequent models to include a turbogenerator downstream, and in series with, the turbocharger turbine. A fuel consumption map of the modified engine was produced, and an in-house simulation tool was then used to examine the fuel economy benefit delivered by the turbogenerator on a bus operating on various drive-cycles.

A parametric study is presented which examined the performance of turbogenerators of various size and power output. The operating strategy of the turbogenerator was also discussed with a view to maximising turbine efficiency at each operating point.

The performance of the existing turbocharger on the hybrid bus was also investigated; both the compressor and turbine were optimised and the subsequent benefits to the fuel consumption of the vehicle were shown.

The final configuration is then presented and the overall improvement in fuel economy of the hybrid bus was determined over various drive-cycles.

An analysis of the impact of bus contention on the WCET in multicores

The use of multicores is becoming widespread inthe field of embedded systems, many of which have real-time requirements. Hence, ensuring that real-time applications meet their timing constraints is a pre-requisite before deploying them on these systems. This necessitates the consideration of the impact of the contention due to shared lowlevel hardware resources like the front-side bus (FSB) on the Worst-CaseExecution Time (WCET) of the tasks. Towards this aim, this paper proposes a method to determine an upper bound on the number of bus requests that tasks executing on a core can generate in a given time interval. We show that our method yields tighter upper bounds in comparison with the state of-the-art. We then apply our method to compute the extra contention delay incurred by tasks, when they are co-scheduled on different cores and access the shared main memory, using a shared bus, access to which is granted using a round-robin arbitration (RR) protocol.

WCET analysis considering contention on memory bus in COTS-based multicores

The usage of COTS-based multicores is becoming widespread in the field of embedded systems. Providing realtime guarantees at design-time is a pre-requisite to deploy real-time systems on these multicores. This necessitates the consideration of the impact of the contention due to shared low-level hardware resources on the Worst-Case Execution Time (WCET) of the tasks. As a step towards this aim, this paper first identifies the different factors that make the WCET analysis a challenging problem in a typical COTS-based multicore system. Then, we propose and prove, a mathematically correct method to determine tight upper bounds on the WCET of the tasks, when they are co-scheduled on different cores.

Response time analysis of COTS-Based multicores considering the contention on the shared memory bus

The current industry trend is towards using Commercially available Off-The-Shelf (COTS) based multicores for developing real time embedded systems, as opposed to the usage of custom-made hardware. In typical implementation of such COTS-based multicores, multiple cores access the main memory via a shared bus. This often leads to contention on this shared channel, which results in an increase of the response time of the tasks. Analyzing this increased response time, considering the contention on the shared bus, is challenging on COTS-based systems mainly because bus arbitration protocols are often undocumented and the exact instants at which the shared bus is accessed by tasks are not explicitly controlled by the operating system scheduler; they are instead a result of cache misses. This paper makes three contributions towards analyzing tasks scheduled on COTS-based multicores. Firstly, we describe a method to model the memory access patterns of a task. Secondly, we apply this model to analyze the worst case response time for a set of tasks. Although the required parameters to obtain the request profile can be obtained by static analysis, we provide an alternative method to experimentally obtain them by using performance monitoring counters (PMCs). We also compare our work against an existing approach and show that our approach outperforms it by providing tighter upper-bound on the number of bus requests generated by a task.

Finding an upper bound on the increase in execution time due to contention on the memory bus in COTS-based multicore systems

Contention on the memory bus in COTS based multicore systems is becoming a major determining factor of the execution time of a task. Analyzing this extra execution time is non-trivial because (i) bus arbitration protocols in such systems are often undocumented and (ii) the times when the memory bus is requested to be used are not explicitly controlled by the operating system scheduler; they are instead a result of cache misses. We present a method for finding an upper bound on the extra execution time of a task due to contention on the memory bus in COTS based multicore systems. This method makes no assumptions on the bus arbitration protocol (other than assuming that it is work-conserving).

Voyage de Jean de Mandeville, Roman de Fauvel, par Gervais Du Bus, et pièces diverses.

Contient : « Le livre des parties d'Oultre mer, lequel fu fait, ordonné et compilé par honorable et vaillant seigneur Jehan de Mandeville... Escript (fol. 62) par moy, Ogier de Caumont, en la cité de Liege, et finy le penultieme jour de juillet l'an mil CCC IIIIxx??? et XVI. » Cf. R. Röhricht, Bibliotheca geographica Palestinae, p. 79 ; On lit : « Hunc librum acquisivit monasterio Sancti Victoris prope Parisius frater Johannes Lamasse, dum esset prior ejusdem ecclesie. Scriptum anno Domini 1424 » ; Prière à la Vierge ; « Dit de la rose », pièce en l'honneur de la Vierge ; Les peines de l'enfer ; « Scriptum quoddam super degradatione et combustione quorumdam fratrum ordinis Predicatorum, qui... opinionem suam ab ecclesia damnata de conceptione purissime Virginis matris Domini Jhesu deffendere nitebantur... Actum anno Domini millesimo quingentesimo nono. » Cf. Du Boulay, Historia Universitatis Parisiensis, t. VI, p. 45 ; Pater Noster et Ave Maria, en vers ; Vers sur le plaisir de boire. « Ad primum morsum, nisi potavero mort sum... » (15 vers) ; « Statutum sacre facultatis Theologie studii Parisiensis super materia conceptionis immaculate gloriosissime Virginis... » (1497) ; Paraphrase, en vers français, de l'Ave maris stella ; « Clericus sic ethimologizatur : Per c intelligitur quod sit clarus... » ; « Almalarius (sic), qui loquitur de duobus ebdomadis passionis Christi. Due ebdomade passionis Christi significant duo tempora ante legem et sub lege... » ; Explications, en latin, du Pater et du Credo. « Elegit Dominus Deus noster Jhesus Christus septem apostolos... » ; « Tabula fidei christiane. Septem virtutes principales : fides, spes... » ; Notes de comput. « Ad habendum ciclum solarem, secundum Gallandum, sive litteram dominicalem... » ; Prière à la Vierge ; « La deputaison » ou « le mireur du corps et de l'ame. Une grant vision est en ce livre escripte... » ; Prières à la Vierge ; I ; II ; III ; Note relative à « Jehan Le Mire, jadis trésorier des guerres » (1339) ; La maison de sapience ; Poème moral sur la mort du Christ ; Vers latins, en l'honneur de S. Jean-Baptiste ; « Missa pro evitanda mortalitate, quam dominus papa Clemens sextus constituit et fecit... » ; « Le Testament maistre Jehan de Meun. » Cf. Histoire littéraire, t. XXVIII (1880), p. 416 (art. de P. Paris) ; Roman de Fauvel, par Gervais Du Bus. Cf. Histoire littéraire, t. XXXII (1898), p. 108 (art. de M. G. Paris) ; Vers latins contre les femmes ; Autre pièce contre les femmes ; Autre pièce sur les femmes. « Se j'avoye une fame qui ne me mentist point... » ; Prière. « Doulx Diex, qui es sans fin et sans initium... » ; « Les heures de la Croiz [en vers], ausquellez le pape Jehan XXII donna i an ex xl jours de vray pardon à quelconque persone, qui par devocion dira ceste office du mistère de la Passion Jhesu Crist » ; Prière à la Vierge