Glutamine repeat variants in human RUNX2 associated with decreased femoral neck BMD, broadband ultrasound attenuation and target gene transactivation

RUNX2 is an essential transcription factor required for skeletal development and cartilage formation. Haploinsufficiency of RUNX2 leads to cleidocranial displaysia (CCD) a skeletal disorder characterised by gross dysgenesis of bones particularly those derived from intramembranous bone formation. A notable feature of the RUNX2 protein is the polyglutamine and polyalanine (23Q/17A) domain coded by a repeat sequence. Since none of the known mutations causing CCD characterised to date map in the glutamine repeat region, we hypothesised that Q-repeat mutations may be related to a more subtle bone phenotype. We screened subjects derived from four normal populations for Q-repeat variants. A total of 22 subjects were identified who were heterozygous for a wild type allele and a Q-repeat variant allele: (15Q, 16Q, 18Q and 30Q). Although not every subject had data for all measures, Q-repeat variants had a significant deficit in BMD with an average decrease of 0.7SD measured over 12 BMD-related parameters (p = 0.005). Femoral neck BMD was measured in all subjects (−0.6SD, p = 0.0007). The transactivation function of RUNX2 was determined for 16Q and 30Q alleles using a reporter gene assay. 16Q and 30Q alleles displayed significantly lower transactivation function compared to wild type (23Q). Our analysis has identified novel Q-repeat mutations that occur at a collective frequency of about 0.4%. These mutations significantly alter BMD and display impaired transactivation function, introducing a new class of functionally relevant RUNX2 mutants.

Mid-femoral and mid-tibial muscle cross-sectional area as predictors of tibial bone strength in middle-aged and older men

While it is widely acknowledged that bones adapt to the site-specific prevalent loading environment, reasonable ways to estimate skeletal loads are not necessarily available. For long bone shafts, muscles acting to bend the bone may provide a more appropriate surrogate of the loading than muscles expected to cause compressive loads. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate whether mid-thigh muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) was a better predictor of tibial mid-shaft bone strength than mid-tibia muscle CSA in middle aged and older men. 181 Caucasian men aged 50–79 years (mean±SD; 61±7 years) participated in this study. Mid-femoral and mid-tibial bone traits cortical area , density weighted polar moment of area and muscle CSA [cm²] were assessed with computed tomography. Tibial bone traits were positively associated with both the mid-femur (r=0.44 to 0.46, P<0.001) and the mid-tibia muscle CSA (r=0.35 to 0.37, P<0.001). Multivariate regression analysis, adjusting for age, weight, physical activity and femoral length, indicated that mid-femur muscle CSA predicted tibial mid-shaft bone strength indices better thn mid-tibia muscle CSA. In conclusion, the association between a given skeletal site and functionally adjacent muscles may provide a meaningful probe of the site-specific effect of loading on bone.

The effect of known cardiovascular risk factors on carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity in school-aged children: a population based twin study

Childhood cardiovascular risk factors affect vascular function long before overt cardiovascular disease. Twin studies provide a unique opportunity to examine the influence of shared genetic and environmental influences on childhood cardiovascular function. We examined the relationship between birth parameters, markers of adiposity, insulin resistance, lipid profile and blood pressure and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV), a validated non-invasive measure of arterial stiffness in a healthy cohort of school-aged twin children. PWV was performed on a population-based birth cohort of 147 twin pairs aged 7-11 years. Fasting blood samples, blood pressure and adiposity measures were collected concurrently. Mixed linear regression models were used to account for twin clustering, within- and between-twin pair associations. There were positive associations between both markers of higher adiposity, insulin resistance, elevated triglycerides and PWV, which remained significant after accounting for twin birth-set clustering. There was a positive association between both diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure and PWV in within-pair analysis in dizygotic, but not monozygotic twins, indicating genetic differences evident in dizygotic not monozygotic twins may affect these associations. Increased blood pressure, triglycerides and other metabolic markers are associated with increased PWV in school-aged twins. These results support both the genetic and environmental contribution to higher PWV, as a marker of arterial stiffness, and reiterate the importance of preventing metabolic syndrome from childhood.

Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities osteoarthritis index for elderly patients with a femoral neck fracture

Background: The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) has been extensively evaluated in groups of patients with osteoarthritis, yet not in patients with a femoral neck fracture. This study aimed to determine the reliability, construct validity, and responsiveness of the WOMAC compared with the Short Form-12 (SF-12) and the EuroQol 5D (EQ-5D) questionnaires for the assessment of elderly patients with a femoral neck fracture.

Methods: Reliability was tested by assessing the Cronbach alpha. Construct validity was determined with the Pearson correlation coefficient. Change scores were calculated from ten weeks to twelve months of follow-up. Standardized response means and floor and ceiling effects were determined. Analyses were performed to compare the results for patients less than eighty years old with those for patients eighty years of age or older.

Results: The mean WOMAC total score was 89 points before the fracture in the younger patients and increased from 70 points at ten weeks to 81 points at two years postoperatively. In the older age group, these scores were 86, 75, and 78 points. The mean WOMAC pain scores before the fracture and at ten weeks and two years postoperatively were 92, 76, and 87 points, respectively, in the younger age group and 92, 84, and 93 points in the older age group. Function scores were 89, 68, and 79 points for the younger age group and 84, 71, and 73 points for the older age group. The Cronbach alpha for pain, stiffness, function, and the total scale ranged from 0.83 to 0.98 for the younger age group and from 0.79 to 0.97 for the older age group. Construct validity was good, with 82% and 79% of predefined hypotheses confirmed in the younger and older age groups, respectively. Responsiveness was moderate. No floor effects were found. Moderate to large ceiling effects were found for pain and stiffness scales at ten weeks and twelve months in younger patients (18% to 36%) and in the older age group (38% to 53%).

Conclusions: The WOMAC showed good reliability, construct validity, and responsiveness in both age groups of elderly patients with a femoral neck fracture who had been physically and mentally fit before the fracture. The instrument is suitable for use in future clinical studies in these populations.

Bloqueio adenosinérgico e filtro sensorial

Esta dissertação é estruturada em três partes. Na primeira, revisa-se a noção de filtro sensorial, com enfoque particular no paradigma do P50, uma técnica eletroneurofisiológica de extremo valor para a investigação da neurobiologia básica subjacente aos defeitos de processamento sensorial que caracterizam algumas doenças mentais, e mais particularmente a esquizofrenia, sobre a qual dedica-se especial interesse. Na segunda, revisa-se a hipótese, proposta recentemente por Lara e Souza (2000), de hipofunção adenosinérgica como disfunção bioquímica básica na esquizofrenia, à luz das evidências mais recentes. Na terceira, desenvolve-se um trabalho experimental original com o intuito de investigar a hipótese hipoadenosinérgica da esquizofrenia. Trata-se de um desafio farmacológico, de um ensaio clínico cruzado onde 13 voluntários hígidos foram submetidos a tratamento com teofilina (um antagonista não-seletivo dos receptores de adenosina do tipo A1 e A2A) e a placebo, em dois momentos diferentes, tendo se avaliado os seus potenciais evocados de acordo com o paradigma do P50 antes (em seu valor basal) e após o tratamento, levantando-se uma curva de efeito com base no tempo. Paralelamente, avaliaram-se 17 pacientes com diagnóstico estabelecido de esquizofrenia, clinicamente estáveis, em acompanhamento ambulatorial e em uso de medicação neuroléptica típica, com a intenção de fornecer um grupo adicional de comparação e de replicar os achados prévios de falha de supressão do componente P50 na esquizofrenia, um aspecto fundamental para demonstrar o domínio da metodologia experimental, que foi aqui empregada pela primeira vez em nosso meio. Este estudo foi capaz de mostrar que a indução de um estado transitório de hipofunção adenosinérgica em indivíduos normais, mostra perda da supressão. Em outras palavras, que déficits no processamento da informação auditiva, que não existiam nos indivíduos normais, foram provocados pela utilização de teofilina, que, bloqueando os receptores de adenosina A1 e A2A, provocou um estado hipoadenosinérgico transitório. A disfunção provocada pela teofilina foi da mesma ordem de grandeza da verificada nos pacientes com esquizofrenia. Estes resultados fornecem evidência que corroboram o modelo de hipofunção adenosinérgica para a esquizofrenia.

Curso temporal da hipertensão induzida pelo bloqueio da síntese do óxido nítrico : avaliações hemodinâmicas e bioquímicas

Neste estudo observamos os efeitos do bloqueio crônico do óxido nítrico por uma (1s), duas (2s) e quatro (4s) semanas de tratamento sobre a pressão arterial, freqüência cardíaca e o controle reflexo da circulação. O bloqueio crônico do óxido nítrico pela L-nitro-arginina-metil-éster (L-NAME), na água de beber, aumentou a pressão arterial média (PAM) em mmHg (1s=144; 2s=153 e 4s=167) de maneira tempo-dependente, quando comparado ao grupo controle (c=102). Tal aumento foi acompanhado pelo aumento de consumo de L-NAME e pelo aumento da relação peso do coração/peso corporal, um índice de hipertrofia cardíaca. A freqüência cardíaca (FC) basal não foi diferente entre os grupos tratados e o controle. O reflexo comandado pelos pressorreceptores estava atenuado significativamente (c=-4,17; 1s=-2,72; 2s=-2,10 e 4s=2,41) nos animais tratados, enquanto o reflexo cardiopulmonar estava exacerbado, de forma semelhante, em todos os grupos tratados. É possível que a atenuação do baroreflexo esteja relacionada ao aumento da sensibilidade do reflexo cardiopulmonar onde houve tanto aumento da resposta bradicárdica em bpm (c=-77; 1s=-109; 2s=-114 e 4s=-122) quanto da resposta hipotensora em mmHg (c=-14; 1s=-28; 2s=-29 e 4s=-31) . A resposta hipertensora comandada pelos quimiorreceptores estava diminuída enquanto a resposta de bradicardia praticamente não se alterou. Em todos os reflexos testados a bradicardia reflexa estava normal ou aumentada. As respostas reflexas normalmente associadas à ativação do ramo simpático do sistema nervoso autônomo estavam reduzidas enquanto os quimiorreceptores e os barorreceptores foram estimulados. Já a resposta de hipotensão mediada pelos cardiopulmonares estava aumentada nos animais hipertensos. Esses dados em conjunto sugerem um aumento tônico da atividade simpática periférica reduzindo a reserva para respostas excitatórias e facilitando as respostas inibitórias. Alterações do sistema renina angiotensina como aumento da atividade da renina plasmática nos animais tratados por duas semanas, não se correlacionaram com as alterações de PAM ou do controle reflexo da FC. A atividade da enzima de conversão da angiotensina I (ECA) se correlacionou positivamente com a hipertrofia cardíaca. Não foram observadas alterações da ECA pulmonar e da aorta. Alterações da atividade das enzimas antioxidantes mostraram variações tempo-dependentes que culminaram, no grupo de quatro semanas, com redução do estresse oxidativo expresso pela quimiluminescência. Neste tempo de tratamento, o aumento da atividade da enzima superóxido dismutase indica um papel para o ânion superóxido na fisiopatologia desse modelo de hipertensão. Finalizando, o bloqueio da síntese do óxido nítrico em ratos, pela administração crônica de L-NAME durante uma, duas e quatro semanas na água de beber, induziu hipertrofia cardíaca e aumentou a PAM. Esse aumento foi maior após 4 semanas de tratamento. Entretanto, diferentemente do que esperávamos, as alterações do controle reflexo da circulação encontradas após uma semana, não foram diferentes das encontradas em 4 semanas, com exceção do quimiorreflexo, que foi menor só na segunda e quarta semanas.

Modelo Estocástico para bloqueio de poros e redução de permeabilidade

Modeling transport of particulate suspensions in porous media is essential for understanding various processes of industrial and scientific interest. During these processes, particles are retained due to mechanisms like size exclusion (straining), adsorption, sedimentation and diffusion. In this thesis, a mathematical model is proposed and analytical solutions are obtained. The obtained analytic solutions for the proposed model, which takes pore and particle size distributions into account, were applied to predict the particle retention, pore blocking and permeability reduction during dead-end microfiltration in membranes. Various scenarios, considering different particle and pore size distributions were studied. The obtained results showed that pore blocking and permeability reduction are highly influenced by the initial pore and particle size distributions. This feature was observed even when different initial pore and particle size distributions with the same average pore size and injected particle size were considered. Finally, a mathematical model for predicting equivalent permeability in porous media during particle retention (and pore blocking) is proposed and the obtained solutions were applied to study permeability decline in different scenarios

Avaliação radiográfica da cobertura acetabular à cabeça femoral, após osteotomia tripla e aplicação de cunha sacroilíaca, em pelve de cadáveres de cães

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Study on the bone mineral density of broiler suffering femoral joint degenerative lesions

An experiment was carried out with male and females broilers of two different commercial breeds to evaluate bone mineral density of the right femur head. A number of 600 one-day-old broilers were raised in an experimental poultry house up to 42 days of age at the School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil. After slaughter, three males and three females in each breed in each of the established gross scores were selected. Their femora heads were submitted to gross examination, and subsequently the thighs were submitted to the Veterinary Hospital for radiographic analysis. Femora were also submitted to bone resistance, Seedor index, and dry matter content analyses. All these bone quality characteristics were different between males and females, independent of breed. Breeds presented similar behavior. It was possible to establish correlations between bone quality parameters, and confidence intervals for bone mineral density values, correlating them to femoral degeneration score, which allows characterizing femoral head lesions by radiographic optical densitometry.

Efeitos do alongamento e do aquecimento no desempenho isocinético e na atividade eletromiográfica do músculo bíceps femoral ensaio clínico randomizado

To evaluate the effects of warm-up and stretching, singly or combined, on isokinetic performance and electromyographic activity of the biceps femoris. Materials and methods: Sixty-four volunteers of both sexes, with mean age of 23,1 ± 3,5 years and mean body mass index of 23,5 ± 2,5 Kg/m2 were randomly assigned into 4 groups: control, warm-up (stationary bicycle for 10 minutes), stretching (4 sets of 30 seconds of hamstring muscles static stretching) and warm-up + stretching. All the volunteers were submitted to evaluation pre and post-intervention of the muscle latency time and biceps femoris RMS and the passive torque, peak torque and power of the hamstring muscles. Results: The warm-up + stretching group had reduction of muscle latency time. There was a reduction of RMS during passive torque evaluation in stretching group. The RMS during isometric evaluation was reduced in all experimental groups. The RMS during eccentric evaluation showed reduction in control and warm-up + stretching groups. The passive torque and the eccentric peak torque had no significant differences pre to post-intervention in any group. There was reduction in isometric peak torque in all groups. Conclusion: The warm-up and stretching, when applied in combination can reduce the muscle latency time; stretching protocol promoted neural changes; the protocols used did not alter the muscle viscoelastic properties

Influência da fadiga no comportamento neuromuscular do quadríceps femoral, após reconstrução do ligamento cruzado anterior

Muscle fatigue is a phenomenon that promotes physiological and biomechanical disorders and their changes in healthy subjects have been widely studied and have significant importance for care in preventing injuries, but we do not have many information about its effects in patients after ACL reconstruction. Thus, this study is to analyze the effects of fatigue on neuromuscular behavior of quadriceps after ACL reconstruction. To reach this objective, participants were forty men, twenty healthy (26,90 ± 6,29 years) and twenty after ACL reconstruction (29,75 ± 7,01 years) with a graft of semitendinosus and gracilis tendons, between four to six months after surgery. At first, there was an assessment of joint position sense (JPS) at the isokinetic dynamometer at a speed of 5°/s and target angle of 45° to analyze the absolute error of JPS. Next, we applied the a muscle fatigue protocol, running 100 repetitions of isokinetic knee flexion-extension at 90°/s. Concurrently with this protocol, there was the assessment of muscle performance, as the peak torque (PT) and fatigue index, and electromyographic activity (RMS and median frequency). Finally, we repeated the assessment of JPS. The statistical analysis showed that patients after ACL reconstruction have, even under normal conditions, the amended JPS compared with healthy subjects and that after fatigue, both have disturbances in the JPS, but this alteration is significantly exacerbated in patients after ACL reconstruction. About muscle performance, we could notice that these patients have a lower PT, although there are no differences between the dynamometric and EMG fatigue index. These findings show the necessity about the cares of pacients with ACL reconstruction in respect of the risks of articulate instability and overload in ligamentar graft

Efeitos da eletroestimulação sobre os parâmetros eletromiográficos e dinamométricos do músculo quadríceps femoral

To analyze the effects of electrical stimulation at two frequencies on the EMG parameters (EMG) and dynamometer, in muscles with different typing. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a controlled clinical trial, randomized and double blind. Sixty healthy volunteers (23.6 ± 4.2anos; 54.2 ± 7.7kg, 1.62 ± 0.009 cm) of both sexes were divided randomly into three groups: control group (CG), experimental group 1 (SG1) with application of the current Russian 30 HZ and experimental group 2 (EG2) at 70 Hz The volunteers performed an initial assessment (AV1) on the isokinetic dynamometer with three repetitions maximum voluntary isometric (MVC) for knee extension concomitant uptake of EMG for the VM muscle, VL and RF. Later, after application of NMES, they underwent an experimental protocol of isometric fatigue using 70% of MVIC, ending with the completion of a final assessment (AV2) in the same manner as the AV1. RESULTS: By analyzing the profile of the 60 subjects in three broad, VM showed a higher value of RMS behavior when the VL and RF (p = 0.03 and p = 0.02). With respect to Fmed the RF muscle (p = 0.001) showed a higher value for the VM. The VM muscle showed significant increases of Fmed (p = 0.05) after electrical stimulation at 70 Hz when compared the AV1 AV2 and RF showed significant decreases (p = 0.009) after stimulation at 30 Hz during the fatigue showed an increase RMS in the VM and VL, with a reduction in RF. For the variable Fmed was observed in three broad decline during fatigue. CONCLUSION: Our findings provide evidence that the muscles VM, VL and RF fiber typing are different besides indicating that the frequency of NMES tend to relate to the muscle stimulated. Finally suggests the surface EMG as a noninvasive method for characterizing muscle