La comunicazione chimica in Blattaria: contributo al miglioramento della lotta

CHEMICAL COMMUNICATION IN BLATTARIA: CONTRIBUTION TO THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE CONTROL TECNIQUES The management of cockroach infestations in urban environment has undergone some changes in recent years by moving to the predominant use of baits, thanks to the awareness of the risks connected with the use of spray insecticides. The effectiveness of a bait is determined by the collective performance of its components, including active and inert ingredients, the food attractant and any other attractive odour. This research has focused on the behavioral responses of Italian sinanthropic cockroaches to semiochemicals and food attractants, for the purpose of evaluating a possible practical application and of contributing to the improvement of control techniques. Behavioral and morphological studies have been carried out on Supella longipalpa (F.), a small cockroach that is spreading in Italy. Behavioral assays showed that the fourth and fifth tergites of females are significantly more attractive than other region of the body. Cuticular pores and ducts ending in glandular structures (observed with a S.E.M. = Scanning Electron Microscope) are present in large number on these tergites, suggesting that they could be involved in the production and the release of sexual pheromone. Cockroaches produce an aggregation pheromone that is excreted along with their frass and that consists of volatile and non-volatile compounds, mainly amines and steroidal glycosides. The effectiveness of faecal extracts obtained from excrements of Blattella germanica (L.), Blatta orientalis L., Periplaneta americana (L.) and S. longipalpa was evaluated, both at intraspecific and interspecific level, using a "Y" tube olfactometer. Bioassays showed that faecal extracts obtained with methanol have a good intraspecific attractiveness and, in some cases, they showed also interspecific behavioral responses. A gel was prepared, having physical characteristics that could give a good resistance to dehydration, as a potential basis for a new bait; the gel was then added faecal extracts, obtained with methanol from B. germanica and S. longipalpa frass. Arena-tests showed that the new gel containing faecal extracts is more attractive than some commercial gel formulations used as comparison: it was the only product that could attract 100% of insects placed in the arenas in 4-5 days. In conclusion, the substances involved in chemical communication of Blattaria may be able to effectively increase the attractiveness of products for monitoring and controlling cockroaches.

La comunicazione della cooperazione allo sviluppo: gli Enti Pubblici. Analisi discorsive dei Siti Web

Our research takes place in the context of a discipline kwown as Communication for Development, sited inside the field of Communication for Social Change, characterized by the use of interpersonal ad mass communication theories and tools, applyied to international development cooperation. Our study aims at pointing out a change of paradigm in this field: our object is Public Administration’s communication, therefore, what we suggest is a shift from Communication for Development, to Development Communication. The object of our study, hence, becomes the discourse itself, in its double action of representation and construction of reality. In particular, we are interested in the discourse’s tribute to the creation of a collective immagination, wich is the perspective towards which we have oriented the analysis, through a structuralist semoitics-based methodology integrated with a socio-semiotic approach. Taking into consideartion the fact that in our contemporary society (that is to say a ‘Western’ and ‘First World’ society), the internet is a crucial public space for the mediation and the management of collective immagination, we chose the web sites of Public Bodies which are dedicated to International Cooperation has our analysis corpus. This, due to their symbolic and ideologic significance, as well as for the actual political responsibility we think these web sites should have. The result of our analysis allows us to suggest some discoursive strategies used in the web sites of Public Bodies. In these sites, there is a tendency to shift the discourses around international cooperation from the ideological axis - avoiding in so doing to explicit a political statement about the causes of injustices and un-balances which lead to the necessity of a support in development (i.e. avoiding to mention values such as social justice and democracy while acknowledging socio-economical institutions which contribute to foster underdevelopment on a global scale) -, to the ethical axis, hence referring to moral values concerning the private sphere (human solidarity and charity), which is delegated mainly to non governamental associations.

Letteratura postmoderna e comunicazione pubblicitaria, problemi teorici e analisi testuali

Premise: In the literary works of our anthropological and cultural imagination, the various languages and the different discursive practices are not necessarily quoted, expressly alluded to or declared through clear expressive mechanisms; instead, they rather constitute a substratum, a background, now consolidated, which with irony and intertextuality shines through the thematic and formal elements of each text. The various contaminations, hybridizations and promptings that we find in the expressive forms, the rhetorical procedures and the linguistic and thematic choices of post-modern literary texts are shaped as fluid and familiar categories. Exchanges and passages are no longer only allowed but also inevitable; the post-modern imagination is made up of an agglomeration of discourses that are no longer really separable, built up from texts that blend and quote one another, composing, each with its own specificities, the great family of the cultural products of our social scenario. A literary work, therefore, is not only a whole phenomenon, delimited hic et nunc by a beginning and an ending, but is a fragment of that complex, dense and boundless network that is given by the continual interrelations between human forms of communication and symbolization. The research hypothesis: A vision is delineated of comparative literature as a discipline attentive to the social contexts in which texts take shape and move and to the media-type consistency that literary phenomena inevitably take on. Hence literature is seen as an open systematicity that chooses to be contaminated by other languages and other discursive practices of an imagination that is more than ever polymorphic and irregular. Inside this interpretative framework the aim is to focus the analysis on the relationship that postmodern literature establishes with advertising discourse. On one side post-modern literature is inserted in the world of communication, loudly asserting the blending and reciprocal contamination of literary modes with media ones, absorbing their languages and signification practices, translating them now into thematic nuclei, motifs and sub-motifs and now into formal expedients and new narrative choices; on the other side advertising is chosen as a signification practice of the media universe, which since the 1960s has actively contributed to shaping the dynamics of our socio-cultural scenarios, in terms which are just as important as those of other discursive practices. Advertising has always been a form of communication and symbolization that draws on the collective imagination – myths, actors and values – turning them into specific narrative programs for its own texts. Hence the aim is to interpret and analyze this relationship both from a strictly thematic perspective – and therefore trying to understand what literature speaks about when it speaks about advertising, and seeking advertising quotations in post-modern fiction – and from a formal perspective, with a search for parallels and discordances between the rhetorical procedures, the languages and the verifiable stylistic choices in the texts of the two different signification practices. The analysis method chosen, for the purpose of constructive multiplication of the perspectives, aims to approach the analytical processes of semiotics, applying, when possible, the instruments of the latter, in order to highlight the thematic and formal relationships between literature and advertising. The corpus: The corpus of the literary texts is made up of various novels and, although attention is focused on the post-modern period, there will also be ineludible quotations from essential authors that with their works prompted various reflections: H. De Balzac, Zola, Fitzgerald, Joyce, Calvino, etc… However, the analysis focuses the corpus on three authors: Don DeLillo, Martin Amis and Aldo Nove, and in particular the followings novels: “Americana” (1971) and “Underworld” (1999) by Don DeLillo, “Money” (1984) by Martin Amis and “Woobinda and other stories without a happy ending” (1996) and “Superwoobinda” (1998) by Aldo Nove. The corpus selection is restricted to these novels for two fundamental reasons: 1. assuming parameters of spatio-temporal evaluation, the texts are representative of different socio-cultural contexts and collective imaginations (from the masterly glimpses of American life by DeLillo, to the examples of contemporary Italian life by Nove, down to the English imagination of Amis) and of different historical moments (the 1970s of DeLillo’s Americana, the 1980s of Amis, down to the 1990s of Nove, decades often used as criteria of division of postmodernism into phases); 2. adopting a perspective of strictly thematic analysis, as mentioned in the research hypothesis, the variations and the constants in the novels (thematic nuclei, topoi, images and narrative developments) frequently speak of advertising and inside the narrative plot they affirm various expressions and realizations of it: value ones, thematic ones, textual ones, urban ones, etc… In these novels the themes and the processes of signification of advertising discourse pervade time, space and the relationships that the narrator character builds around him. We are looking at “particle-characters” whose endless facets attest the influence and contamination of advertising in a large part of the narrative developments of the plot: on everyday life, on the processes of acquisition and encoding of the reality, on ideological and cultural baggage, on the relationships and interchanges with the other characters, etc… Often the characters are victims of the implacable consequentiality of the advertising mechanism, since the latter gets the upper hand over the usual processes of communication, which are overwhelmed by it, wittingly or unwittingly (for example: disturbing openings in which the protagonist kills his or her parents on the basis of a spot, former advertisers that live life codifying it through the commercial mechanisms of products, sons and daughters of advertisers that as children instead of playing outside for whole nights saw tapes of spots.) Hence the analysis arises from the text and aims to show how much the developments and the narrative plots of the novels encode, elaborate and recount the myths, the values and the narrative programs of advertising discourse, transforming them into novel components in their own right. And also starting from the text a socio-cultural reference context is delineated, a collective imagination that is different, now geographically, now historically, and from comparison between them the aim is to deduce the constants, the similarities and the variations in the relationship between literature and advertising.

La trasparenza nelle organizzazioni sanitarie: comunicare i risultati

La raccolta e l’utilizzo in chiave comparativa di dati di performance sanitaria risponde, tra le altre esigenze, a bisogni di accountability. Si osserva infatti a livello internazionale la diffusione di politiche di pubblicizzazione della qualità dei risultati: uno studio della letteratura di settore consente di confrontare i fattori più rilevanti delle principali esperienze di reporting già realizzate in Paesi dai sistemi sanitari molto diversi. Nel contesto italiano l’attenzione ai diritti dell’utente di concerto con la riforma del sistema informativo sanitario si pongono come premesse alla potenziale diffusione di dati di performance alla cittadinanza. Una interpretazione delle fonti normative e della giurisprudenza tramite il principio di trasparenza pare sostenere la tesi di una doverosità di informazione in capo alle amministrazioni pubbliche; l’analisi dei possibili scenari di impatto delle politiche di comunicazione ne condiziona però l’attuazione ad una programmazione strutturata e consapevole.

Rassegna di strutture dati e algoritmi per l'indicizzazione di basi di dati.

La frenetica evoluzione sociale e culturale, data dal crescente e continuo bisogno di conoscenza dell’uomo, ha portato oggi a navigare in un oceano sconfinato di dati e informazioni. Esse assumono una propria peculiare importanza, un valore sia dal punto di vista del singolo individuo, sia all’interno di un contesto sociale e di un settore di riferimento specifico e concreto. La conseguente mutazione dell’interazione e della comunicazione a livello economico della società, ha portato a parlare oggi di economia dell’informazione. In un contesto in cui l’informazione rappresenta la risorsa principale per l’attività di crescita e sviluppo economico, è fondamentale possedere la più adeguata strategia organizzativa per la gestione dei dati grezzi. Questo per permetterne un’efficiente memorizzazione, recupero e manipolazione in grado di aumentare il valore dell’organizzazione che ne fa uso. Un’informazione incompleta o non accurata può portare a valutazioni errate o non ottimali. Ecco quindi la necessità di gestire i dati secondo specifici criteri al fine di creare un proprio vantaggio competitivo. La presente rassegna ha lo scopo di analizzare le tecniche di ottimizzazione di accesso alle basi di dati. La loro efficiente implementazione è di fondamentale importanza per il supporto e il corretto funzionamento delle applicazioni che ne fanno uso: devono garantire un comportamento performante in termini di velocità, precisione e accuratezza delle informazioni elaborate. L’attenzione si focalizzerà sulle strutture d’indicizzazione di tipo gerarchico: gli alberi di ricerca. Verranno descritti sia gli alberi su dati ad una dimensione, sia quelli utilizzati nel contesto di ricerche multi dimensionali (come, ad esempio, punti in uno spazio). L’ingente sforzo per implementare strutture di questo tipo ha portato gli sviluppatori a sfruttare i principi di ereditarietà e astrazione della programmazione ad oggetti al fine di ideare un albero generalizzato che inglobasse in sé tutte le principali caratteristiche e funzioni di una struttura di indicizzazione gerarchica, così da aumentarne la riusabilità per i più particolari utilizzi. Da qui la presentazione della struttura GiST: Generalized Search Tree. Concluderà una valutazione dei metodi d’accesso esposti nella dissertazione con un riepilogo dei principali dati relativi ai costi computazionali, vantaggi e svantaggi.

Ricerca clinico-epidemiologica sullo stato di salute del cavo orale nei pazienti tossicodipendenti

Obiettivo: Lo scopo della ricerca è stato quello di mettere in evidenza la presenza di patologie del cavo orale in soggetti tossicodipendenti Materiali e Metodi: Sono stati reclutati 71 pazienti in terapia di recupero presso la Comunità Incontro di Amelia. I soggetti sono stati sottoposti a visite clinico-anamnestiche adottando una cartella clinica da noi stessi costruita. Risultati: Dei 71 soggetti tossicodipendenti, 42 facevano uso di eroina e 39 assumevano droghe per via parenterale, ma solo 25 risultavano avere malattie infettive. Per quanto riguarda la patologia cariosa, abbiamo riscontrato una media di carie complessive di 4,40 di cui solo lo 0,52 era al colletto (non è stata evidenziata significativa differenza tra soggetti con o senza patologie infettive). Dal punto di vista parodontale solo 13 presentavano parodontite e 25 lesioni del cavo orale non di carattere maligno. Conclusioni: I dati ottenuti nella nostra ricerca preliminare ci hanno portato a dire che non esiste una netta correlazione tra tipologia di droga e patologia orale ma sembrerebbe piuttosto che le lesioni cariose e parodontali riscontrate siano da associarsi allo stile di vita di questi soggetti.