el rol de la FIFA y el BID en la gestión e implementación del programa “football for hope” en la Fundación Colombianitos (2009-2012)

El propósito central de este estudio de caso es describir y analizar todo el proceso institucional entre la FIFA y el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID), para la gestión e implementación del movimiento “Football for Hope” en la región de América Latina, específicamente en la Fundación Colombianitos en Colombia, durante el periodo 2009-2012,visto inicialmente desde las Instituciones Internacionales, prosiguiendo a partir de una plano regionaly una perspectiva nacional, finalizando dentro de un ámbito organizacional, todo analizado por medio de los conceptos de Cooperación Internacional de Robert Keohane, el concepto de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo y junto a la teoría del Desarrollo Humano según Amartya Sen y Martha Nussbaum.

Successful Careers in Football – Findings of a Person-Oriented Study

A successful career in football is the result of the appropriate interaction between different aspects of an individual’s life, since the various areas and phases of one’s life depend on each other. An endogenous causal relationship exists throughout a person’s entire history (Mayer, 1990). In particular, their family, work and sports career must be tuned to each other. The transition from the initial stages of education (compulsory schooling) to vocational training, which coincides with the beginning of the selection for the national youth teams, is a particularly critical phase (Wylleman, Theeboom, & Lavallee, 2004). In order to do justice to the overall life situation of a young sports talent during this transition phase, we have adopted a holistic perspective and follow Bergman, Magnusson and El-Khouri (2003) in using a person-oriented and systemic approach. In doing so, our main focus lies on the person-environment system. This overall system is made up of various subsystems, consisting of several operating factors which interact with one another. The different levels to which these operating factors are expressed lead to observable patterns, which can be summarised in the form of types. Particularly promising types can therefore be identified and the developmental process can be described. Former players on the Swiss U16 to U21 national football teams, born between 1981 and 1987 (n=159), were interviewed concerning their careers, and the operating factors school/vocational training, family support and sports environment were examined. With the help of the LICUR method (Linking of Clusters after removal of Residue) (Bergman et al., 2003), developmental types were identified which were promising in terms of achieving top performance in adulthood. A range of developmental types and anti-types emerge for the transition from the under-15 phase to the over-16 phase. One particularly promising type is observed in the over-16 phase, for which the operating factors education, family support and participation in national U16 to U18 teams have slightly above-average scores, with scores that are well above average in the sports environment.

Decision-Making Processes in Voluntary Football Clubs in Relation to External Counselling

Introduction Recruiting and retaining volunteers who are prepared to make a long-term commitment is a major problem for Swiss sports clubs. With the inclusion of external counselling for the change and systematisation of volunteer management, sports clubs have a possibility to develop and defuse problems in spite of existing barriers and gaps in knowledge. To what extent is external counselling for personnel problems effective? It is often observed that standardised counselling inputs lead to varying consequences for sports clubs. It can be assumed that external impulses are interpreted and transformed differently into the workings of the club. However, this cannot be solely attributed to the situational or structural conditions of the clubs. It is also important to consider the underlying decision-making processes of a club. According to Luhmann’s organisational sociological considerations (2000), organisations (sports clubs) have to be viewed as social systems consisting of (communicated) decisions. This means that organisations are continually reproduced by decision-making processes. All other (observable) factors such as an organisation’s goals, recruiting strategies, support schemes for volunteers etc., have to be seen as an outcome of the operation of prior organisational decisions. Therefore: How do decision-making processes in sports clubs work in the context of the implementation of external counselling? Theoretical Framework An examination of the actual situation in sports clubs shows that decisions frequently appear to be shaped by inconsistency, unexpected outcomes, and randomness (Amis & Slack, 2003). Therefore, it must be emphasised that these decisions cannot be analysed according to any rational decision-making model. Their specific structural characteristics only permit a limited degree of rationality – bounded rationality. Non-profit organisations in particular are shaped by a specific mode of decisionmaking that Cohen, March, and Olsen (1972) have called the “garbage can model”. As sport clubs can also be conceived as “organised anarchies”, this model seems to offer an appropriate approach to understanding their practices and analysing their decision-making processes. The key concept in the garbage can model is the assumption that decision-making processes in organisations consist of four “streams”: (a) problems, (b) actors, (c) decision-making opportunities, and (d) solutions. Method Before presenting the method of the analysis of the decision-making processes in sports clubs, the external counselling will be described. The basis of the counselling is generated by a sports clubs’ capability to change. Due to the specific structural characteristics and organisational principles, change processes in sports clubs often merge with barriers and restrictions. These need to be considered when developing counselling guidelines for a successful planning and realisation of change processes. Furthermore, important aspects of personnel management in sports clubs and especially volunteer management must be implied in order to elaborate key elements for the counselling to recruit new volunteers (e.g., approach, expectations). A counselling of four system-counselling workshops was conceptualised by considering these specific characteristics. The decision-making processes in the sports clubs were analysed during the counselling and the implementation process. A case study is designed with the appropriate methodological approach for such explorative research. The approach adopted for these single case analyses was oriented toward the research program of behavioural decision-making theory (garbage can model). This posits that in-depth insights into organisational decision-making processes can only be gained through relevant case studies of existing organisational situations (Skille, 2013). Before, during and after the intervention, questionnaires and guided interviews were conducted with the project teams of the twelve par-ticipating football clubs to assess the different components of the “streams” in the context of external counselling. These interviews have been analysed using content analysis following guidelines as for-mulated by Mayring (2010). Results The findings show that decision-making processes in football clubs occur differently in the context of external counselling. Different initial positions and problems are the triggers for these decision-making processes. Furthermore, the implementation of the solutions and the external counselling is highly dependent on the commitment of certain people as central players within the decision-mak-ing process. The importance of these relationships is confirmed by previous findings in regard to decision-making and change processes in sports clubs. The decision-making processes in sports clubs can be theoretically analysed using behavioural decision-making theory and the “garbage can model”. Bounded rationality characterises all “streams” of the decision-making processes. Moreo-ver, the decision-making process of the football clubs can be well illustrated in the framework, and the interplay of the different dimensions illustrates the different decision-making practices within the football clubs. References Amis, J., & Slack, T. (2003). Analysing sports organisations: Theory and practice. In B. Houlihan (Eds.), Sport & Society (pp. 201–217). London, England: Sage. Cohen, M.D., March, J.G., & Olsen, J.P. (1972). A garbage can model of organisational choice. Ad-ministrative Science Quarterly, 17, 1-25. Luhmann, N. (2000). Organisation und Entscheidung. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag. Mayring, P. (2010). Qualitative Inhaltsanalyse. Grundlagen und Techniken. Weinheim: Beltz. Skille, E. Å. (2013). Case study research in sport management: A reflection upon the theory of science and an empirical example. In S. Söderman & H. Dolles (Eds.), Handbook of research on sport and business (pp. 161–175). Cheltenham, England: Edward Elgar.

More volunteers in football clubs. An evaluation of a method to increase the number of volunteers

An increasing number of clubs experience difficulties in recruiting and retaining sufficient numbers of volunteers to manage and staff their clubs (Lamprecht, Fischer, & Stamm, 2012). In order to facilitate volunteer recruitment, sport clubs need a specific strategy to recruit and retain volunteers for both formal positions and ad hoc tasks. Therefore, the intervention “More Volunteers in Football Clubs” was designed and its impact was evaluated in detail. The question this evaluation research wants to address is: Can football clubs recruit and retain volunteers successfully by implementing the intervention “More Volunteers in Football Clubs”? The designed intervention is based on the different expectations and needs of volunteers, as well as non-profit human resource management and organisational development management, with a strong emphasis on club-specific counseling and support. Task forces of the twelve participating football clubs attended four workshops in which they received tailor made counseling to reach the desired number of volunteers. The intervention has been implemented and its effectiveness tested in cooperation with the Swiss Football Federation with twelve Swiss football clubs following a pretest, intervention, posttest design Data have been gathered and analysed using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. Outcome measurements are: volunteer rate, number of recruited volunteers, number of filled volunteer positions and volunteer satisfaction. Four months after the intervention all clubs that completed the proposed intervention were successful in recruiting the desired number of volunteers. Further, all participating clubs found the intervention helpful and would recommend other clubs to participate as well. With the development of this practical intervention a solution for football clubs is provided to overcome the difficulties in recruiting and retaining sufficient numbers of volunteers. Lamprecht, M., Fischer, A., & Stamm, H.-P. (2012). Sportvereine in der Schweiz. Strukturen, Leistungen, Herausforderungen. Zürich, Switzerland: Seismo.

1884 University of Michigan Football Team

University of Michigan Football Team, 1915

Back Row: Fred Hendershot, Hepburn Ingham, Walter Nieman, Fred Rehor, James Whalen, Egmont Hildner, Cecil "Pat" Smith, Alan Boyd, James Catlett, Jarold Zeiger, James Sharpe, George Washington Bixler, Otto Pobanz,

Middle Row (seated on wall): Otto Eberwein, ? Johnson, Maurice Dunne, Harry Calvin (on steps), Karl Staatz, Hoyne Howe, Clyde Bastian

Front Row: Alvin Loucks (standing), Robert Watson (on rail), John Norton, Leland Benton, captain William Cochran, Lawrence Roehm, John Maulbetsch, ? Warner (standing)

University of Michigan Football Team, 1916

Back Row: R. Glenn Dunn, Fred Rehor, Elton Wieman, Maurice Dunne, Hoyne Howe, Clarence Skinner, Cedric Smith, James Sharpe, James Whalen, Frank Willard, Earl MacLaughlin, Orva Williams, Philip Raymond, Sidney Eggert, Henry Dieters

Middle Row: trainer Harry Tuthill, asst. coach Miller Pontius, Harry McCallum, Richard Weske, Joseph Hanish, Walter Nieman, Albert Martens, Clifford Gracey, Willard Peach, Alan Boyd, John Goodsell

Nathaniel (?) Robbins, Donald Bathrick, N.J. Brazell, Edward Biber, Clifford Sparks, coach Fielding Yost, captain John Maulbetsch, Owen Watts, Harold Ziegler, asst. coach Prentiss Douglass, Charles Beath

University of Michigan Football Team, 1924

Back Row (standing): Joseph Pickarski, Raymond Heym, Walter Kunow, Foster Hall, Harry Hawkins, Richard Dewey, Richard Babcock, William Heath, Philip Marion, Paul Samson, John Ryrholm, Todd Rockwell, Edgar Madsen, William Ullman, Robert Brown, ? Kurston, Harold Steele, Barney Koplin, Edliff Slaughter, Ernest Ratliff, Frederick Parker, Charles Grube, Howell White, William Herrnstein, Charles Munz, James K. Miller, Herbert Steger

Midle Row: H.S. Maentz, Harold MacGregor, Hupert Goebel, Floyd McCaffree, William McMillan, Lowell Palmer, Harlan Froemke, William Flora, Lyman Savage, Wilfred Kilpatrick, Victor Domhoff, Carl Stamman, Ben Friedman

Front Row: Thomas Edwards, Leo Hoffman, William Coventry, Kent McIntyre, Charles Sommers, Russell Davis, Henry Ferenz, Elmer Langguth, John Lovette, Dwight Kellar