Left ventricular volume and valve gradient analysis using an Apple Macintosh computer

A description of a computer program to analyse cine angiograms of the heart and pressure waveforms to calculate valve gradients.

An experimental study on anisotropic mechanical properties of porcine thoracic aorta

Objective: To study the anisotropic mechanical properties of the thoracic aorta in porcine. Methods: Twenty-one porcine thoracic aortas were collected and categorized into three groups. The aortas were then cut through in their axial directions and expanded into two-dimensional planes. Then, by setting the length direction of the planar aortas (i.e., axial directions of the aortas) as 0°, each planar aorta was counterclockwisely cut into 8 samples with orientation of 30°, 45°, 60°, 90°, 120°, 135°, 150° and 180°, respectively. Finally, the uniaxial tensile tests were applied on three groups of samples at the loading rates of 1, 5 and 10 mm/min, respectively, to obtain the elastic modulus and ultimate stress of the aorta in different directions and at different loading rates. Results: The stress-strain curves exhibited different viscoelastic behaviors. With the increase of sample orientations, the elastic modulus gradually increased from 30°, reached the maximum value at 90°, and then gradually decreased till 180°. The variation trend of ultimate stress was similar to that of elastic modulus. Moreover, different loading rates showed a significant influence on the results of elastic modulus and ultimate stress, but a weak influence on the anisotropic degree. Conclusions: The porcine thoracic aorta is highly anisotropic. This research finding provides parameter references for assignment of material properties in finite element modeling, and is significant for understanding biomechanical properties of the arteries.

Spool valve mechanism used in a 20 K Gifford-McMahon cycle cryorefrigerator and its effect on the P-V diagram

The design and fabrication of a spool valve for a two-stage Gifford-McMahon cycle cryorefrigerator is described. The effect of this valve on the P-V diagram and practical methods of reducing the P-V degradation are also discussed.

Pathobiological Aspects of Nonreheumatic Aortic Valve Stenosis

Aortic valve stenosis (AS) is an active disease process akin to atherosclerosis, with chronic inflammation, lipid accumulation, extracellular matrix remodeling, fibrosis, and extensive calcification of the valves being characteristic features of the disease. The detailed mechanisms and pathogenesis of AS are still incompletely understood, however, and pharmacological treatments targeted toward components of the disease are not currently available. In this thesis project, my coworkers and I studied stenotic aortic valves obtained from 86 patients undergoing valve replacement for clinically significant AS. Non-stenotic control valves (n=17) were obtained from patients undergoing cardiac transplantation or from organ donors without cardiac disease. We identified a novel inflammatory factor, namely mast cell, in stenotic aortic valves and present evidence showing that this multipotent inflammatory cell may participate in the pathogenesis of AS. Using immunohistochemistry and double immunofluorescence stainings, we found that a considerable number of mast cells accumulate in stenotic valves and, in contrast to normal valves, the mast cells in diseased valves were in an activated state. Moreover, valvular mast cells contained two effective proteases, chymase and cathepsin G, which may participate in adverse remodeling of the valves either by inducing fibrosis (chymase and cathepsin G) or by degrading elastin fibers in the valves (cathepsin G). As chymase and cathepsin G are both capable of generating the profibrotic peptide angiotensin II, we also studied the expression and activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in the valves. Using RT-PCR, imunohistochemistry, and autoradiography, we observed a significant increase in the expression and activity of ACE in stenotic valves. Besides mast cell-derived cathepsin G, aortic valves contained other elastolytic cathepsins (S, K, and V). Using immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR, and fluorometric microassay, we showed that the expression and activity of these cathepsins were augmented in stenotic valves. Furthermore, in stenotic but not in normal valves, we observed a distinctive pattern of elastin fiber degradation and disorganization. Importantly, this characteristic elastin degradation observed in diseased valves could be mimicked by adding exogenous cathepsins to control valves, which initially contained intact elastin fibers. In stenotic leaflets, the collagen/elastin ratio was increased and correlated positively with smoking, a potent AS-accelerating factor. Indeed, cigarette smoke could also directly activate cultured mast cells and fibroblasts. Next, we analyzed the expression and activity of neutral endopeptidase (NEP), which parallels the actions of ACE in degrading bradykinin (BK) and thus inactivates antifibrotic mechanisms in tissues. Real-time RT-PCR and autoradiography revealed NEP expression and activity to be enhanced in stenotic valves compared to controls. Furthermore, both BK receptors (1 and 2) were present in aortic valves and upregulated in stenotic leaflets. Isolated valve myofibroblasts expressed NEP and BK receptors, and their upregulation occurred in response to inflammation. Finally, we observed that the complement system, a source of several proinflammatory mediators and also a potential activator of valvular mast cells, was activated in stenotic valves. Moreover, receptors for the complement-derived effectors C3a and C5a were expressed in aortic valves and in cultured aortic valve myofibroblasts, in which their expression was induced by inflammation as well as by cigarette smoke. In conclusion, our findings revealed several novel mechanisms of inflammation (mast cells and mast cell-derived mediators, complement activation), fibrosis (ACE, chymase, cathepsin G, NEP), and elastin fiber degradation (cathepsins) in stenotic aortic valves and highlighted these effectors as possible pathogenic contributors to AS. These results support the notion of AS as an active process with inflammation and extracellular matrix remodeling as its key features and identify possible new targets for medical therapy in AS.

Vasomodulatory effect of novel peroxovanadate compounds on rat aorta: Role of rho kinase and nitric oxide/cGMP pathway

The present study was undertaken to assess the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in rat aortic ring vasoreactivity and integrity by using various peroxovanadate (pV) compounds. All the pV compounds (1 nM-300 mu M) used in the present study exerted concentration-dependent contractions on endothelium intact rat aortic rings. All compounds with an exception of DPV-asparagine (DPV-asn) significantly altered vascular integrity as shown by diminished KCl responses. Phenylephrine (PE)-mediated contractions (3 nM-300 mu M) were unaltered in the presence of these compounds. Acetylcholine (Ach)-mediated relaxation in PE (1 mu M) pre-contracted rings was significantly reduced in presence of diperoxovanadate (DPV), poly (sodium styrene sulfonate-co-maleate)-pV (PSS-CoM-pV) and poly (sodium styrene 4-sulfonate)-pV (PSS-pV). However, no significant change in Ach-mediated responses was observed in the presence of poly (acrylate)-pV (PM-pV) and DPV-asn. DPV-asn was thus chosen to further elucidate mechanism involved in peroxide mediated modulation of vasoreactivity. DPV-asn (30 nM-300 mu M) exerted significantly more stable contractions, that was found to be catalase (100 U/ml) resistant in comparison with H(2)O(2) (30 nM-300 mu M) in endothelium intact aortic rings. These contractile responses were found to be dependent on extracellular Ca(2+) and were significantly inhibited in presence of ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine (100 mu M). Intracellular calcium chelation by BAPTA-AM (10 mu M) had no significant effect on DPV-asn (30 nM-300 mu M) mediated contraction. Pretreatment of aortic rings by rho-kinase inhibitor Y-27632 (10 mu M) significantly inhibited DPV-asn-mediated vasoconstriction indicating role of voltage-dependent Ca(2+) influx and downstream activation of rho-kinase. The small initial relaxant effect obtained on addition of DPV-asn (30 nM-1 mu M) in PE (1 mu M) pre-contracted endothelium intact rings, was prevented in the presence of guanylate cyclase inhibitor, methylene blue (10 mu M) and/or nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, L-NAME (100 mu M) suggesting involvement of nitric oxide and cGMP. DPV-asn, like H(2)O(2), exerted a response of vasoconstriction in normal arteries and vasodilation at low concentrations (30 nM-1 mu M) in PE-pre contracted rings with overlapping mechanisms. These findings suggest usefulness of DPV-asn having low toxicity, in exploring the peroxide-mediated effects on various vascular beds. The present study also convincingly demonstrates role of H(2)O(2) in the modulation of vasoreactivity by using stable peroxide DPV-asn and warrants future studies on peroxide mediated signaling from a newer perspective. (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Spin-Valve-Like Magnetoresistance in Mn2NiGa at Room Temperature

Spin valves have revolutionized the field of magnetic recording and memory devices. Spin valves are generally realized in thin film heterostructures, where two ferromagnetic (FM) layers are separated by a nonmagnetic conducting layer. Here, we demonstrate spin-valve-like magnetoresistance at room temperature in a bulk ferrimagnetic material that exhibits a magnetic shape memory effect. The origin of this unexpected behavior in Mn2NiGa has been investigated by neutron diffraction, magnetization, and ab initio theoretical calculations. The refinement of the neutron diffraction pattern shows the presence of antisite disorder where about 13% of the Ga sites are occupied by Mn atoms. On the basis of the magnetic structure obtained from neutron diffraction and theoretical calculations, we establish that these antisite defects cause the formation of FM nanoclusters with parallel alignment of Mn spin moments in a Mn2NiGa bulk lattice that has antiparallel Mn spin moments. The direction of the Mn moments in the soft FM cluster reverses with the external magnetic field. This causes a rotation or tilt in the antiparallel Mn moments at the cluster-lattice interface resulting in the observed asymmetry in magnetoresistance.

Engineered spin-valve type magnetoresistance in Fe3O4-CoFe2O4 core-shell nanoparticles

Naturally occurring spin-valve-type magnetoresistance (SVMR), recently observed in Sr2FeMoO6 samples, suggests the possibility of decoupling the maximal resistance from the coercivity of the sample. Here we present the evidence that SVMR can be engineered in specifically designed and fabricated core-shell nanoparticle systems, realized here in terms of soft magnetic Fe3O4 as the core and hard magnetic insulator CoFe2O4 as the shell materials. We show that this provides a magnetically switchable tunnel barrier that controls the magnetoresistance of the system, instead of the magnetic properties of the magnetic grain material, Fe3O4, and thus establishing the feasibility of engineered SVMR structures. (C) 2013 AIP Publishing LLC.

Effects of elastase and collagenase on the nonlinearity and anisotropy of porcine aorta

We use enzymatic manipulation methods to investigate the individual and combined roles of elastin and collagen on arterial mechanics. Porcine aortic tissues were treated for differing amounts of time using enzymes elastase and collagenase to cause degradation in substrate proteins elastin and collagen and obtain variable tissue architecture. We use equibiaxial mechanical tests to quantify the material properties of control and enzyme treated tissues and histological methods to visualize the underlying tissue microstructure in arterial tissues. Our results show that collagenase treated tissues were more compliant in the longitudinal direction as compared to control tissues. Collagenase treatment also caused a decrease in the tissue nonlinearity as compared to the control samples in the study. A one hour collagenase treatment was sufficient to cause fragmentation and degradation of the adventitial collagen. In contrast, elastase treatment leads to significantly stiffer tissue response associated with fragmented and incomplete elastin networks in the tissue. Thus, elastin in arterial walls distributes tensile stresses whereas collagen serves to reinforce the vessel wall in the circumferential direction and also contributes to tissue anisotropy. A microstructurally motivated strain energy function based on circumferentially oriented medial fibers and helically oriented collagen fibers in the adventitia is useful in describing these experimental results.

Estudo fenotípico da região Aorta-Gônada-Mesonefros, de embriões de galinhas Gallus gallus domesticus, com ênfase na aorta dorsal

Acredita-se que os primeiros progenitores da hematopoese definitiva surjam da diferenciação do endotélio da aorta dorsal, na altura da região da Aorta-Gônada-Mesonefros (AGM). Com o intuito de estudar esta região e o fenótipo das células do endotélio da aorta dorsal nesta posição topográfica, ovos galados de Gallus gallus domesticus L. foram incubados em chocadeira, classificados em estádios de E16 a E25 e processados histotecnologicamente para obtenção de secções seriadas na altura da região AGM. Estas passaram por coloração por Hematoxilina-Eosina, histoquímica para PAS, PAS-diastase e Alcian Blue pH 1.0 e pH 2.5, histoquímica por lectinas fluoresceinadas e imunofluorescência para moléculas de superfície, citoesqueleto e matriz extracelular. Foi observada hipertrofia endotelial no assoalho da aorta nos estádios observados, o qual se apresentava positivo ao PAS, com ocorrência frequente de vacuolizações basais PAS negativas, e o surgimento ocasional de grupamentos celulares intravasculares. Nestes, as células que se destacavam da membrana basal do endotélio expressavam progressivamente mais material PAS positivo, o qual, no entanto, em nenhum momento pareceu se tratar de glicogênio. Em relação às glicosaminoglicanas, notamos a presença predominante de ácido hialurônico por todo o mesênquima da região e em outras estruturas como periferia da notocorda, tubo neural e mesoderma lateral. Ocorreu co-expressão de fibronectina e α-actina de músculo liso em células circunjacentes à aorta, na face ventral do vaso. GFAP e BMP-4 são expressas entre as células do tubo neural e em sua periferia, assim como na notocorda do embrião. As lectinas Abrus precatorius, Lens culinarise Ricinus communis mostraram-se positivas principalmente na região subedotelial do assoalho da aorta nos estádios observados neste trabalho. Bandeiraea simplicifolia exibiu pouca marcação na aorta dorsal e a Arachis hypogeae foi negativa. Outras estruturas da região AGM também expressaram resíduos de açúcares revelados por estas lectinas, tais como: notocorda, tubo neural, mesênquima, intestino primitivo e saco vitelínico. Estes resultados acrescentam elementos morfológicos e bioquímicos ao conhecimento sobre a região AGM de embriões de galinha e sobre o endotélio, possivelmente hemogênico, da aorta dorsal.

Efeitos da atividade física de baixa intensidade na estrutura das túnicas íntima e média da aorta em ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR)

O exercício contínuo de baixa intensidade é capaz de atenuar a hipertrofia da célula muscular lisa da parede da aorta de ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR), e parece atuar sobre a distribuição de fibras oxitalânicas, elaunínicas e elásticas. As alterações funcionais das grandes artérias relacionadas com a idade, deposição de colágeno e elastina na parede arterial e a elasticidade, são também melhoradas com a atividade física. No presente trabalho objetivamos estudar os efeitos da atividade física aeróbica de baixa intensidade no remodelamento estrutural da artéria aorta em modelo de hipertensão genética de ratos SHR. Através da análise da distribuição das fibras oxitalânicas, elaunínicas e elásticas na aorta dos animais controles e SHR submetidos ou não a atividade física de baixa intensidade. Foram utilizados 32 ratos, sendo 16 ratos SHR machos e 16 ratos normotensos Wistar Kyoto (WKY) machos com 8 semanas de idade. Ratos machos foram alocados em 4 grupos: WKY sedentário (WKY-SED), WKY exercitado (EX-WKY), SHR sedentário (SED-SHR), e SHR exercitado (EX-SHR). Os ratos sedentários foram limitados à atividade na caixa, enquanto que os ratos exercitados foram submetidos a um exercício de 1 h / dia, 5 dias / semana. Esses grupos passaram pelo protocolo de atividade física de 20 semanas e a pressão arterial foi mensurada semanalmente (PA). As aortas foram colhidas e processadas para microscopia de luz, microscopia eletrônica e western blotting. Foram realizadas as colorações orcinol neo-fucsina e resorcina-fucsina de Weigert. No grupo hipertenso, o exercício mantém a PA em um nível relativamente semelhante ao inicio do protocolo, mostrando a capacidade de prevenir o aumento da PA ao longo das 20 semanas. No grupo dos animais hipertensos não tratados, a PA aumenta. A PA aumentou progressivamente nos ratos SED-SHRs atingindo 1894 mmHg, mas o exercício físico impediu este processo. Ao final do experimento a PA nos ratos EX-SHRs foi similar o dos ratos WKY (1184 vs. 1144 mmHg), respectivamente. Observou-se maior expressão de elastina e maior distribuição de fibras oxitalânicas, elaunínicas e elásticas em animais que foram submetidos ao protocolo de exercício físico. A porcentagem de fibras elásticas e oxitalânicas foi menor em SED-SHR comparado com SED-WKY, mas o exercício físico aumentou a porcentagem dessas fibras em ambos os grupos. Através da imuno-histoquímica ultra-estrutural para elastina e fibrilina, os grupos EX-WKY e EX-SHR apresentaram uma marcação mais intensa para elastina e fibrilina. Animais hipertensos que não sofreram o protocolo de exercício físico apresentam espessura da parede da aorta maior que a dos animais que sofreram o exercício. O número de lamelas elásticas, bem como as fibras oxitalânicas e elaunínicas, é maior no grupo EX-SHR, em relação ao SED-SHR. Os grupos exercitados tiveram maior expressão de eNOS que seus respectivos grupos sedentários, e as células endoteliais apresentaram características morfológicas preservadas. A associação da atividade física com modelos de hipertensão genética mostra que o exercício físico tem efeitos benéficos nessa situação, uma vez que atenua a hipertensão e o remodelamento adverso da parede da aorta.