210 resultados para aço inoxidável austenítico


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O presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar as características e propriedades mecânicas das chapas metálicas empregadas na fabricação de produtos estampados. Neste trabalho são analisadas seis amostras de chapas metálicas: aço inoxidável AISI 304 e aço inoxidável AISI 430 produzidas pela ACESITA, aço NBR 5915 EP produzida pela USIMINAS alumínio ABNT liga 3104-0 produzida pela ALCAN Alumínio do Brasil Ltda, cobre liga ABNT 110 mole e latão liga ABNT 268 mole fabricados pelo Grupo PARANAPANEMA. Este trabalho tem como objetivo determinar e analisar as seguintes propriedades mecânicas: estrutura metalográfica, dureza, a tensão convencional(1 [ 0 FXUYD GH HVFRDPHQWR verdadeira ( kf [ 3 índice de encruamento (n), anisotropia média (rm), DQLVRWURSLD SODQDU ûr) e o Limite Razão de Estampagem ( Os resultados obtidos dos ensaios mecânicos são confrontados com os dados dos fabricantes da matéria prima e outras referências bibliográficas.

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Analisa a utilização da técnica de Análise de Cluster para a Segmentação do Mercado Brasileiro de Aços Planos Inoxidáveis. Aborda a Segmentação de Mercados Industriais sob a ótica dos Benefícios para os clientes e procura mostrar que a Análise de Cluster pode ser usada para a identificação de grupos homogêneos. Apresenta resultados de pesquisa sobre variáveis que são mais valorizadas pelas empresas que usam o Aço Inoxidável como Matéria Prima.

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O poli (ácido L-láctico) (PLLA) é um material de grande interesse na área científica, por ser um polímero biodegradável e bioabsorvível, e pela sua grande utilização na área biomédica. Este estudo teve como objetivo a síntese de PLA através de policondensação direta e em meio supercrítico (scCO2) e sua caracterização. As duas rotas buscam um processo limpo de síntese dos polímeros, livre de solvente orgânico. Além disso, procurou-se reduzir os custos de obtenção utilizando matéria-prima nacional (ácido láctico P.A. comercial). As reações de polimerização de PLLA realizada por policondensação e em scCO2 foram feitas em dois estágios. No primeiro estágio da síntese, para ambos os processos, o pré-polímero do ácido láctico foi obtido através de uma reação simples de condensação, com retirada de água, sob atmosfera inerte de N2 e 160ºC. Na segunda etapa, para a reação de policondensação, o polímero PLLA, foi obtido a partir do pré-polímero em uma temperatura de 140ºC e sob pressão reduzida por o tempo desejado (100h, 200h e 350h). As reações em meio scCO2 foram realizadas em um reator de aço inoxidável de 100 mL equipado com uma barra de agitação magnética, sob pressão de CO2 (80atm) e a 90ºC por 4 horas. Em ambas as reações de polimerização foram usadas complexos de estanho como catalisador. No início deste trabalho foram realizadas algumas reações utilizando o D, L-ácido láctico em scCO2. Também foi realizada a síntese do lactide e a polimerização deste por abertura de anel. Para efeito comparativo, também foi realizada a polimerização do lactide comercial. Os polímeros obtidos foram caracterizados por espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear de Próton (1HRMN), por espectroscopia de infravermelho (IV), por cromatografia de permeação em gel (GPC), por calorimetria exploratória de varredura (DSC) e pela técnica de análise termogravimétrica (TGA) A reação de policondensação revelou ser uma rota sintética excelente na obtenção de polímeros de PLA com peso molecular variados. A formação dos polímeros a partir do monômero de ácido láctico foi confirmada pelo desaparecimento da banda de OH em 3500 cm-1 no espectro de infravermelho. O espectro de 1H-RMN de ambos os polímeros, mostrou um sinal atribuído ao hidrogênio do grupo CH3 em 1,52 ppm e um sinal atribuído aos hidrogênios do grupo do CH em 5,16 ppm, que estão de acordo com a literatura. Os polímeros obtidos possuem potencial para uso clínico como materiais de implante.

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Proposição: avaliar a qualidade do reparo de cavidades cirúrgicas com enxertos ósseos sob efeito de um campo magnético permanente, sepultado, in vivo. Materiais e Método: foi utilizada uma estrutura metálica constituída de duas arruelas de aço inoxidável, fixadas, isoladamente, à estrutura óssea por parafusos de titânio comercialmente puro. Neste estudo experimental, com grupos teste e controle, foram selecionados 30 Rattus norvergicus albinus, linhagem Wistar, divididos em seis grupos: três testes e três controles. Os animais foram submetidos à cirurgia acessando-se o fêmur direito para criação de uma cavidade cirúrgica e fixação de um par de dispositivos metálicos, tangenciando as margens dessa cavidade. Em seguida, o osso removido da cavidade cirúrgica foi reimplantado de modo a simular um enxerto ósseo autógeno. Nos grupos-teste, as arruelas encontravam-se imantadas, evento que diferiu nos grupos-controle. Os animais foram mortos aos 15, 45 e 60 dias pós-operatórios. As peças foram submetidas à avaliação histológica. Resultados: comparando os grupos-teste e controle durante os períodos experimentais de 15, 45 e 60 dias, houve favorecimento no processo de integração do enxerto ósseo. As formações ósseas, nas proximidades das regiões das arruelas e dos enxertos ósseos autógenos, nos grupos teste aos 45 e 60 dias pós-operatórios, demonstram a ação permanente do campo magnético. Conclusões: a liga de aço inoxidável imantada, sepultada, in vivo, foi capaz de favorecer o processo de integração do enxerto ósseo. Em todos os tempos experimentais, foi predominante o estímulo da neoformação óssea, no grupo teste quando comparado ao controle.

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Biofilmes bacterianos na indústria de alimentos freqüentemente são prejudiciais, uma vez que podem abrigar patógenos e deteriorantes que contaminam os produtos. Este trabalho se propôs a avaliar e correlacionar o papel dos fatores de adesão e da hidrofobicidade na formação de biofilmes em diversos materiais. Leite in natura foi aliquotado em tubos contendo corpos de prova constituídos de vidro, polipropileno, aço inoxidável e pano de algodão e incubados em 10 °C e 25 °C. Após 2 h, 5 h e 8 h de contato, as células não aderidas foram removidas da superfície dos materiais, e as aderidas contadas em PCA. Foram isolados e identificados microrganismos dos biofilmes, sendo verificada a produção de cápsula (coloração com vermelho congo), fímbria (hemaglutinação em placa), hemolisinas (ágar sangue) e proteases (ágar leite). As hidrofobicidades celular e dos materiais foram determinadas pelos testes de agregação com sulfato de amônio e do ângulo do raio da gota séssil, respectivamente. Verificou-se a adesão de consórcios formados por E. coli, S. aureus e B. cereus. Os 103 isolados obtidos pertencem, principalmente, a espécies da família Enterobacteriaceae (46) e do gênero Staphylococcus (45). Na produção de fatores de virulência, 50,4% dos isolados produziram cápsula, 48,5% produziram fímbria, 55,3% hemolisina e 20,3% proteases. Dos microrganismos Gram-positivos e Gram-negativos, 86,6% e 84,4% foram positivos para o teste de hidrofobicidade, respectivamente. O aço inoxidável foi o material mais hidrofóbico testado, seguido por polipropileno e vidro. A temperatura de 25 °C e o polipropileno foram os maiores favorecedores de adesão dos consórcios bacterianos.

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The present work shows a contribution to the studies of development and solid sinterization of a metallic matrix composite MMC that has as starter materials 316L stainless steel atomized with water, and two different Tantalum Carbide TaC powders, with averages crystallite sizes of 13.78 nm and 40.66 nm. Aiming the metallic matrix s density and hardness increase was added different nanometric sizes of TaC by dispersion. The 316L stainless steel is an alloy largely used because it s high resistance to corrosion property. Although, its application is limited by the low wear resistance, consequence of its low hardness. Besides this, it shows low sinterability and it cannot be hardened by thermal treatments traditional methods because of the austenitic structure, face centered cubic, stabilized mainly in nickel presence. Steel samples added with TaC 3% wt (each sample with different type of carbide), following a mechanical milling route using conventional mill for 24 hours. Each one of the resulted samples, as well as the pure steel sample, were compacted at 700 MPa, room temperature, without any addictive, uniaxial tension, using a 5 mm diameter cylindrical mold, and quantity calculated to obtain compacted final average height of 5 mm. Subsequently, were sintered in vacuum atmosphere, temperature of 1290ºC, heating rate of 20ºC/min, using different soaking times of 30 and 60 min and cooled at room temperature. The sintered samples were submitted to density and micro-hardness analysis. The TaC reforced samples showed higher density values and an expressive hardness increase. The complementary analysis in optical microscope, scanning electronic microscope and X ray diffractometer, showed that the TaC, processed form, contributed with the hardness increase, by densification, itself hardness and grains growth control at the metallic matrix, segregating itself to the grain boarders

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The ionic plasma nitriding is one of the most important plasma assisted treatment technique for surface modification, but it presents some inherent problems mainly in nitriding pieces with complex geometries. In the last four years has appeared a plasma nitriding technique, named ASPN (Active Screen Plasma Nitriding) in which the samples and the workload are surrounded by a metal screen on which the cathodic potential is applied. This new technique makes possible to obtain a perfect uniform nitrided layer apart from the shape of the samples. The present work is based on the development of a new nitriding plasma technique named CCPN (Cathodic Cage Plasma Nitriding) Patent PI 0603213-3 derived from ASPN, but utilizes the hollow cathode effect to increase the nitriding process efficiency. That technique has shown great improvement on the treatment of several types of steels under different process conditions, producing thicker and harder layers when compared with both, ASPN and ionic plasma nitriding, besides eliminating problems associated with the later technique. The best obtained results are due to the hollow cathode effect on the cage holes. Moreover, characteristic problems of ionic plasma nitriding are eliminated due to the fact that the luminescent discharge acts on the cage wall instead of on the samples surface, which remains under a floating potential. In this work the enhancement of the cathodic cage nitriding layers proprieties, under several conditions for some types of steels was investigated, besides the mechanism for nitrides deposition on glass substrate, concluding that the CCPN is both a diffusion and a deposition process at the same time

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This masther dissertation presents a contribution to the study of 316L stainless steel sintering aiming to study their behavior in the milling process and the effect of isotherm temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties. The 316L stainless steel is a widely used alloy for their high corrosion resistance property. However its application is limited by the low wear resistance consequence of its low hardness. In previous work we analyzed the effect of sintering additives as NbC and TaC. This study aims at deepening the understanding of sintering, analyzing the effect of grinding on particle size and microstructure and the effect of heating rate and soaking time on the sintered microstructure and on their microhardness. Were milled 316L powders with NbC at 1, 5 and 24 hours respectively. Particulates were characterized by SEM and . Cylindrical samples height and diameter of 5.0 mm were compacted at 700 MPa. The sintering conditions were: heating rate 5, 10 and 15◦C/min, temperature 1000, 1100, 1200, 1290 and 1300◦C, and soaking times of 30 and 60min. The cooling rate was maintained at 25◦C/min. All samples were sintered in a vacuum furnace. The sintered microstructure were characterized by optical and electron microscopy as well as density and microhardness. It was observed that the milling process has an influence on sintering, as well as temperature. The major effect was caused by firing temperature, followed by the grinding and heating rate. In this case, the highest rates correspond to higher sintering.

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Biodiesel is a fuel obtained from vegetable oils, such as soy, castorbean, among others. The monoester of fatty acid of these oils have chains with mono, di and tri double connections. The presence of these insaturations are susceptible to oxidization. Antioxidants are substances able to prevent oxidization from oils, fats, fat foods, as well as esters of Alquila( biodiesel). The objective of this work is to summarize a new antioxidant from the Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) using the electrolysis technique. A current of 2 amperes was used in a single cell of only one group and two eletrodos of stainless steel 304 in a solution of methanol, together with the eletrolits: acetic acid, sodium chloride and sodium hydroxide, for two hours of agitation. The electrolysis products are characterized by the techniques of cromatography in a thin layer, spectroscopy of infrared and gravimetric analysis. The material was submitted to tests of oxidative stability made by the techniques of spectropy of impendancy and Rancimat (EN 14112). The analyses of characterization suggest that the polimerization of the electrolytic material ocurred. The application results of these materials as antioxidants of soy biodiesel showed that the order of the oxidative stability was obtained by both techniques used

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Steel is an alloy EUROFER promising for use in nuclear reactors, or in applications where the material is subjected to temperatures up to 550 ° C due to their lower creep resistance under. One way to increase this property, so that the steel work at higher temperatures it is necessary to prevent sliding of its grain boundaries. Factors that influence this slip contours are the morphology of the grains, the angle and speed of the grain boundaries. This speed can be decreased in the presence of a dispersed phase in the material, provided it is fine and homogeneously distributed. In this context, this paper presents the development of a new material metal matrix composite (MMC) which has as starting materials as stainless steel EUROFER 97, and two different kinds of tantalum carbide - TaC, one with average crystallite sizes 13.78 nm synthesized in UFRN and another with 40.66 nm supplied by Aldrich. In order to improve the mechanical properties of metal matrix was added by powder metallurgy, nano-sized particles of the two types of TaC. This paper discusses the effect of dispersion of carbides in the microstructure of sintered parts. Pure steel powders with the addition of 3% TaC UFRN and 3% TaC commercial respectively, were ground in grinding times following: a) 5 hours in the planetary mill for all post b) 8 hours of grinding in the mill Planetary only for steel TaC powders of commercial and c) 24 hours in the conventional ball mill mixing the pure steel milled for 5 hours in the planetary mill with 3% TaC commercial. Each of the resulting particulate samples were cold compacted under a uniaxial pressure of 600MPa, on a cylindrical matrix of 5 mm diameter. Subsequently, the compressed were sintered in a vacuum furnace at temperatures of 1150 to 1250 ° C with an increment of 20 ° C and 10 ° C per minute and maintained at these isotherms for 30, 60 and 120 minutes and cooled to room temperature. The distribution, size and dispersion of steel and composite particles were determined by x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy followed by chemical analysis (EDS). The structures of the sintered bodies were observed by optical microscopy and scanning electron accompanied by EDS beyond the x-ray diffraction. Initial studies sintering the obtained steel EUROFER 97 a positive reply in relation to improvement of the mechanical properties independent of the processing, because it is obtained with sintered microhardness values close to and even greater than 100% of the value obtained for the HV 333.2 pure steel as received in the form of a bar

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Avaliou-se o ganho de peso de novilhas mestiças, 1/4 Simental e 3/4 Nelore, empregando-se o método experimental de esterilização, que consiste na introdução intrauterina de esferas inoxidáveis. Foram utilizadas 100 novilhas nulíparas, destinadas ao abate, com idades entre 12 e 24 meses e com média de peso de 275kg. Todos os animais receberam o mesmo manejo alimentar, em sistema de pastejo em Brachiaria brizantha, com água e sal mineral ad libitum, e pesagens a intervalos de 28 dias, obedecido o jejum prévio de 16 horas. Os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos (G) experimentais: G1 - composto por 25 novilhas testemunhas; G2 - por 25 novilhas esterilizadas e aplicação de um modificador orgânico; G3 - por 25 novilhas esterilizadas; e G4 - por 25 novilhas não esterilizadas e aplicação de um modificador orgânico. Foram introduzidas 12 esferas de aço inoxidável, previamente esterilizadas, no útero de cada novilha. Houve maior ganho de peso total e diário entre os animais do G2, 140,50kg e 0,578g/dia vs 108,58kg e 0,447g/dia (G1), 103,73kg e 0,427g/dia (G3), 102,68kg e 0,423g/dia (G4), respectivamente. Esta técnica pode ser recomendada aos criadores.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Metal/ceramic interfaces using zirconia have dominated the industrial applications in the last decade, due to the high mechanical strength and fracture toughness of zirconia, especially at temperatures below 300 ºC. Also noteworthy is the good ionic conductivity in high temperatures of this component. In this work joining between ZrO2 Y-TZP and ZrO2 Mg-PSZ with austenitic stainless steel was studied. These joints were brazed at high-vacuum after mechanical metallization with Ti using filler alloys composed by Ag-Cu and Ag-Cu-Ni. The influence of the metallization, and the affinity between the different groups (ceramic / filler alloys) was evaluated, in order to achieve strong metal/ceramic joints. Evaluation of joints and interfaces, also the characterization of base materials was implemented using various techniques, such as: x-ray diffraction, leak test, three-point flexural test and scanning electron microscopy with chemical analysis. The microstructural analysis revealed physical and chemical bonds in the metal/ceramic interfaces, providing superior leak proof joints and stress cracking, in order to a good joint in all brazed samples. Precipitation zones and reaction layers with eutetic characteristics were observed between the steel and the filler metal

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In general, the designs of equipment takes into account the effects and processes of deterioration it will undergo and arrives at an approximate useful life. However, changes in operational processes and parameters, the action of external agents, the kind of maintenance conducted, the means of monitoring, and natural and accidental occurrences completely modify the desired performance of the equipment. The discontinuities that occur in anisotropic materials often and due to different factors evolve from being subcritical to critical acquiring the status of defect and compromising the physical integrity of the equipment. Increasingly sophisticated technological means of detection, monitoring and assessment of these discontinuities are required to respond ever more rapidly to the requirements of industry. This paper therefore presents a VPS (Virtual Pipe System) computational tool which uses the results of ultrasonic tests on equipment, plotting the discontinuities found in models created in the CAD and CAE systems, and then simulates the behavior of these defects in the structure to give an instantaneous view of the final behavior. This paper also presents an alternative method of conventional ultrasonic testing which correlates the integrity of an overlay (carbon steel and stainless steel attached by welding) and the reflection of ultrasonic waves coming from the interface between the two metals, thus making it possible to identify cracks in the casing and a shift of the overlay

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It is analyzed through the concepts of tribology and mechanical contact and damage the suggestion of implementing a backup system for traction and passage of Pipeline Inspection Gauge (Pig) from the inside of pipelines. In order to verify the integrity of the pipelines, it is suggested the possibility of displacement of such equipment by pulling wires with steel wires. The physical and mechanical characteristics of this method were verified by accelerated tests in the laboratory in a tribological pair, wire versus a curve 90. It also considered the main mechanisms of wear of a sliding system with and without lubricant, in the absence and presence of contaminants. To try this, It was constructed a test bench able to reproduce a slip system, work on mode back-and-forth ("reciprocation"). It was used two kinds of wires, a galvanized steel and other stainless steel and the results achieved using the two kinds of steel cables were compared. For result comparative means, it was used steel cables with and without coating of Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC). The wires and the curves of the products were characterized using metallographic analysis, microhardness Vickers tests, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-Ray Refraction (XRF) and tensile tests. After the experiments were analyzed some parameters that have been measurable, it demonstrates to the impracticality of this proposed method, since the friction force and the concept of alternating request at the contact between the strands of wire and the inner curves that are part ducts caused severe wear. These types of wear are likely to cause possible failures in future products and cause fluid leaks