Functional changes of human quadriceps muscle injured by eccentric exercise

The present study evaluated functional changes of quadriceps muscle after injury induced by eccentric exercise. Maximal isometric torque of quadriceps and the surface electromyography (root mean square, RMS, and median frequency, MDF) of the vastus medialis oblique (VMO) and vastus lateralis (VL) muscles were examined before, immediately after and during the first 7 days after injury. Serum creatine kinase (CK) levels and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were used to identify muscle injury. The subject was used as her own control and percent refers to pre-injury data. Experiments were carried out with a sedentary 23-year-old female. Injury was induced by 4 bouts of 15 maximal isokinetic eccentric contractions (angular velocity of 5º/s; range of motion from 40º to 110º of knee flexion). The isometric torque of the quadriceps (knee at 90º flexion) decreased 52% immediately after eccentric exercise and recovered on the 5th day. The highest reduction of RMS occurred on the 2nd day after injury in both VL (63%) and VMO (66%) and only VL recovered to the pre-injury level on the 7th day. Immediately after injury, the MDF decreased by 5 and 3% (VMO and VL, respectively) and recovered one day later. Serum CK levels increased by 109% on the 2nd day and were still increased by 32% on the 7th day. MRI showed large areas of injury especially in the deep region of quadriceps. In conclusion, eccentric exercise decreased the isometric torque and electromyographic signals of quadriceps muscle, which were recovered in one week, despite the muscle regeneration signals.

Use of the caffeine-halothane contracture test for the diagnosis of malignant hyperthermia in Brazil

Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a pharmacogenetic disease triggered by volatile anesthetics and succinylcholine. Deaths due to MH have been reported in Brazil. The first Malignant Hyperthermia Diagnostic and Research Center in Latin America was inaugurated in 1993 at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The center followed the diagnostic protocols of the North America MH Group, in which the contractures of biopsies from the vastus lateralis muscle are analyzed after exposure to caffeine and halothane (CHCT). CHCT was performed in individuals who survived, their relatives and those with signs/symptoms somewhat related to MH susceptibility (MHS). Here, we report data from 194 patients collected over 16 years. The Southeast (N = 110) and South (N = 71) represented the majority of patients. Median age was 25 (4-70) years, with similar numbers of males (104) and females (90). MHS was found in 90 patients and 104 patients were normal. Abnormal responses to both caffeine and halothane were observed in 59 patients and to caffeine or halothane in 20 and 11 patients, respectively. The contracture of biopsies from MHS exposed to caffeine and halothane was 1.027 ± 0.075 g (N = 285) and 4.021 ± 0.255 g (N = 226), respectively. MHS was found in patients with either low or high blood creatine kinase and also, with a low score on the clinical grading scale. Thus, these parameters cannot be used with certainty to predict MHS. We conclude that the CHCT protocol described by the North America MH Group contributed to identification of MHS in suspected individuals at an MH center in Brazil with 100% sensitivity and 65.7% specificity.

Estudo de estabilidade sob armazenamento da carne de ema (Rhea americana)

Utilizou-se o músculo Iliotibialis lateralis da sobrecoxa da ema (Rhea americana) para a realização das análises de estabilidade da carne sob armazenamento em refrigeração e congelamento. Na avaliação da carga microbiológica da carne foram realizadas análises de Coliformes Totais, Coliformes Fecais (Escherichia coli) e psicrotróficos. No período de zero a 12 dias de refrigeração determinou-se o pH da carne e a degradação protéica através da análise de Nitrogênio Volátil Total (NVT). Durante o congelamento (período de 60 dias) avaliou-se o pH e a oxidação lipídica pela análise do número de TBA da carne armazenada. As amostras sob refrigeração e congelamento mostraram-se adequadas ao consumo, não apresentando contaminação microbiológica durante todo o período de estocagem. Os valores de Nitrogênio Volátil Total (NVT) da carne sob refrigeração tiveram uma evolução insignificante (4%) entre o tempo zero e o 12º dia de estocagem. Durante o congelamento ocorreu um aumento significativo do número de TBA nas amostras, com variações de 1,5-2,5 mg de SRATB/1.000 g amostra. Os valores de pH da carne de ema armazenada sob refrigeração e congelamento mantiveram-se praticamente estáveis em torno de 5,8.

Carbohydrate refeeding rapidly reverses the adaptive upregulation of human skeletal muscle pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase following a high fat diet

The time course for the reversal of the adaptive increase in pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) activity following a 6d high fat diet (HP: 4.2 ± 0.2 % carbohydrate; 75.6 ± 0.4 % fat; 19.5 ± 0.8 % protein) was investigated in human skeletal muscle (vastus lateralis). HF feeding increased PDK activity by 44% (from 0.081 ± 0.025 min"' to 0.247 ± 0.025 mm\p < 0.05). Following carbohydrate re-feeding, (88% carbohydrate; 5% fat; 7% protein), PDK activity had returned to baseline (0.111 ± 0.014 min"') within 3h of re-feeding. The active fraction of pyruvate dehydrognease (PDHa) was depressed following 6d of the HF diet (from 0.89 ± 0.21 mmol/min/kg WW to 0.32 ± 0.05 mmol/min/kg ww,p <0.05) and increased to pre-HF levels by 45 min of post re-feeding (0.74 ±0.19 mmol/min/kg ww) and remained elevated for 3h. Western blotting analysis of the PDK isoforms, PDK4 and PDK2, revealed a 31% increase in PDK4 protein content following the HF diet, with no change in PDK2 protein. This adaptive increase in PDK4 protein content was reversed with carbohydrate re-feeding. It was concluded that the adaptive up-regulation in PDK activity and PDK4 protein content was fiilly reversed by 3h following carbohydrate re-feeding.

Active isolated stretching : an investigation of the mechanical mechanisms

The Active Isolated Stretching (AIS) technique proposes that by contracting a muscle (agonist) the opposite muscle (antagonist) will relax through reciprocal inhibition and lengthen without increasing muscle tension (Mattes, 2000). The clinical effectiveness of AIS has been reported but its mechanism of action has not been investigated at the tissue level. Proposed mechanisms for increased range of motion (ROM) include mechanical or neural changes, or an increased stretch tolerance. The purpose of the study was to investigate changes in mechanical properties, i.e. stiffness, of skeletal muscle in response to acute and long-term AIS stretching for the hamstring muscle group. Recreationally active university-aged students (female n=8, male n=2) classified as having tight hamstrings, by a knee extension test, volunteered for the study. All stretch procedures were performed on the right leg, with the left leg serving as a control. Each subject was assessed twice: at an initial session and after completing a 6-week AIS hamstring stretch training program. For both test sessions active knee extension (ROM) to a position of "light irritation", passive resisted torque and stiffness were determined before and after completion of the AIS technique (2x10 reps). Data were collected using a Biodex System 3 Pro (Biodex Medical Systems, NY, USA) isokinetic dynamometer. Surface electromyography (EMG) was used to monitor vastus lateralis (VL) and hamstring muscle activity during the stretching movements. Between test sessions, 2x10 reps of the AIS bent knee hamstring stretch were performed daily for 6-weeks.

The electromyographic threshold in children: Differences in neuromuscular activation during progressive exercise between boys and men

The electromyographic threshold (EMGTh), defined as an upward inflexion in the rising EMG signal during progressive exercise, is thought to reflect the onset of increased type-II MU recruitment. The study’s objective was to compare the relative exercise intensity at which the EMGTh occurs in boys vs. men. Participants included 21 men (23.4±4.1 yrs) and 23 boys (11.1±1.1 yrs). Ramped cycle-ergometry was conducted to volitional exhaustion with surface EMG recorded from the vastus lateralis muscles. The EMGTh was mathematically determined using a composite of both legs. EMGTh was detected in 95.2% of the men and in 78.3% of the boys (χ2(1, n=44) =2.69, p =.10). The boys’ EMGTh was significantly higher than the men’s (86.4±9.6 vs. 79.7±10.0% of peak power-output at exhaustion; p <.05). These findings suggest that boys activate their type-II MUs to a lesser extent than men during progressive exercise and support the hypothesis of differential child–adult MU activation.

The electromyographic threshold in boys and men

Abstract Background Children have been shown to have higher lactate (LaTh) and ventilatory (VeTh) thresholds than adults, which might be explained by lower levels of type-II motor-unit (MU) recruitment. However, the electromyographic threshold (EMGTh), regarded as indicating the onset of accelerated type-II MU recruitment, has been investigated only in adults. Purpose To compare the relative exercise intensity at which the EMGTh occurs in boys versus men. Methods Participants were 21 men (23.4 ± 4.1 years) and 23 boys (11.1 ± 1.1 years), with similar habitual physical activity and peak oxygen consumption (VO2pk) (49.7 ± 5.5 vs. 50.1 ± 7.4 ml kg−1 min−1, respectively). Ramped cycle ergometry was conducted to volitional exhaustion with surface EMG recorded from the right and left vastus lateralis muscles throughout the test (~10 min). The composite right–left EMG root mean square (EMGRMS) was then calculated per pedal revolution. The EMGTh was then determined as the exercise intensity at the point of least residual sum of squares for any two regression line divisions of the EMGRMS plot. Results EMGTh was detected in 20/21 of the men (95.2 %) and only in 18/23 of the boys (78.3 %). The boys’ EMGTh was significantly higher than the men’s (86.4 ± 9.6 vs. 79.7 ± 10.0 % of peak power output at exhaustion; p < 0.05). The pattern was similar when EMGTh was expressed as percentage of VO2pk. Conclusions The boys’ higher EMGTh suggests delayed and hence lesser utilization of type-II MUs in progressive exercise, compared with men. The boys–men EMGTh differences were of similar magnitude as those shown for LaTh and VeTh, further suggesting a common underlying factor.

Approches arthroscopiques et description de l'anatomie articulaire normale du carpe et du tarse chez le bovin adulte

Les approches arthroscopiques et l’anatomie normale des articulations antébrachiocarpienne, carpienne moyenne et tarsocrurale n’ont jamais été décrites spécifiquement chez les bovins. Notre étude avait pour buts de définir les abords chirurgicaux et de décrire l’anatomie arthroscopique de ces trois articulations. Deux carpes et deux tarses issus du cadavre frais d’une vache adulte ont été injectés avec un mélange de latex, puis disséqués afin de déterminer les sites arthroscopiques d’intérêt. Par la suite, l’arthroscopie des articulations antébrachiocarpienne et carpienne moyenne (approche dorsale) et de l’articulation tarsocrurale (approches dorsale et plantaire) a été réalisée sur six cadavres frais de vaches adultes ne présentant ni boiterie ni distension articulaire avant leur euthanasie. Les approches dorsolatérale et dorsomédiale des articulations antébrachiocarpienne et carpienne moyenne ont été réalisées de part et d’autre de l’extenseur radial du carpe. Les structures observées étaient le radius distal, les os radial, intermédiaire, ulnaire, II et III fusionnés et IV du carpe, ainsi que des ligaments palmaires. Les approches dorsolatérale et dorsomédiale de l’articulation tarsocrurale ont été réalisées latéralement au long extenseur des doigts et médialement au troisième péronier respectivement. Les approches plantarolatérale et plantaromédiale ont été réalisées latéralement au fléchisseur latéral des doigts et latéralement au fléchisseur médial des doigts respectivement. Les structures observées étaient le tibia distal, les trochlées proximale et plantaire du talus, le processus coracoïde du calcanéus, l’articulation fibulo-calcanéenne et des ligaments articulaires. Quelle que soit l’articulation, l’approche latérale était préférée à l’approche médiale. L’arthroscopie du carpe et du tarse pourra être proposée dans un contexte hospitalier comme outil diagnostique, thérapeutique et pronostique des maladies articulaires bovines.

The evolution of sensory placodes

The vertebrate cranial sensory placodes are ectodermal embryonic patches that give rise to sensory receptor cells of the peripheral paired sense organs and to neurons in the cranial sensory ganglia. Their differentiation and the genetic pathways that underlay their development are now well understood. Their evolutionary history, however, has remained obscure. Recent molecular work, performed on close relatives of the vertebrates, demonstrated that some sensory placodes (namely the adenohypophysis, the olfactory, and accoustico-lateralis placodes) first evolved at the base of the chordate lineage, while others might be specific to vertebrates. Combined with morphological and cellular fate data, these results also suggest that the sensory placodes of the ancestor of all chordates differentiated into a wide range of structures, most likely to fit the lifestyle and environment of each species.

Immigration, species radiation and extinction in a highly diverse songbird lineage: white-eyes on Indian Ocean islands

Molecular phylogenetic hypotheses of species-rich lineages in regions where geological history can be reliably inferred may provide insights into the scale of processes driving diversification. Here we sample all extant or recently extinct white-eye (Zosterops) taxa of the southwest Indian Ocean, combined with samples from all principal continental lineages. Results support a high dispersal capability, with at least two independent continental sources for white-eyes of the region. An early (within 1.8 million years ago) expansion into the Indian Ocean may have originated either from Asia or Africa; the three resulting lineages show a disparate distribution consistent with considerable extinction following their arrival. Africa is supported as the origin of a later expansion into the region (within 1.2 million years ago). On two islands, a pair of Zosterops species derived from independent immigrations into the Indian Ocean co-occur or may have formerly co-occurred, providing strong support for their origin by double-island colonization rather than within-island (sympatric or microallopatric) speciation. On Mauritius and La Reunion, phylogenetic placement of sympatric white-eyes allow us to rule out a scenario in which independent within-island speciation occurred on both islands; one of the species pairs must have arisen by double colonization, while the other pair is likely to have arisen by the same mechanism. Long-distance immigration therefore appears to be responsible for much of the region's white-eye diversity. Independent immigrations into the region have resulted in lineages with mutually exclusive distributions and it seems likely that competition with congeneric species, rather than arrival frequency, may limit present-day diversity.

Molecular evidence from Ciona intestinalis for the evolutionary origin of vertebrate sensory placodes

Cranial sensory placodes are focused areas of the head ectoderm of vertebrates that contribute to the development of the cranial sense organs and their associated ganglia. Placodes have long been considered a key character of vertebrates, and their evolution is proposed to have been essential for the evolution of an active predatory lifestyle by early vertebrates. Despite their importance for understanding vertebrate origins, the evolutionary origin of placodes has remained obscure. Here, we use a panel of molecular markers from the Six, Eya, Pax, Dach, FoxI, COE and POUIV gene families to examine the tunicate Ciona intestinalis for evidence of structures homologous to vertebrate placodes. Our results identify two domains of Ciona ectoderm that are marked by the genetic cascade that regulates vertebrate placode formation. The first is just anterior to the brain, and we suggest this territory is equivalent to the olfactoty/adenohypophyseal placodes of vertebrates. The second is a bilateral domain adjacent to the posterior brain and includes cells fated to form the atrium and atrial siphon of adult Ciona. We show this bares most similarity to placodes fated to form the vertebrate acoustico-lateralis system. We interpret these data as support for the hypothesis that sensory placodes did not arise de novo in vertebrates, but evolved froth pre-existing specialised areas of ectoderm that contributed to sensory organs in the common ancestor of vertebrate and tunicates. Published by Elsevier Inc.

The importance of dietary calcium consumption in two species of semi-terrestrial grapsoid crabs

Calcium (Ca) is essential for crustaceans, due to calcium carbonate (CaCO(3)) deposition in the new exoskeleton to harden it. The purpose of this work was to study short term Ca balance in terms of dietary Ca ingestion in two phylogenetically related crabs (Superfamily Grapsoidea) showing different degrees of terrestrial adaptations: Sesarma rectum Randall, 1840 and Neohelice granulata (Dana, 1851). Dietary Ca ingestion was studied using purified diets with different Ca concentrations (0, 2.2 and 6.66% Ca), together with measurements of Ca excretion and Ca hemolymph levels. The results showed that both crabs had the same response to foods containing different levels of Ca, with both species eating more of the high Ca diet. However, S. rectum consumed more per mg body mass at all Ca concentrations (6 mg.g(-1) for S. rectum against 3 mg.g(-1) for N. granulata). Both species excreted/egested Ca differently: S. rectum excreted Ca proportionally to ingestion, whereas N. granulata maintained constant faecal Ca output at all dietary Ca levels. Moreover, Ca hemolymph levels for crabs fed the different diets were independent of dietary Ca. In conclusion, both S. rectum and N. granulata seem to regulate the consumption of diets containing more Ca, which suggests a fine balance for Ca intake.

Mechanism of Muscle Vibrations During Stimulated and Voluntary Isometric Contractions of Mammalian Skeletal Muscle

When a muscle contracts it produces vibrations. The origin of these vibrations is not known in detail. The purpose of this study was to determine the mechanism associated with muscle vibrations. Mechanisms which have been proposed in the literature were described as theories (cross-bridge cycling, vibrating string and unfused motor unit theories). Specific predictions were derived from each theory, and tested in three conceptually different studies. In the first study, the influence of recruitment strategies of motor units (MUs) on the vibromyographic (VMG) signal was studied in the in-situ cat soleus using electrical stimulation of the soleus nerve. VMG signals increased with increasing recruitment and decreased with increasing firing rates of MUs. Similar results were obtained for the human rectus femoris (RF) muscle using percutaneous electrical stimulation of the femoral nerve. The influence of MU activation on muscle vibrations was studied in RF by analyzing VMG signals at different percentages (0-100%) of the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). In our second study, we tested the effects of changing the material properties of the in-situ cat soleus (through muscle length changes) on the VMG signal. The magnitude of the VMG signal was higher for intermediate muscle lengths compared to the longest and the shortest muscle lengths. The decreased magnitude of the VMG signal at the longest and at the shortest muscle lengths was associated with increased passive stiffness and with decreased force transients during unfused contractions, respectively. In the third study, the effect of fatigue on muscle vibrations was studied in human RF and vastus lateralis (VL) musc1es during isometric voluntary contractions at a leveI of 70% MVC. A decrease in the VMG signal magnitude was observed in RF (presumably due to derecruitment of MUs) and an increase in VL (probably related to the enhancement of physiological tremor, which may have occurred predorninantly in a mediolateral direction) with fatigue. The unfused MU theory, which is based on the idea that force transients produced by MUs during unfused tetanic contraction is the mechanism for muscle vibrations, was supported by the results obtained in the above three studies.

Avaliação dos efeitos da posição do selim na técnica da pedalada de ciclistas: estudo de casos

DIEFENTHAELER, F. Avaliação dos efeitos da posição do selim na técnica da pedalada de ciclistas: estudo de casos. Dissertação de mestrado. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências do Movimento Humano. Escola de Educação Física. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 2004. Tendo em vista a importância da otimização das forças aplicadas no pedal por ciclistas, o presente estudo objetivou analisar os efeitos de diferentes posturas do ciclista durante a pedalada, por meio da variação da posição do selim, e relacionando-as com as seguintes variáveis: (1) economia de movimento (EC); (2) aplicação das forças no pedal; (3) índice de efetividade (IE) da pedalada; (4) alterações nos ângulos das articulações do tronco, do quadril, do joelho e do tornozelo; e (5) ativação dos músculos selecionados. Participaram deste estudo três ciclistas da elite gaúcha. O protocolo constou da avaliação de quatro diferentes posições de selim (mais para frente, mais para trás, mais para cima e mais para baixo) a partir da posição de referência na qual o ciclista treina e na sua cadência preferida. Os atletas permaneceram durante 30 s em cada posição, contados após a estabilização da taxa da troca respiratória entre 0,90 e 1. A avaliação foi realizada em um ciclossimulador magnético com a bicicleta do atleta, na qual foi acoplado um pedal instrumentado para obtenção das forças aplicadas no pedal. Os músculos do membro inferior direito monitorados para a eletromiografia foram estes: gluteus maximus, rectus femoris, biceps femoris, vastus lateralis, gastrocnemius medialis e tibialis anterior. A partir das forças normal e tangencial, foram calculadas as forças resultante e efetiva para obtenção do IE. A EC foi calculada a partir do VO2 e da potência gerada. Para a análise dos dados, foi utilizada a média de 10 ciclos consecutivos de pedalada. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que os ajustes na posição do selim modificaram a direção e a magnitude das forças e, conseqüentemente, o IE; e que os três ciclistas avaliados apresentaram IE e EC maiores na posição de referência. Os dados cinemáticos mostraram pequenas variações nos ângulos articulares em função das mudanças na posição do selim. A ativação muscular apresentou variação no período de ativação assim como na magnitude do valor RMS, nas diferentes posições de selim avaliadas.

Alternativas de manejo para os campos de cima da serra

Os experimentos, foram conduzidos em uma área de campo natural, localizada na Fazenda Boa Vista, no Município de São José dos Ausentes, região dos Campos de Cima da Serra, Rio Grande do Sul. Os objetivos foram descrever o ambiente de pastagem natural da região, determinar a capacidade de suporte destas pastagens e avaliar alternativas de manejo para o inverno. As diferentes ofertas de forragem proporcionaram aumentos lineares no massa de forragem da pastagem, na taxa de acúmulo de matéria seca e no percentual de material morto. Nos parâmetros de resposta animal, as ofertas de forragem geraram modelos lineares para carga animal (kg/ha), GMD (kg/animal/dia), para a avaliação de produção por área foi obtida resposta quadrática, sendo o maior valor 69,7 kg/ha/ano. Para o levantamento florístico constatou-se que o campo é composto basicamente por gramíneas cespitosas estivais, sendo Andropogon lateralis a espécie mais abundante. Após a aplicação de quatro níveis de oferta de forragem (5, 9, 13 e 17% do PV), observou-se um aumento na participação de cyperaceas, principalmente Bulbostylis sphaerocephala. Para a avaliação dos suplementos, observou-se diferença entre os tratamentos, sendo o pastejo temporário superior em GMD à ração e às misturas múltiplas. Verificou-se que a aplicação de calcário em superfície é recomendável e soluciona os problemas decorrentes dos altos teores de Al trocável. A introdução de espécies sobre o campo natural da região é indicada.