Differences in the structural response of 'granny-smith' apples under mechanical impact and compression

Apple fruits, cv. Granny Smith, were subjected to mechanical impact and compression loads utilizing a steel rod with a spherical tip 19 mm diameter, 50.6 g mass. Energies applied were low enough to produce enzymatic reaction: 0.0120 J for impact, and 0.0199 J for compression. Bruised material was cut and examined with a transmission electron microscope. In both compression and impact, bruises showed a central region located in the flesh parenchyma, at a distance that approximately equalled the indentor tip radius. The parenchyma cells of this region were more altered than cells from the epidermis and hypodermis. Tissues under compression presented numerous deformed parenchyma cells with broken tonoplasts and tissue degradation as predicted by several investigators. The impacted cells supported different kinds of stresses than compressed cells, resulting in the formation of intensive vesiculation, either in the vacuole or in the middle lamella region between cell walls of adjacent cells. A large proportion of parenchyma cells completely split or had initiated splitting at the middle lamella. Bruising may develop with or without cell rupture. Therefore, cell wall rupture is not essential for the development of a bruise, at least the smallest one, as predicted previously

Mind majick : a study of the paintings by Harry Smith

Harry Smith was an American artist who worked primarily in the 1940s through the 1980s. Although largely an obscure figure in American culture, Smith is most commonly recognized for his achievements in anthropology and ethnology, experimental cinema, and musicology. This master’s research paper is the first in-depth scholarly study of Harry Smiths’ achievements as a painter. Only a few of Smith’s paintings exist today, which explains why they have received so little attention. However, there is enough work and information available to weave together a chronological study of Smith’s occupation as a painter. In this paper, one will see how Smith’s work and interests in various fields of study influenced his painterly aesthetic, and how he was able to tie together all of his disparate diversions into cohesive and unified visions upon a twodimensional surface.

Phytoplankton of the inland lakes of Wisconsin ... by Gilbert Morgan Smith.

2

Zoning plan of the town of Wayland, Massachusetts

Everett M. Brooks & Co., civil engineers.

A memoir of the life and labors of Francis Wayland ... late president of Brown University, including selections from his personal reminiscences and correspondence /

Mode of access: Internet.

Nominations of Inez Smith Reid, Linda Kay Davis, Ronna Lee Beck, and Eric Tyson Washington : hearing before the Committee on Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Fourth Congress, first session on nominations of Inez Smith Reid, Linda Kay Davis, Ronna Lee Beck, and Eric Tyson Washington to be associate judges, Superior Court of the District of Columbia, May 22, 1995.

Shipping list no.: 96-0195-P.

The doctrine and covenants, of the Church of Jesus Christ of latter-day saints, containing the revelations given to Joseph Smith, jun., the prophet, for the building up of the kingdom of God in the last days. Divided into verses with references,

Mode of access: Internet.

Oceanography of Baffin Bay and Nares Strait in the Summer of 1966 and current measurements in Smith Sound, Summer 1963 /

"C 373-16."

Smith's Canadian gazetteer : comprising statistical and general information respecting all parts of the upper province, or Canada West ... With a map of the upper province /

Mode of access: Internet.