Measuring extravascular lung water: animals and humans are not the same.

MYK and EF-M are members of the Medical Advisory Board, Pulsion Medical Systems. Approximately 25% of the total expenses to two of the studies upon which this letter is based has been reimbursed by Pulsion Medical Systems, Munich, Germany.

Dengue-2 and yellow fever 17DD viruses infect human dendritic cells, resulting in an induction of activation markers, cytokines and chemokines and secretion of different TNF-α and IFN-α profiles

Flaviviruses cause severe acute febrile and haemorrhagic infections, including dengue and yellow fever and the pathogenesis of these infections is caused by an exacerbated immune response. Dendritic cells (DCs) are targets for dengue virus (DENV) and yellow fever virus (YF) replication and are the first cell population to interact with these viruses during a natural infection, which leads to an induction of protective immunity in humans. We studied the infectivity of DENV2 (strain 16681), a YF vaccine (YF17DD) and a chimeric YF17D/DENV2 vaccine in monocyte-derived DCs in vitro with regard to cell maturation, activation and cytokine production. Higher viral antigen positive cell frequencies were observed for DENV2 when compared with both vaccine viruses. Flavivirus-infected cultures exhibited dendritic cell activation and maturation molecules. CD38 expression on DCs was enhanced for both DENV2 and YF17DD, whereas OX40L expression was decreased as compared to mock-stimulated cells, suggesting that a T helper 1 profile is favoured. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α production in cell cultures was significantly higher in DENV2-infected cultures than in cultures infected with YF17DD or YF17D/DENV. In contrast, the vaccines induced higher IFN-α levels than DENV2. The differential cytokine production indicates that DENV2 results in TNF induction, which discriminates it from vaccine viruses that preferentially stimulate interferon expression. These differential response profiles may influence the pathogenic infection outcome.

Characterization of a plant-derived peptide displaying water clarifying and antimicrobial activities

SUMMARY Drinking water is currently a scarce world resource, the preparation of which requires complex treatments that include clarification of suspended particles and disinfection. Seed extracts of Moringa oleifera Lam., a tropical tree, have been proposed as an environment- friendly alternative, due to their traditional use for the clarification of drinking water. However, the precise nature of the active components was unknown. Here, we show that recombinant or synthetic forms of a cationic seed polypeptide mediate efficient sedimentation of suspended mineral particles and bacteria. Unexpectedly, the polypeptide was also found to possesses a bactericidal activity capable of disinfecting heavily contaminated water. Furthermore, the polypeptide has been shown to efficiently kill several pathogenic bacteria, including antibiotic-resistant isolates of Pseudomona, Streptococcus and Legionella species. Structural modeling of the peptide coupled to the functional analysis of synthetic peptide derivatives delineated distinct structural determinants for the flocculation and antibacterial activities. Our results suggest that a glutamine-rich portion of the polypeptide is involved in the sedimentation process; alternatively, the antibacterial activity depends on a amphiphilic loop. Assembly of multiple copies of this loop into a branched peptide derivative strongly enhances antibacterial activity without displaying hemolytic effect. In conclusion, this polypeptide displays the unprecedented feature of combining efficient water purification and disinfectant properties indicating different molecular mechanisms involved in each case. This work not only identified the features responsible for these activities but also provides useful information that has implications for the further development of this cationic polypeptide as a potent antibacterial agent. RESUME L'eau potable est actuellement une ressource limitée dans le monde. La production d'eau propre à la consommation exige des traitements complexes, incluant la clarification des particules en suspension ainsi que sa désinfection par des additifs chimiques. Les extraits de la graine d'un arbre tropical, Moringa oleifera, sont utilisés traditionnellement en Afrique afin de clarifier l'eau. Quoique la nature exacte des composants actifs était inconnue, on a pu mettre en évidence un polypeptide cationique contenu dans ces graines, capable de sédimenter de manière efficace des particules minérales en suspension ainsi que des bactéries. Ce travail a aussi mis en évidence que ce polypeptide a une activité bactéricide, permettant une désinfection d'eau fortement contaminée. De plus, nous avons démontré que ce polypeptide est efficace contre de nombreuses souches bactériennes pathogènes, également celles résistantes aux antibiotiques comme Pseudomonas, Streptococcus et Legionella. L'analyse de la structure moléculaire de ce polypeptide, couplée à son analyse fonctionnelle a mis en évidence deux domaines structuraux distinct, un pour l'activité de floculation et l'autre pour l'activité antibactérienne. Nos résultats suggèrent que le domaine riche en glutamine est impliqué dans le processus de sédimentation et que l'activité antimicrobienne dépend d'un domaine formant une boucle amphiphilique. En ramifiant plusieurs copies de cette boucle on a pu augmenter de manière significative l'activité antibactérienne. En conclusion, nous avons pu démontrer que ce polypeptide à la capacité unique de combiner des propriétés de purification et de désinfection de l'eau, ce qui implique des mécanismes moléculaires distincts pour ces deux activités. Ce travail a permis d'identifier les domaines du polypeptide qui sont responsables de ses activités et offre une perspective pour le développement d'un nouvel agent antimicrobien.

Water chemistry and isotope composition of the Acquarossa thermal system, Ticino, Switzerland

The thermal springs of Acquarossa and the nearby mineral springs of Soia have outlet temperatures of 12 degrees to 25 degrees C, TDS of 2290 to 3000 mg/kg and Ca-SO4 to Ca-SO4-HCO3 composition. Chemical geothermometers suggest reservoir temperatures close to 60 degrees C. P-CO2 values at depth are estimated to range from 0.3 to 2 bar. delta D and delta(18)O values indicate a meteoric origin and recharge elevations of 1600 +/- 150 m above sea level (a.s.l.) for these thermal and mineral waters. All these waters discharge from the overturned limb of the Simano nappe, probably dose to the contact between basement and underlying cover rocks. They therefore represent rain waters that descend slowly, heat at depth and locally rise relatively quickly to the surface, preserving part of their physical and chemical characteristics. (C) 1999 CNR. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Audit report on the Iowa Water Pollution Control Works Financing Program (Clean Water Program) and the Iowa Drinking Water Facilities Financing Program (Drinking Water Program), joint programs of the Iowa Finance Authority and the Iowa Department of Natural Resources, for the year ended June 30, 2006

Audit report on the Iowa Water Pollution Control Works Financing Program (Clean Water Program) and the Iowa Drinking Water Facilities Financing Program (Drinking Water Program), joint programs of the Iowa Finance Authority and the Iowa Department of Natural Resources, for the year ended June 30, 2006

Shallow Lakes in Iowa: Water Quality and Biological Assessments, 2008

This monthly report from the Iowa Department of Natural Resources is about the water quality management of Iowa's rivers, streams and lakes.

Glutamine Stimulates Biosynthesis and Secretion of Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 (IGF2), an Autocrine Regulator of Beta Cell Mass and Function.

IGF2 is an autocrine ligand for the beta cell IGF1R receptor and GLP-1 increases the activity of this autocrine loop by enhancing IGF1R expression, a mechanism that mediates the trophic effects of GLP-1 on beta cell mass and function. Here, we investigated the regulation of IGF2 biosynthesis and secretion. We showed that glutamine rapidly and strongly induced IGF2 mRNA translation using reporter constructs transduced in MIN6 cells and primary islet cells. This was followed by rapid secretion of IGF2 via the regulated pathway, as revealed by the presence of mature IGF2 in insulin granule fractions and by inhibition of secretion by nimodipine and diazoxide. When maximally stimulated by glutamine, the amount of secreted IGF2 rapidly exceeded its initial intracellular pool and tolbutamide, and high K(+) increased IGF2 secretion only marginally. This indicates that the intracellular pool of IGF2 is small and that sustained secretion requires de novo synthesis. The stimulatory effect of glutamine necessitates its metabolism but not mTOR activation. Finally, exposure of insulinomas or beta cells to glutamine induced Akt phosphorylation, an effect that was dependent on IGF2 secretion, and reduced cytokine-induced apoptosis. Thus, glutamine controls the activity of the beta cell IGF2/IGF1R autocrine loop by increasing the biosynthesis and secretion of IGF2. This autocrine loop can thus integrate changes in feeding and metabolic state to adapt beta cell mass and function.

Audit report on the Iowa Water Pollution Control Works Financing Program (Clean Water Program) and the Iowa Drinking Water Facilities Financing Program (Drinking Water Program), joint programs of the Iowa Finance Authority and the Iowa Department of Natural Resources for the year ended June 30, 2009

Audit report on the Iowa Water Pollution Control Works Financing Program (Clean Water Program) and the Iowa Drinking Water Facilities Financing Program (Drinking Water Program), joint programs of the Iowa Finance Authority and the Iowa Department of Natural Resources for the year ended June 30, 2009

Exaggerated exercise-induced pulmonary hypertension causes lung water accumulation and right ventricular dysfunction in patients with chronic mountain sickness

Background: Chronic mountain sickness (CMS) is characterized by exaggerated exercise-induced pulmonary hypertension. Evidences suggests that exercise may cause lung fluid accumulation at high altitude. We hypothesized that, in patients with CMS, exercise causes lung fluid accumulation.Methods: In 21 male CMS patients and 20 matched healthy controls born and permanently living in La Paz (Bolivia, 3600m) we assessed with echocardiogram, pulmonary artery pressure (PASP), right and left ventricular function and ultrasoundlung comets (ULCs, a marker of lung fluid accumulation) at rest and during mild bicycle exercise (10 min at 50W).Results: CMS patients presented a more than 2-fold greater exercise-induced increase in pulmonary artery pressure than controls (17.1±8.3 vs 7.2±7.9 mmHg, P=0.003). This exaggerated PASP response to exercise was associated with a roughly 3-fold greater increase in UCLs in patients with CMS than in controls (6.3±5.1 vs. 2.1±5.3, p<0.05), and there existed a significant relationship between PASP and UCLs (r=0.44, p<0.001). Finally, TDI on lateral tricuspid annulus decreased during exercise in patients with CMS (from 13.2±3.2 to 11.5±2.1 cm s-1, p=0.03), but increased in controls (from 13.1±2.9 to 14.9±2.6 cm s-1 , p=0.04). Left ventricular function remained unaltered in the 2 groups.Conclusions: we provide the first direct evidence in CMS patients that exaggerated exercise-induced pulmonary hypertension causes rapid lung fluid accumulation and right ventricular dysfunction. We speculate that in patients with CMS these two phenomena contribute to reduced exercise performances and Figure 1 increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality that characterise these subjects.

Measurement of absolute cell volume, osmotic membrane water permeability, and refractive index of transmembrane water and solute flux by digital holographic microscopy.

ABSTRACT. A dual-wavelength digital holographic microscope to measure absolute volume of living cells is proposed. The optical setup allows us to reconstruct two quantitative phase contrast images at two different wavelengths from a single hologram acquisition. When adding the absorbing dye fast green FCF as a dispersive agent to the extracellular medium, cellular thickness can be univocally determined in the full field of view. In addition to the absolute cell volume, the method can be applied to derive important biophysical parameters of living cells including osmotic membrane water permeability coefficient and the integral intracellular refractive index (RI). Further, the RI of transmembrane flux can be determined giving an indication about the nature of transported solutes. The proposed method is applied to cultured human embryonic kidney cells, Chinese hamster ovary cells, human red blood cells, mouse cortical astrocytes, and neurons.

Analysis by optical absorption and transmission electron microscopy of the strain inhomogeneities in InGaAs/InP strained layers

Optical absorption spectra and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations on InGaAs/InP layers under compressive strain are reported. From the band¿gap energy dispersion, the magnitude of the strain inhomogeneities. Is quantified and its microscopic origin is analyzed in view of the layer microstructure. TEM observations reveal a dislocation network at the layer interface the density of which correlates with ¿¿. It is concluded that local variations of dislocation density are responsible for the inhomogeneous strain field together with another mechanism that dominates when the dislocation density is very low.

Estimation of water retention and availability in soils of Rio Grande do Sul

Dispersed information on water retention and availability in soils may be compiled in databases to generate pedotransfer functions. The objectives of this study were: to generate pedotransfer functions to estimate soil water retention based on easily measurable soil properties; to evaluate the efficiency of existing pedotransfer functions for different geographical regions for the estimation of water retention in soils of Rio Grande do Sul (RS); and to estimate plant-available water capacity based on soil particle-size distribution. Two databases were set up for soil properties, including water retention: one based on literature data (725 entries) and the other with soil data from an irrigation scheduling and management system (239 entries). From the literature database, pedotransfer functions were generated, nine pedofunctions available in the literature were evaluated and the plant-available water capacity was calculated. The coefficient of determination of some pedotransfer functions ranged from 0.56 to 0.66. Pedotransfer functions generated based on soils from other regions were not appropriate for estimating the water retention for RS soils. The plant-available water content varied with soil texture classes, from 0.089 kg kg-1 for the sand class to 0.191 kg kg-1 for the silty clay class. These variations were more related to sand and silt than to clay content. The soils with a greater silt/clay ratio, which were less weathered and with a greater quantity of smectite clay minerals, had high water retention and plant-available water capacity.

Effect of dietary crude protein and energy content on nitrogen utilisation, water intake and urinary output in growing pigs

Selostus: Rehun valkuais- ja energiapitoisuuden vaikutus sikojen typen hyväksikäyttöön, veden kulutukseen ja virtsan eritykseen

Soil water retention and s index after crop rotation and chiseling

Soil compaction can be minimized either mechanically or biologically, using plant species with vigorous root systems. An experiment was carried out with soybean (Glycine max) in rotation with triticale (X Triticosecale) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus) in fall-winter associated with pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) or sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea) in spring. Crop rotation under no-till was compared with mechanical chiseling. The experiment was carried out in Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil. Soil quality was estimated using the S index and soil water retention curves (in the layers of 0-0.05, 0.075-0.125, 0.15-0.20, 0.275-0.325, and 0.475-0.525 m deep). Crop rotation and chiseling improved soil quality, increasing the S index to over 0.035 to a depth of 20 cm in the soil profile. The improved soil quality, as shown by the S index, makes the use of mechanical chiseling unnecessary, since after 3 years the soil physical quality under no-tilled crop rotation and chiseling was similar.