The effect of vitamins C and E on some of growth factors of cultured Acipenser ruthenus

The effect of vitamins C and E on some of growth factors of cultured Acipenser ruthenus was studied in this thesis. For this purpose diets supplemented with a combination of 100 and 400 mg/kg vitamin C, L-ascorbyl-2-polyphosphate and 100 and 400 mg/kg vitamin E, D-alpha-tocopherol,were each fed to sterlet in 2 replications for 15 weeks. Fifteen fish with average weight of 350.92±14.28 gr were distributed to each of 18 tanks after adaptation with experimental diet. After 5 weeks, there were significant differences in RBC, ESR, HCT and differential counting of white blood cells among the treatments (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in the amount of WBC among the treatments (P>0.05). After 10 weeks, there were significant differences in the amounts of Monocytes, Lymphocytes and Eosinophils (P<0.05), but there was no significant differences in the amount of other hematologic factors (P>0.05). At the end of the experiment (15th week) only WBC, RBC, Monocyte, lymphocyte and neutrophil showed significant differences between the treatments (P<0.05) and other hematologic factors did not show any significant differences between the treatments (P>0.05). The results of biochemical indices analysis showed significant differences (P<0.05) among treatments for all of the parameters for 5th weeks, total protein and glucose for 10th week and only cholesterol for 15th week. The carcass analysis at the end of experiment showed that only the amount of carbohydrate, protein and ash were significantly difference between the treatments (P<0.05). The results of growth parameters at the end of 3th, 9th, 12th and 15th week showed significant differences between the treatments (P<0.05), but at the end of 6th week only GR was significantly different between the treatments (P<0.05). After concerning acute stress test including reduce water volume, cutting the aeration for 30 minutes at the end of experiment, cortisol and glucose significantly increased (P<0.05) compared with prestress period, but the lowest response to the stressor was observed in fish fed by E400 C 400 mg/kg. On the other hand the survival was 100% during the experiment and no mortality was occurred during this period. Results of this study indicate that Vitamins C and E can have remarkable effects on hematological, biochemical and growth indices in different growth periods. So regarding the effects of vitamin C and E on some growth indices, it seems that the diet containing E400 C 100 mg/kg can be considered as the optimum diet in the rearing condition for this weigth range of fish.

Effect of dietary supplementation of vitamins A, D-3, E, and C on yearling rice field eel, Monopterus albus: Serum indices, gonad development, and metabolism of calcium and phosphorus

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dietary vitamins A, D-3, E, and C on the gonad development, lipid peroxidation, and immune response of yearling rice field eel, Monopterus albus. A 6-wk feeding trial was designed according to an L-16(4(5)) orthogonal design, in which four vitamins, each at four supplementation levels, were arranged. Sixteen diets were mixed with the different vitamin levels and randomly assigned to 16 groups of fish. Increasing dietary vitamin E supplementation level significantly (P <= 0.05) increased the gonadosomatic index and lowered the serum content of malondialdehyde of rice field eel. Increasing dietary vitamin A and C levels also showed similar effect, but the differences were not statistically significant. Serum immunoglobulin M content increased significantly (P <= 0.01) as dietary vitamin C supplementation levels increased. The concentrations of calcium in bones showed significant (P <= 0.05) trend with vitamin D-3 and A supplementation levels, but the bone phosphorus content was not affected by the dietary vitamin levels.

UASB反应器处理维生素C生产废水研究

维生素C生产废水有机物浓度高、成分复杂、排放量大，是一种亟待处理的典型工业废水。本研究分别采用实验室规模和中试规模的升流式厌氧颗粒污泥床反应器（UASB）对该制药工业废水的厌氧生物处理工艺进行了较为深入的研究。同时采用两种不依赖于纯培养的分子生物学手段—变性梯度凝胶电泳（DGGE）和扩增核糖体DNA限制性分析（ARDRA）技术揭示了UASB反应器不同运行阶段污泥中微生物群落多样性组成及变化。此外，首次研究了零价铁（Fe0）在厌氧消化过程中对反应器运行及微生物群落结构的影响。 采用城市污水处理厂厌氧消化池絮状污泥和处理啤酒废水的颗粒污泥混合接种，小试中温（35±1℃）UASB反应器在其运行的第65天启动成功。反应器稳定运行阶段，在进水COD浓度为9000mg/L、水力停留时间为12h、容积负荷为13.6 kgCOD/m3.d条件下，其COD去除率稳定在85~90%之间，沼气产率达到4.5 m3/m3.d，沼气甲烷含量平均为72%。中试UASB反应器的接种污泥为厌氧消化污泥，其启动时间相对较长，为90天。在稳定运行期，反应器的进水COD浓度为8000~10000mg/L，水力停留时间和容积负荷分别保持在12~16h和10.6~14.2 kgCOD/m3.d范围，该阶段反应器的平均COD去除率稳定在85%左右，沼气产率平均为5.2m3/m3.d，沼气中甲烷含量为69%。上述结果表明中温UASB工艺用于维生素C生产废水处理是高效、可行的。 与对照反应器相比，添加Fe0的小试UASB反应器的COD去除率和沼气产量分别提高了6.5%和10.2%。同时，磷酸盐平均去除率为79%，比对照提高了64%，目前尚未见类似研究报道。在中试规模的UASB反应器中补充一定量的Fe0可缩短反应器启动时间，促进颗粒污泥的形成，该结果可能具有重要的应用价值。培养试验进一步表明，Fe0可以作为产甲烷菌还原CO2生成甲烷的电子供体。培养实验还表明，当系统中存在硝酸盐（0.40 mM）和硫酸盐（0.26 mM）时，Fe0促产甲烷过程受到一定程度的抑制。 采用细菌通用引物968F/1401R和341F/907R获得的PCR-DGGE指纹图谱均表明UASB反应器不同运行阶段细菌种群结构变化明显。小试和中试稳定期污泥的微生物多样性均高于各自初始接种污泥。产甲烷菌通用引物340F/519R的PCR-DGGE结果显示，虽然接种污泥中产甲烷菌的丰富度系数略低于稳定期，但总体而言，反应器运行期间产甲烷菌的种群组成相对稳定。 通过构建不同处理和不同运行阶段污泥样品的16S rRNA基因文库并对克隆基因进行限制性内切酶消化、测序分析。结果表明，稳定期两个反应器微生物群落结构相似，但与各自接种污泥差异明显。小试UASB反应器接种污泥中细菌的优势菌群分别为变形菌纲的δ亚纲（28.7%）和β亚纲（17.4%），至稳定运行期则演替为革兰氏阳性低GC菌群（21.9%）和变形菌纲的δ亚纲（14.0%）。中试反应器接种污泥Green non-sulfer bacteria（25.9%）和变形菌纲的δ亚纲（16.4%）类群占优势，而稳定期Green non-sulfer bacteria类群（17.9%）、革兰氏阳性低GC菌群（16.2%）和变形菌纲的δ亚纲（15.4%）为优势菌群。 产甲烷菌的优势克隆为SRJ 230、SRJ 26和SRJ 583，前两者分别与Methanosaeta concilii和未培养的Methanobacteria-like克隆Gran7M4的同源性达到97%和98%，后者与Methanomethylovorans. sp同源性为99%。接种污泥中上述类群占总克隆数量的比例较低。小试、中试接种污泥中产甲烷菌分别占7.8%和3.0%，但稳定运行期，该比例明显增加，分别达到21.9%和18.8%。上述结果表明启动期与稳定期污泥产甲烷菌种群组成相对稳定，但各类群数量明显增加。 添加Fe0的UASB反应器稳定运行期污泥中产甲烷菌比例（31.2%）高于对照反应器（24.2%）, 革兰氏阳性低GC类群、变形菌纲的δ亚纲比例差异不明显，而变形菌纲β亚纲（6.0%）和Green non-sulfer bacteria（9.2%）的比例均分别低于对照反应器（13.1%和17.1%）。该结果表明，添加Fe0使反应器内微生物群落多样性发生了显著变化。 此外，在添加Fe0的UASB反应器中检测到特异性的克隆SRJ 341和SRJ 320，两者分别同磷酸盐去除和铁氧化有关的克隆子Orbal D41和Clone195的序列相似性达95%和96%。这两个类群可能分别与磷酸盐去除及铁促产甲烷作用密切相关。这一结果尚未见报道。

离子注入选育维生素C高产菌

维生素C二步发酵混菌生产中，第一步由单菌发酵将D-山梨醇转化为L-山梨糖，第二步由产酸菌氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌与伴生菌巨大牙孢杆菌混菌发酵将L-山梨糖转化为2-酮基-L-古龙酸（维生素C的前体物）.利用离子注入技术，采用N<'+>离子束为诱变源，诱变维生素C二步混菌发酵中的产酸菌氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌.通过建立的维生素C高产菌筛选方法，以2-酮基-L古龙酸为筛选标记，获得一株维生素C高产菌株D14，其与生产用伴生菌巨大牙孢杆菌组成维生素C新混合菌系ND14，平均醇酸转化率比生产用混菌提高3.3个百分点.维生素C高产菌株D14及维生素C新混合菌系ND14生长特性及发酵特性为：维生素C高产菌株D14生长能力明显增强;维生素C新混合菌系D14于种子培养基中稳定期延长8-12小时，总生物量增加;在发酵过程中ND14生长明显快于CK，菌体总生物量增加.利用均匀设计的方法对新混合菌系ND14发酵培养基进行了优化，其结果为：最适玉米浆浓度为1.6%、最适尿素浓度为1.6%、最适MgSO<,4>浓度为0.03%、最适KH<,2>PO<,4>浓度为0.06%.

Vitamins C and E for prevention of pre-eclampsia in women with type 1 diabetes (DAPIT): a randomised placebo-controlled trial.

Background
Results of several trials of antioxidant use during pregnancy have not shown a reduction in pre-eclampsia, but the eff ect in women with diabetes is unknown. We aimed to assess whether supplementation with vitamins C and E reduced incidence of pre-eclampsia in women with type 1 diabetes.

Methods
We enrolled women from 25 UK antenatal metabolic clinics in a multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. Eligibility criteria were type 1 diabetes preceding pregnancy, presentation between 8 weeks’ and 22 weeks’ gestation, singleton pregnancy, and age 16 years or older. Women were randomly allocated in a 1:1 ratio to receive1000 mg vitamin C and 400 IU vitamin E (a-tocopherol) or matched placebo daily until delivery. The randomisation sequence was stratifi ed by centre with balanced blocks of eight patients. All trial personnel and participants were masked to treatment allocation. The primary endpoint was pre-eclampsia, which we defi ned as gestational hypertension with proteinuria. Analysis was by modifi ed intention to treat. This study is registered, ISRCTN27214045.

Findings
Between April, 2003, and June, 2008, 762 women were randomly allocated to treatment groups (379 vitamin supplementation, 383 placebo). The primary endpoint was assessed for 375 women allocated to receive vitamins, and 374 allocated to placebo. Rates of pre-eclampsia did not differ between vitamin (15%, n=57) and placebo (19%, 70)groups (risk ratio 0·81, 95% CI 0·59–1·12). No adverse maternal or neonatal outcomes were reported.

Interpretation
Supplementation with vitamins C and E did not reduce risk of pre-eclampsia in women with type 1 diabetes. However, the possibility that vitamin supplementation might be benefi cial in women with a low antioxidant status at baseline needs further testing.

Antioxidant vitamin supplements and markers of bone turnover in a community sample of nonsmoking women

Background: Whereas several epidemiological studies suggest that low dietary intake of vitamins C and E is linked to increased hip fracture in smokers and antioxidants (dietary and endogenous) are reduced in elderly osteoporotic women, none has demonstrated an effect of supplemental antioxidants on bone turnover.

Methods: In an observational study of 533 randomly selected women, we investigated the associations among the use of antioxidant supplements, vitamins C and E, serum levels of biochemical markers of bone turnover (C-telopeptide [CTx] and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase [BSAP]), and whole body bone mineral density (BMD).

Results: Twenty-two women were identified as current users of supplemental vitamin C or E. Duration of antioxidant supplement use was negatively associated with age-adjusted and weight-adjusted serum CTx, such that mean CTx levels (natural log transformed) were 0.022 units lower for each year of exposure. No significant differences were detected for adjusted serum BSAP or whole body BMD.

Conclusions: Our results suggest that antioxidant vitamin E or C supplements may suppress bone resorption in nonsmoking postmenopausal women. Coupling of bone formation and resorption may explain the absence of an effect on bone formation markers, given evidence of enhanced effects of antioxidants on osteoblast differentiation; this warrants further investigation. This work adds to the growing body of evidence that antioxidants may play a role in preventing osteoporosis.

Suco de laranja e vitamina C : efeito sobre a estabilidade genômica

Existem evidências crescentes indicando a associação entre dietas ricas em frutas e vegetais e a diminuição da incidência de câncer. O suco de laranja (OJ) pode ser incluído entre os alimentos com potencial quimioprotetor e seu estudo é muito relevante pelo amplo consumo desta bebida. O OJ possui vários nutrientes e compostos bioativos com atividades antioxidante, antimutagênica, anticarcinogênica e antiaterogênica, entre outras. A vitamina C (Vit C) é um dos nutrientes mais abundantes no OJ, e o único nutriente que pode ser provido em quantidade superior à recomendação diária por uma única porção de 200 mL de OJ. A Vit C, a exemplo de outros componentes do OJ, pode ser tanto benéfica quanto maléfica para os sistemas biológicos, dependendo do contexto metabólico. Neste sentido, vários nutrientes presentes no OJ têm sido identificados como mutagênicos ou carcinogênicos, especialmente quando administrados de forma isolada. Este estudo utilizou o ensaio Cometa alcalino em sangue de camundongos (in vivo) para avaliar: 1) a genotoxicidade do OJ e da Vit C; 2) a genotoxicidade do FeSO4 e do CuSO4: 3) o efeito modulador do OJ e da Vit C sobre a genotoxicidade do FeSO4 e CuSO4, bem como do metilmetanosulfonato (MMS) e da ciclofosfamida (CP). A versão alcalina do ensaio Cometa foi utilizada para avaliar o dano no DNA em células brancas do sangue periférico de camundongos. Adicionalmente, os níveis de cobre e ferro no sangue e no fígado dos camundongos tratados com metais e OJ foram avaliados pela metodologia de PIXE (Particle-Induced X-ray Emission). Grupos com pelo menos 6 camundongos (metade de cada sexo) foram tratados por gavage com uma ou duas doses de água (controle), CP, MMS, FeSO4 ou CuSO4. OJ (0.1 mL/Kg) foi administrado tanto antes (pré-tratamento) quanto após a administração das substâncias-teste (pós-tratamento). A Vit C (1 e 30 mg/Kg) foi administrada apenas no pós-tratamento. O dano no DNA foi avaliado 24 e 48 h após o início do tratamento. Após 24 h, o OJ induziu um suave aumento no dano no DNA, enquanto a Vit C foi genotóxica (30 mg/Kg > 1 mg/Kg). O tratamento duplo com Vit C (a 0 e a 24 h) induziu uma resposta genotóxica cumulativa a 48 h, que foi mais intensa para a dose maior. O FeSO4 e o CuSO4 foram genotóxicos após 24 h, mas tiveram seu dano efetivamente reparado após 48 h do tratamento. O pré-tratamento com OJ reduziu a genotoxicidade do FeSO4 e do CuSO4 (efeito preventivo). O pós-tratamento com OJ também reduziu a genotoxicidade do CuSO4 (efeito reparador). O OJ mostrou tanto efeito preventivo quanto reparador sobre a genotoxicidade do MMS. O OJ teve apenas efeito reparador sobre a CP. Ambas doses de Vit C aumentaram os danos no DNA causados pelo FeSO4 e pelo CuSO4. Adicionalmente, os níveis de cobre e ferro no sangue e no fígado dos camundongos tratados com metais e OJ foram avaliados pela metodologia de PIXE (Particle-Induced X-ray Emission). Grupos com pelo menos 6 camundongos (metade de cada sexo) foram tratados por gavage com uma ou duas doses de água (controle), CP, MMS, FeSO4 ou CuSO4. OJ (0.1 mL/Kg) foi administrado tanto antes (pré-tratamento) quanto após a administração das substâncias-teste (pós-tratamento). A Vit C (1 e 30 mg/Kg) foi administrada apenas no pós-tratamento. O dano no DNA foi avaliado 24 e 48 h após o início do tratamento. Após 24 h, o OJ induziu um suave aumento no dano no DNA, enquanto a Vit C foi genotóxica (30 mg/Kg > 1 mg/Kg). O tratamento duplo com Vit C (a 0 e a 24 h) induziu uma resposta genotóxica cumulativa a 48 h, que foi mais intensa para a dose maior. O FeSO4 e o CuSO4 foram genotóxicos após 24 h, mas tiveram seu dano efetivamente reparado após 48 h do tratamento. O pré-tratamento com OJ reduziu a genotoxicidade do FeSO4 e do CuSO4 (efeito preventivo). O pós-tratamento com OJ também reduziu a genotoxicidade do CuSO4 (efeito reparador). O OJ mostrou tanto efeito preventivo quanto reparador sobre a genotoxicidade do MMS. O OJ teve apenas efeito reparador sobre a CP. Ambas doses de Vit C aumentaram os danos no DNA causados pelo FeSO4 e pelo CuSO4. processado e armazenado de forma a preservar o seu potencial biológico é um alimento sugerido como uma das porções de uma dieta equilibrada (contendo pelo menos 5 porções de frutas e vegetais), recomendada para uma vida saudável e longeva.

Challenge of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) fed diets supplemented with vitamins C and E by Aeromonas hydrophila under different temperature

Pacus Piaractus mesopotamicus alimentados com dietas contendo três níveis de vitaminas C e E (zero, 250 e 500mg/kg de ração) foram desafiados, em diferentes temperaturas, com Aeromonas hydrophila. Os peixes foram mantidos em caixas plásticas de 300L e, com o objetivo de reduzir as reservas vitamínicas, durante os primeiros 60 dias, foram alimentados com dietas isentas das vitaminas C e E. Após esse período, os peixes foram estocados na densidade inicial de 14 peixes/caixa e as dietas-teste foram oferecidas durante 60 dias. Ao final do experimento, todos os peixes foram infectados com 6×10(6) UFC de A. hydrophila/peixe, injetada intraperitonealmente. Não houve interação nível de vitamina C vs. nível de vitamina E quanto à mortalidade. A suplementação com as vitaminas C e E não reduziu a taxa de mortalidade dos peixes desafiados com A. hydrophila. Independentemente da suplementação vitamínica, após o desafio, os peixes menores apresentaram maior taxa de mortalidade que os maiores e o grupo mantido em ambiente com temperatura mais alta apresentou maior taxa de mortalidade após o desafio.

Influence of levels and forms of selenium associated with levels of vitamins C and E on the performance, yield and composition of tilapia fillet

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Influência de diferentes níveis de vitamina C na ração sobre parâmetros hematológicos de alevinos de Piaractus mesopotamicus Holmberg (Osteichthyes, Characidae)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Hematology of Piaractus mesopotamicus fed diets supplemented with vitamins C and E, challenged by Aeromonas hydrophila

Piaractus mesopotamicus were fed diets supplemented with three vitamin C and/or E levels (zero, 250, and 500 mg vitamin/kg dry ration) and challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila. The fish were fed during the first 60 days with diets without vitamins C and E, in an attempt to reduce vitamin sources. After this period, test diets were offered during 60 days. At the end of the experiment, all fish were intraperitoneally injected with 6 x 10(6) Colony forming units (cfu) of A. hydrophila per fish. It was concluded that for pacu, vitamin C and E are essential for protection of erythrocytes. Vitamin C induces an increase in the number of circulating thrombocytes in a dose-response relation. However, just like vitamin deficiency should be avoided, excess vitamins can also cause damage to fish as observed in the hematocrit and hemoglobin values. Based on the hematological responses obtained, the recommended vitamin C and vitamin E levels for P mesopotamicus juveniles are 500 and 250 mg/kg feed, respectively. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Performance and hematology of pacu fed diets supplemented with vitamins C and/or E

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Desempenho, Temperatura Corporal e Qualidade dos Ovos de Poedeiras Alimentadas com Vitaminas D e C em Três Temperaturas Ambiente

O experimento foi conduzido em câmara climática para determinar os efeitos das vitaminas D3 e C sobre o desempenho, temperatura corporal e qualidade dos ovos de poedeiras em três temperaturas: termoneutra (24,8º a 27,0º C), estresse calórico cíclico (26,2º C por 16h e 32,1º C por 8h) e estresse calórico constante (30,0º a 32,0º C). Foram utilizadas 144 galinhas brancas com 31 semanas num delineamento inteiramente ao acaso em arranjo fatorial 3x3x3: vitamina D3 (2500, 3000 e 3500 UI/kg), vitamina C (0, 200 e 400 ppm) e temperatura ambiente (termoneutra, estresse calórico cíclico e constante). As características avaliadas foram: consumo de ração (CR), produção de ovos (PO), peso dos ovos (PE), massa de ovos (MO), conversão alimentar (CA), porcentagens de albúmem (AL) e de gema (GE), unidade Haugh (UH), índice de gema (IG), porcentagem de casca (PC), espessura de casca (EC), gravidade específica dos ovos (GO), temperaturas dorsal (TD) e retal (TR). A vitamina D3 interferiu nas características PC, EC, GO e TD; a vitamina C no IG, PC e GO. A temperatura ambiente não afetou somente a UH. Concluiu-se que níveis mais altos de vitamina D3 e níveis de 200 ou 400 ppm de vitamina C na dieta podem melhorar a qualidade da casca e que o estresse calórico prejudicou as principais características avaliadas.

Influência da incorporação de vitamina C à dieta no desempenho produtivo de rãs-touro Lithobates catesbeianus pós-metamorfoseadas

The experiment was developed in Marta Farm, Tremembe city, located in the State of São Paulo - Brazil, using a frogculture commercial project. The aim of this study was evaluate the performance (growth, survival and feed conversion) of bullfrogs Lithobates catesbeianus, post-metamorphosed fed with diets containing different amounts of vitamin C and your performance with the temperature. The animals were kept in 24 boxes of (2.0 x 1.0 m) with an initial density of 50 animals per square meter. We tested the following levels of supplementation in the diet: 0, 250, 500, 750, 1,000 and 2,000 mg vitamin C kg(-1) of diet. The experimental design was completely randomized with six treatments and four replicates. The parameters evaluated were: feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion and survival tax. The animals were weighed at the beginning of the experiment and every 30 days and recorded daily to room temperature. The percentage of food intake decreased with the growth of the frogs, from 3.85 to 1.2% of the live weight, and the mean of temperature decreased from 28 to 20.1 degrees C. It was concluded that there was no influence of vitamin C on the performance (growth, survival and feed conversion) of bullfrogs in the growing stage.

Can vitamins C and E restore the androgen level and hypersensitivity of the vas deferens in hyperglycemic rats?

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)