Descripción de tres especies nuevas del género Drosophila (Diptera, Drosophilidae) en el Ecuador

Se encontraron tres especies nuevas de Drosophila entre los individuos colectados en diferentes localidades del Ecuador. Una de las especies nuevas pertenecen al grupo Drosophila willistoni y otra al grupo Drosophila asiri, la tercera especie se encuentra sin agrupar. En todos los muestreos realizados se usaron trampas fabricadas con botellas de plástico agujereadas con cebo de banano y levadura. Las tres especies son: D. (Sophophora) neocapnoptera sp. nov., esta especie es similar a D. capnoptera Patterson & Mainland, 1944, sin embargo presentan algunas diferencias en el ala que permiten distinguirlas. Drosophila (Drosophila) neoasiri sp. nov., una especie similar a D. asiri Vela & Rafael, 2005, la diferencia más relevante entre las dos especies se observa a nivel del edeago y Drosophila (Drosophila) papallacta sp. nov. que por el momento no se encuentra relacionada a ningún grupo de especies del género Drosophila.

Una nueva especie del grupo Drosophila annulimana (Diptera, Drosophilidae) y un nuevo registro en las Provincias de Pichincha y Napo, Ecuador

En estudios realizados en el bosque nublado Intillacta, provincia de Pichincha, Ecuador, y en la Cordillera de los Guacamayos, provincia de Napo, Ecuador, se encontró una nueva especie de Drosophila. En base a estudios de la morfología de la genitalia masculina, se propone que, Drosophila intillacta sp. nov. pertenece al grupo Drosophila annulimana. Así mismo, se reporta Drosophila tarsata Schiner, 1868, capturada en la Cordillera de los Guacamayos, como un nuevo registro para el país.

Redescripción de Drosophila ogradi y descripción de una especie nueva del grupo Drosophila morelia (Diptera, Drosophilidae)

RESUMEN En el presente estudio se analizaron y compararon los caracteres morfológicos de una especie de Drosophila, capturada en el bosque nublado de Intillacta, Pichincha, Ecuador. Los análisis de los rasgos morfológicos como manchas de las alas y genitalia sugieren que se trata de una especie nueva perteneciente al grupo Drosophila morelia. Por lo tanto, Drosophila nina sp. nov., descrita en el presente estudio, es la quinta especie de este grupo. Así mismo se redescribe a Drosophila ogradi Vela & Rafael, 2004 para completar la información faltante en la descripción original.

Descripción de cuatro especies nuevas del subgrupo Drosophila fasciola, gruporepleta (Diptera, Drosophilidae) en dos bosques nublados del Ecuador

RESUMEN En el presente trabajo se describen cuatro miembros nuevos del grupoDrosophila repleta capturados en dos bosques nublados del Ecuador. Las nuevas especies fueron agrupadas dentro del subgrupo D. fasciola basados en el patrón de pigmentación del tórax y la morfología de la genitalia masculina. Drosophila inti sp. nov.,D. nigua sp. nov. y D. yambe sp. nov. fueron capturadas con trampas de banano, mientras que D. carvalhoi sp. nov. fue recolectada en inflorescencias deAnthurium sp. La pigmentación del abdomen y la forma del edeago de D. nigua sp. nov., D. yambe sp. nov. y D. carvalhoi sp. nov. indicarían que están relacionadas entre ellas, mientras que D. inti sp. nov. sería más cercana aD. linearepleta Patterson & Wheeler, 1942.

Ação inativante de corantes sobre a alexina ou complemento

Os autores estudaram a ação inativante de corantes sôbre a alexina. Para isto, empregaram 50 corantes das diferentes séries químicas, chegando à conclusão que sòmente 11 dêles possuem esta ação: o ponceau, vermelho congo, violeta de metila, auramina, eosina, rosa bengala, verde verdadeiro, violeta paris, azul de metila, pironina amarela e a anilina zul. Verificaram que êles inativam sempre em proporção constante: 0,5 ml- de uma solução a 1% e que esta ação parece ser independente das constantes físicas do corante (carga elétrica, pêso molecular, absorção máxima no espectrômetro) e das peculiaridades intrinsicas de suas constituições químicas. Determinaram também que êstes corantes inativaram em sua maioria o quarto componente termoestável (C4) da alexina, exceção feita do vermelho congo e da violeta de metila que inativavam o terceiro componente termoestável (C3). A pi-ronina amarela revelou atuar sôbre os 3.° e 4.° compenentes (C3 e C4) ou sobre algum elemento indispensável a ação dêles.

Paper electrophoretic and enzimatic studies on blood serum, venom and liver of "Bothrops jararaca"

Fígado, veneno e sôro sanguíneo de "Bothrops jararaca" foram estudados por meio da eletroforese em papel e determinação de atividades enzimáticas. Xantina oxidase e deshidrogenase foram encontradas sòmente no fígado das cobras. A análise espectrográfica do veneno e do sôro confirmam os resultados negativos obtidos para xantina oxidase uma vez que não foi encontrado molibdêneo. L-amino ácido oxidase foi determinada no fígado, sÔro e veneno. A eletroforese em papel do sôro sanguíneo mostrou que existem 7 frações proteicas, sendo que duas apresentam fluorescência característica de flavinas, quando expostas à luz ultra-violeta. Em vista dos resultados obtidos é concluido que as flavinas do sôro e do veneno de Bothrops jararaca estão na maior parte ligadas às proteínas. Estas flavinas combinadas parecem estar sob a forma de FAD (flavina adenina dinucleotídeo) fazendo parte do grupo prostético da L-amino ácido oxidase, uma vez que não foi encontrada nenhuma atividade de xantina oxidase.

Transcriptional response to cardiac injury in the zebrafish: systematic identification of genes with highly concordant activity across in vivo models.

BACKGROUND: Zebrafish is a clinically-relevant model of heart regeneration. Unlike mammals, it has a remarkable heart repair capacity after injury, and promises novel translational applications. Amputation and cryoinjury models are key research tools for understanding injury response and regeneration in vivo. An understanding of the transcriptional responses following injury is needed to identify key players of heart tissue repair, as well as potential targets for boosting this property in humans. RESULTS: We investigated amputation and cryoinjury in vivo models of heart damage in the zebrafish through unbiased, integrative analyses of independent molecular datasets. To detect genes with potential biological roles, we derived computational prediction models with microarray data from heart amputation experiments. We focused on a top-ranked set of genes highly activated in the early post-injury stage, whose activity was further verified in independent microarray datasets. Next, we performed independent validations of expression responses with qPCR in a cryoinjury model. Across in vivo models, the top candidates showed highly concordant responses at 1 and 3 days post-injury, which highlights the predictive power of our analysis strategies and the possible biological relevance of these genes. Top candidates are significantly involved in cell fate specification and differentiation, and include heart failure markers such as periostin, as well as potential new targets for heart regeneration. For example, ptgis and ca2 were overexpressed, while usp2a, a regulator of the p53 pathway, was down-regulated in our in vivo models. Interestingly, a high activity of ptgis and ca2 has been previously observed in failing hearts from rats and humans. CONCLUSIONS: We identified genes with potential critical roles in the response to cardiac damage in the zebrafish. Their transcriptional activities are reproducible in different in vivo models of cardiac injury.

El reporterismo de investigación en el medio televisivo: del reportero neutro, al declarado, pasando por el discreto (Análisis de Documentos TV, A la presó y 21 días)

El treball final de carrera analitza el reporterisme d'investigació en el mitjà televisiu, un dels fenòmens que actualment, en la pràctica periodística, s'està posant cada vegada més de moda. Per aquest motiu s'ha realitzat una part teòrica amb l'objectiu de sintetitzar tot el que fa referència al marc conceptual, des dels seus inicis, fins els elements que ho componen i que formen part del procés d'investigació i, posteriorment, una part pràctica on s'ha efectuat una anàlisi de diferents reportatges actuals d'investigació televisius. La conclusió del treball demostra que les noves audiències són les protagonistes que el panorama del reporterisme televisiu estigui evolucionant cap a nous formats, formats que, al mateix temps que progressen, conviuen els uns amb els altres dins la mateixa graella televisiva.

Mecanismes neuronals de la facilitació de l'aprenentatge i la memoria per autoestimulació eléctrica intracranial en rates: espines dendrítiques

La potenciación de procesos de aprendizaje y memoria por autoestimación eléctrica intracraneal (AEIC) se ha observado principalmente en tareas de aprendizaje de tipo implícito, caracterizado por necesitar de múltiples ensayos y por dar lugar a una respuesta conductual rígida. Los efectos de la AEIC sobre formas de aprendizaje consideradas más complejas, como la memoria de navegación espacial, son menos conocidos. En nuestro laboratorio hemos observado recientemente que el tratamiento de AEIC es también capaz de facilitar tanto la adquisición como la retención de una tarea relacional, en el laberinto acuático de Morris (MWM) (Ruiz-Medina et al., 2008). El proyecto de investigación objeto de esta memoria continúa el estudio de este efecto potenciador yendo un paso más allá al profundizar en los mecanismos neurales de este efecto. Lo relativo a las espinas dendríticas, su tamaño, forma y aparición es uno de los campos más actuales en el estudio de las bases neurales de la memoria. Trabajos previos apuntan a un incremento en la densidad de espinas inmaduras -las consideradas de aprendizaje- como efecto tanto del entrenamiento en el MWM como de la AEIC. Relacionar la potenciación de memoria en el MWM resultado de la AEIC con cambios significativos en la población de espinas dendríticas hipocampales sería uno de los principales objetivos del presente trabajo, que se realizará en colaboración con el Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Madrid.

Re-opening the black box in societal metabolism: the application of MuSIASEM to water

In this paper we address the complexity of the analysis of water use in relation to the issue of sustainability. In fact, the flows of water in our planet represent a complex reality which can be studied using many different perceptions and narratives referring to different scales and dimensions of analysis. For this reason, a quantitative analysis of water use has to be based on analytical methods that are semantically open: they must be able to define what we mean with the term “water” when crossing different scales of analysis. We propose here a definition of water as a resource that deal with the many services it provides to humans and ecosystems. WE argue that water can fulfil so many of them since the element has many characteristics that allow for the resource to be labelled with different attributes, depending on the end use –such as drinkable. Since the services for humans and the functions for ecosystems associated with water flows are defined on different scales but still interconnected it is necessary to organize our assessment of water use across different hierarchical levels. In order to do so we define how to approach the study of water use in the Societal Metabolism, by proposing the Water Metabolism, tganized in three levels: societal level, ecosystem level and global level. The possible end uses we distinguish for the society are: personal/physiological use, household use, economic use. Organizing the study of “water use” across all these levels increases the usefulness of the quantitative analysis and the possibilities of finding relevant and comparable results. To achieve this result, we adapted a method developed to deal with multi-level, multi-scale analysis - the Multi-Scale Integrated Analysis of Societal and Ecosystem Metabolism (MuSIASEM) approach - to the analysis of water metabolism. In this paper, we discuss the peculiar analytical identity that “water” shows within multi-scale metabolic studies: water represents a flow-element when considering the metabolism of social systems (at a small scale, when describing the water metabolism inside the society) and a fund-element when considering the metabolism o ecosystems (at a larger scale when describing the water metabolism outside the society). The theoretical analysis is illustrated using two case which characterize the metabolic patterns regarding water use of a productive system in Catalonia and a water management policy in Andarax River Basin in Andalusia.

Validación de modificaciones en maniquí “Ambú®” para entrenamiento en el manejo de la vía aérea difícil mediante estudio comparativo con maniquí “Airsim®”

Per la pràctica del maneig de la via aèria s’utilitzen maniquins i simuladors. La dificultat de la intubació orotraqueal és poc habitual però pot comportar greus conseqüències. Vuit anestesiòlegs (cinc adjunts i tres residents) avaluem les diferències entre el maniquí Airsim®, dissenyat per situacions de via aèria difícil i el maniquí Ambú® modificat per reproduir situacions que dificulten la intubació orotraqueal. Les variacions en el maniquí Ambú® poden ser igual d’útils per la pràctica de la vía aèria difícil que el maniquí Airsim®, tot i que tècnicament és més difícil la intubació en el maniquí modificat.

Extranodal NK/T-Cell Lymphoma without Nasal Cavity Involvement Associated with Epstein-Barr Virus:AMultimodality-Based Diagnosis of Two Cases

We report two cases of extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type, in immunocompetent patients without nasal cavity involvement. In the two cases, the initial presumptive diagnosis was tuberculosis and there was a rapid dissemination of the tumor with short survival after the hospital admittance. An autopsy was performed showing infiltration in several organs including lymph nodes and mesenteric and retroperitoneal fat. Histological sections showed an angiocentric and angiodestructive growth pattern and the immunophenotype was CD45+, CD3+ (cytoplasmic), as well as Granzyme B+ and EBV+. However, CD56 expression was only positive in a case in which the molecular study showed T-cell gene rearrangement with monoclonal appearance and associated with hemophagocytic syndrome. These cases represent rare examples of NK/T-cell lymphoma disseminated outside the nasal cavity highly aggressive that lead to the rapid death of the patients.

Intratracheal dopamine attenuates pulmonary edema and improves survival after ventilator-induced lung injury in rats

INTRODUCTION Clearance of alveolar oedema depends on active transport of sodium across the alveolar-epithelial barrier. beta-Adrenergic agonists increase clearance of pulmonary oedema, but it has not been established whether beta-agonist stimulation achieves sufficient oedema clearance to improve survival in animals. The objective of this study was to determine whether the increased pulmonary oedema clearance produced by intratracheal dopamine improves the survival of rats after mechanical ventilation with high tidal volume (HVT). METHODS This was a randomized, controlled, experimental study. One hundred and thirty-two Wistar-Kyoto rats, weighing 250 to 300 g, were anaesthetized and cannulated via endotracheal tube. Pulmonary oedema was induced by endotracheal instillation of saline solution and mechanical ventilation with HVT. Two types of experiment were carried out. The first was an analysis of pulmonary oedema conducted in six groups of 10 rats ventilated with low (8 ml/kg) or high (25 ml/kg) tidal volume for 30 or 60 minutes with or without intratracheally instilled dopamine. At the end of the experiment the animals were exsanguinated and pulmonary oedema analysis performed. The second experiment was a survival analysis, which was conducted in two groups of 36 animals ventilated with HVT for 60 minutes with or without intratracheal dopamine; survival of the animals was monitored for up to 7 days after extubation. RESULTS In animals ventilated at HVT with or without intratracheal dopamine, oxygen saturation deteriorated over time and was significantly higher at 30 minutes than at 60 minutes. After 60 minutes, a lower wet weight/dry weight ratio was observed in rats ventilated with HVT and instilled with dopamine than in rats ventilated with HVT without dopamine (3.9 +/- 0.27 versus 4.9 +/- 0.29; P = 0.014). Survival was significantly (P = 0.013) higher in animals receiving intratracheal dopamine and ventilated with HVT, especially at 15 minutes after extubation, when 11 of the 36 animals in the HVT group had died as compared with only one out of the 36 animals in the HVT plus dopamine group. CONCLUSION Intratracheal dopamine instillation increased pulmonary oedema clearance in rats ventilated with HVT, and this greater clearance was associated with improved survival.

Alveolar fluid clearance in healthy pigs and influence of positive end-expiratory pressure

INTRODUCTION The objectives were to characterize alveolar fluid clearance (AFC) in pigs with normal lungs and to analyze the effect of immediate application of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). METHODS Animals (n = 25) were mechanically ventilated and divided into four groups: small edema (SE) group, producing pulmonary edema (PE) by intratracheal instillation of 4 ml/kg of saline solution; small edema with PEEP (SE + PEEP) group, same as previous but applying PEEP of 10 cmH2O; large edema (LE) group, producing PE by instillation of 10 ml/kg of saline solution; and large edema with PEEP (LE + PEEP) group, same as LE group but applying PEEP of 10 cmH2O. AFC was estimated from differences in extravascular lung water values obtained by transpulmonary thermodilution method. RESULTS At one hour, AFC was 19.4% in SE group and 18.0% in LE group. In the SE + PEEP group, the AFC rate was higher at one hour than at subsequent time points and higher than in the SE group (45.4% vs. 19.4% at one hour, P < 0.05). The AFC rate was also significantly higher in the LE + PEEP than in the LE group at three hours and four hours. CONCLUSIONS In this pig model, the AFC rate is around 20% at one hour and around 50% at four hours, regardless of the amount of edema, and is increased by the application of PEEP.