Caracterización de 16 genotipos de leguminosas herbáceas asociado con maíz en Niquinohomo y Managua

Este ensayo experimental documenta el comportamiento agronómico general de leguminosas herbáceas asociadas con maíz, bajo manejo en dos ambientes ecológicos diferentes de Nicaragua: Finca Santa Rosa, Sabana Grande, Managua y el Rancho Agropecológico en Especies Menores Ebenezer, RAEME, Niquinohomo, Masaya, para tal fin se emplearon como tratamientos 7 especies y 16 variedades de leguminosas herbáceas asociadas con maíz ( Zea mays) , variedad NB6, más maíz establecido en monocultivo, a los cuales se les analizó mediante las variables germinación, altura de la planta, diámetro del tallo, cobertura, presencia de daño foliar por insectos, presencia de malezas, porcentaje de materia seca, kg de materia seca por hectárea, número de nódulos, peso de raíz y porcentaje de Nitrógeno en biomasa de las leguminosas. El diseño del ensayo experimental constó de tres bloques al azar, dispuestos en forma perpendicular entre sí, cada bloque fue dividido en 17 parcelas. Al analizar los resultados se encontró que en la Finca Santa Rosa Vigna unguiculata verde brasil (vun1) y en RAEME, Vigna unguiculata 284/2 (Vun3) fueron la s leguminosas que presentaron mejor comportamiento, en relación al maíz, en la Finca Santa Rosa presentó mejor comportamiento al estar asociado con Vigna unguiculata 131-2 (Vun5), en RAEME, fue el maíz asociado con Centrosema plumieri (Cp). Así mismo los resultados indican que al asociar el maíz con leguminosas se obtienen mejores resultados que estando solo. Para ambos sitios se determinó que el mejor asocio fue maíz - Vigna unguiculata verde brasil (vun1), ya que proporciona para ambas especies calificaciones similares, demostrando un equilibrio entre los dos cultivos

Comportamiento agronómico de tres genotipos de maíz (Zea Mays L.) por efecto de la aplicaciòn de abonos orgánicos y sinteticos, Cofradía 2012

En algunos sistemas agroecológicos de Nicaragua, es común el uso de variedades mejoradas y locales en sistemas convencionales sin considerar la fertilización orgánica. Este estudio fue establecido en el período de junio a septiembre del 2012, en un sistema de producción ubicado en Cofradía, municipio de Nindirí, departamento de Masaya, Nicaragua, localizado entre las coordenadas de 12º9'17" de latitud norte y 46º36' de longitud oeste. El objetivo fue evaluar el crecimiento y rendimiento de tres genotipos de maíz (NB-S, Mazorca Oro y una variedad local) con tres tipos de fertilizantes (Sintético, Bokashi y Mungo). Las dosis aplicadas fue 130 kg ha-1 de 12-30-10 al momento de la siembra y 130 kg ha-1 de urea (46%) a los 40 días después de sembrado el maíz. La cantidad de bokashi aplicado fue de 4 284 kg ha-1 al momento de la siembra. El mungo se sembró a los siete días después de la siembra del cultivo principal (maíz) e incorporado a los 28 días después de su siembra. El experimento fue establecido en un diseño de bloques completos al azar con tres repeticiones. Las variables evaluadas fueron altura de planta, número de nudos, altura de inserción de la mazorca, diámetro de mazorca, longitud de mazorca, hileras por mazorca, granos por hilera, peso de 100 granos y rendimiento. Los resultados estadísticos fueron analizados por la prueba de diferencia mínima significativa (DMS), usando el programa estadístico Infostat profesional. Los resultados indican que por interacción genotipos de maíz y fertilización no se registran diferencias. El fertilizante mineral ejerció mayor efecto en las alturas de planta (169 cm) e inserción de la mazorca (82 cm). La variedad local obtuvo el mayor promedio en altura de planta (173 cm), altura de inserción de mazorca (88 cm) y peso de 100 granos (34.73 g). Mazorca de Oro registró mayor número de hileras por mazorca (13.73) y rendimiento (1 580 kg ha-1). La fertilización no tuvo influencia en el rendimiento y sus componentes.

Rice-fish-vegetable integrated farming: towards a sustainable ecosystem

An outline is given of procedures to take in order to adopt an integrated rice-fish-vegetable farming system in India. Vegetables, which are cultivated in the dikes of the system, may include Luffa acutangula, Vigna unguiculata and Phaseolus vulgaris . When the water depth of the field rises to 30-40 cm, fish fingerlings (Puntius javanicus, Cyprinus carpio and Labeo rohita ) and prawn juveniles (Macrobranchium rosenbergii ) may be stocked. The advantages of such a system are listed and include year round employment opportunities for the farm family and improved farm family income and nutrition.

日光温室豇豆产量和品质对水分和氮素水平的响应

依据在日光温室条件下的田间试验,研究了水分和氮素水平对豇豆产量和品质的影响,以期筛选较佳水分和氮素控制指标,为豇豆优质高产提供依据。结果表明:同一氮肥处理下,豇豆产量随土壤水分含量增加而显著增加,达到土壤相对含水量(RH)75%~85%时产量最高,豇豆高产较佳的水分和养分组合为:氮肥120 kg/hm2,壤RH为60%~85%。水分对豇豆鲜菜可溶性糖含量影响不明显;在水分充足条件下氮肥能提高豇豆的可溶性糖含量;水分有助于提高豇豆的Vc含量,水分、氮肥适宜豇豆可获得较高的Vc含量。豇豆硝酸盐含随施氮量增加显著增大。在氮素水平为60~120 kg/hm2条件下,水分对豇豆硝酸盐含量影响不明显,在氮素水平为180kg/hm2条件下,水分明显增加豇豆硝酸盐含量。按照蔬菜中硝酸盐含量安全标准,在氮水平为60~120 kg/hm2条件下豇豆的硝酸盐含量均在250 mg/kg以下,达到一级安全标准。氮水平120 kg/hm2是较佳的豇豆安全施肥量。综合考虑水分和氮肥对豇豆安全品质、营养品质以及产量的效应,建议豇豆生产中氮肥用量为120 kg/hm2左右,田间持水量保持在60%~85%。

The paleoclimatic events and cause in the Okinawa Trough during 50 kaBP

Planktonic foraminiferal delta O-18 record for core DGKS9603 from the Okinawa Trough shows a series of climatic fluctuations and sudden cooling events in short time scale during 50 kaBP, which appear to correlate closely to the Younger Dryas and Heinrich events H1-5 recorded in Chinese loess, the South China Sea, the North Atlantic cores and the Greenland ice cores. Three polarity reversal events, correlating to Gothenburg, Mungo and Laschamp events, approximately correspond to Heinrich events H1, H3 and H5 respectively, which could be a cause of global climate changes. The delta O-18 curve of the Okinawa Trough is well associated with the grain size record of the Lijiayuan loess profile in northwestern China and is somewhat different from the climate fluctuations documented in the Greenland ice cores. These correlation results indicate that regional factors play an important role in controlling the climate changes in the East Asia, and the East Asian Monsoon could be the prominent regional controlling factor.

Guia de padrão de interface do SIGI.

Uso de objetos de interação. Orientação para utilização de elementos gráficos. Disposição dos elementos gráficos. Espaçamentos dos elementos gráficos.

Agrossistemas alternativos para produtores de agricultura migratória em Presidente Figueiredo-AM.

Com o objetivo de se estudar alternativas de uso da terra para pequenos produtores de agricultura migratoria no municipio de Presidente Figueiredo (AM), dois modelos de sistemas agroflorestais foram implantados em tres propriedades rurais do municipio. Os sistemas foram constituidos por sistemas perenes (cupuacu, pupunha, inga) e semiperene (banana). Nos espacos disponiveis foram testados arranjos sequenciais de componentes anuais: Sistema I - mandioca, caupi + mandioca; Sistema II - arroz, caupi + mandioca. Os sistemas, no primeiro ano, foram testados com: 1) adubacao NPK + M. O.; 2) sem adubacao; e 3) com duas leguminosas (Arachis hypogaea e Stizolobium aterrimum) de cobertura de solo. No segundo ano, foram aplicados, nos tratamentos sem adubacao, uma dose de P. Analises do solo indicaram valores altos para aluminio trocavel e baixos para carbono, caracterizando a baixa fertilidade natural do solo. A biomassa da parte aerea vegetal da copoeira de dois anos (cerca de 4t/ha de materia seca) promoveu, apos a queima, aumento significativo nos teores de nutrientes no solo. Os resultadores evidenciaram o efeito da adubacao no crescimento e producao das plantas, no primeiro ano. A maior producao total obtida por area (58% de mandioca, 78% de caupi e 100% de banana), durante o periodo, foi conseguida por tratamento com adubacao, superando os demais tratamento em quase cinco vezes os valores da receita, o que leva a acreditar serem economicamente viaveis os sistemas estudados, com tendencia de sustentabilidade a longo prazo.

Cultivo de grãos no Estado do Amazonas (arroz, feijão, milho e soja).

Informacoes tecnicas sobre a possibilidade de cultivo de graos (arroz, feijao, milho e soja) no Estado do Amazonas (Brasil).

Pastagens no Pantanal.

Quatro milhoes de bovinos sao sustentados pelas pastagens naturais do Pantanal, para as quais sao listadas 145 gramineas, 70 leguminosas e 60 forrageiras nao convencionais (de 31 familias), alem de 21 invasoras, com graus de frequencia, textura de solo, alagamento e qualificacao forrageira. Sao apresentados teores de PB para 15 gramineas, e de PB e minerais para 20 forrageiras de outras familias. As principais forrageiras do Pantanal arenoso sao Axonopus purpusii (mimoso) e Mesosetum chaseae (grama-de-cerrado); do argiloso, sao Hemartyria altissima (mimoso-de-talo) e Leersia hexandra (felpudo), enquanto no siltoso sao Paratheria prostrata (mimoso-peludo), Paspalidum paludivagum, Paspalum plicatulum (felpudo) Reimarochloa spp.(mimosinho), que tambem estao entreas principais dos dois tipos texturais anteriores. As leguminosas herbaceas tem pequena expressao nas areas arenosas, Desmodium barbatum sendo a principal; nas argilosas, ha tres especies de Aeschynomene, duas de Discolobium e Arachis, e uma de Dolichopsis, Galactia, Rhynchosia, Teramnus e Vigna, como mais frequentes. As pastagens cultivadas sao recentes, a principal sendo Brachiaria decumbens, em "cordilheiras" arenosas.

Characterization of basal pseudopod-like processes in ileal and colonic PYY cells.

The peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) is produced and secreted from L cells of the gastrointestinal mucosa. To study the anatomy and function of PYY-secreting L cells, we developed a transgenic PYY-green fluorescent protein mouse model. PYY-containing cells exhibited green fluorescence under UV light and were immunoreactive to antibodies against PYY and GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1, an incretin hormone also secreted by L cells). PYY-GFP cells from 15 μm thick sections were imaged using confocal laser scanning microscopy and three-dimensionally (3D) reconstructed. Results revealed unique details of the anatomical differences between ileal and colonic PYY-GFP cells. In ileal villi, the apical portion of PYY cells makes minimal contact with the lumen of the gut. Long pseudopod-like basal processes extend from these cells and form an interface between the mucosal epithelium and the lamina propria. Some basal processes are up to 50 μm in length. Multiple processes can be seen protruding from one cell and these often have a terminus resembling a synapse that appears to interact with neighboring cells. In colonic crypts, PYY-GFP cells adopt a spindle-like shape and weave in between epithelial cells, while maintaining contact with the lumen and lamina propria. In both tissues, cytoplasmic granules containing the hormones PYY and GLP-1 are confined to the base of the cell, often filling the basal process. The anatomical arrangement of these structures suggests a dual function as a dock for receptors to survey absorbed nutrients and as a launching platform for hormone secretion in a paracrine fashion.

Agrosistema sustentable maíz - cubiertas verdes tropicales en Cerro Azul, Misiones

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First report of a novel plant lysozyme with both antifungal and antibacterial activities.

A novel lysozyme exhibiting antifungal activity and with a molecular mass of 14.4 kDa in SDS–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was isolated from mung bean (Phaseolus mungo) seeds using a procedure that involved aqueous extraction, ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion exchange chromatography on CM-Sephadex, and high-performance liquid chromatography on POROS HS-20. Its N-terminal sequence was very different from that of hen egg white lysozyme. Its pI was estimated to be above 9.7. The specific activity of the lysozyme was 355 U/mg at pH 5.5 and 30 °C. The lysozyme exhibited a pH optimum at pH 5.5 and a temperature optimum at 55 °C. It is reported herein, for the first time, that a novel plant lysozyme exerted an antifungal action toward Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Pythium aphanidermatum, Sclerotium rolfsii, and Botrytis cinerea, in addition to an antibacterial action against Staphylococcus aureus.

A highly potent and specific MET therapeutic protein antagonist with both ligand-dependent and ligand-independent activity

Activation of the MET oncogenic pathway has been implicated in the development of aggressive cancers that are difficult to treat with current chemotherapies. This has led to an increased interest in developing novel therapies that target the MET pathway. However, most existing drug modalities are confounded by their inability to specifically target and/or antagonize this pathway. Anticalins, a novel class of monovalent small biologics, are hypothesized to be "fit for purpose" for developing highly specific and potent antagonists of cancer pathways. Here, we describe a monovalent full MET antagonist, PRS-110, displaying efficacy in both ligand-dependent and ligand-independent cancer models. PRS-110 specifically binds to MET with high affinity and blocks hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) interaction. Phosphorylation assays show that PRS-110 efficiently inhibits HGF-mediated signaling of MET receptor and has no agonistic activity. Confocal microscopy shows that PRS-110 results in the trafficking of MET to late endosomal/lysosomal compartments in the absence of HGF. In vivo administration of PRS-110 resulted in significant, dose-dependent tumor growth inhibition in ligand-dependent (U87-MG) and ligand-independent (Caki-1) xenograft models. Analysis of MET protein levels on xenograft biopsy samples show a significant reduction in total MET following therapy with PRS-110 supporting its ligand-independent mechanism of action. Taken together, these data indicate that the MET inhibitor PRS-110 has potentially broad anticancer activity that warrants evaluation in patients.

Root-induced increases in soil pH and nutrient availability to field-grown cereals and legumes on acid sandy soils of Sudano-Sahelian West Africa

A field experiment with millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.), sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) and groundnut (Arachnis hypogeae L.) was conducted on severely P-deficient acid sandy soils of Niger, Mali and Burkina Faso to measure changes in pH and nutrient availability as affected by distance from the root surface and by mineral fertiliser application. Treatments included three rates of phosphorus (P) and four levels of nitrogen (N) application. Bulk, rhizosphere and rhizoplane soils were sampled at 35, 45 and 75 DAS in 1997 and at 55 and 65 DAS in 1998. Regardless of the cropping system and level of mineral fertiliser applied, soil pH consistently increased between 0.7 and two units from the bulk soil to the rhizoplane of millet. Similar pH gradients were observed in cowpea, but pH changes were much smaller in sorghum with a difference of only 0.3 units. Shifts in pH led to large increases in nutrient availability close to the roots. Compared with the bulk soil, available P in the rhizoplane was between 190 and 270% higher for P-Bray and between 360 and 600% higher for P-water. Exchangeable calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) levels were also higher in the millet rhizoplane than in the bulk soil, whereas exchangeable aluminium (Al) levels decreased with increasing pH close to the root surface. The results suggest an important role of root-induced pH increases for crops to cope with acidity-induced nutrient deficiency and Al stress of soils in the Sudano-Sahelian zone of West Africa.

Effects of fertility management strategies on phosphorus bioavailability in four West African soils

Low phosphorus (P) in acid sandy soils of the West African Sudano-Sahelian zone is a major limitation to crop growth. To compare treatment effects on total dry matter (TDM) of crops and plant available P (P-Bray and isotopically exchangeable P), field experiments were carried out for 2 years at four sites where annual rainfall ranged from 560 to 850 mm and topsoil pH varied between 4.2 and 5.6. Main treatments were: (i) crop residue (CR) mulch at 500 and 2000 kg ha^-1, (ii) eight different rates and sources of P and (iii) cereal/legume rotations including millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.), sorhum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], cowpea (Vigna unguiculata Walp.) and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). For the two Sahelian sites with large CR-induced differences in TDM, mulching did not modify significantly the soils' buffering capacity for phosphate ions but led to large increases in the intensity factor (C_p) and quantity of directly available soil P (E_1min). In the wetter Sudanian zone lacking effects of CR mulching on TDM mirrored a decline of E_1min with CR. Broadcast application of soluble single superphosphate (SSP) at 13 kg P ha^-1 led to large increases in C_p and quantity of E_1min at all sites which translated in respective TDM increases. The high agronomic efficiency of SSP placement (4 kg P ha^-1) across sites could be explained by consistent increases in the quantity factor which confirms the power of the isotopic exchange method in explaining management effects on crop growth across the region.