Remoção de óleo da água de produção por flotação em coluna utilizando tensoativos de origem vegetal

In the petroleum industry, water is always present in the reservoir formation together with petroleum and natural gas and this fact provokes the production of water with petroleum, resulting in a great environmental impact. Several methods can be applied for treatment of oily waters, such as: gravitational vases, granulated media filtration systems, flotation process, centrifugation process and the use of hydrocyclones, which can also be used in a combined way. However, the flotation process has showed a great efficiency as compared with other methods, because these methods do not remove great part of the emulsified oil. In this work was investigated the use of surfactants derived from vegetable oils, OSS and OGS, as collectors, using the flotation process in a glass column with a porous plate filter in its base for the input of the gaseous steam. For this purpose, oil/water emulsions were prepared using mechanical stirring, with concentrations around 300 ppm. The air flow rate was set at 700 cm3/min and the porous plate filter used for the generation of the air bubbles has pore size varying from 16 to 40 Pm. The column operated at constant volume (1500mL). A new methodology has been developed to collect the samples, where, instead of collecting the water phase, it was collected the oil phase removed by the process in the top of the flotation column. It has been observed that it is necessary to find an optimum surfactant concentration to achieve enhanced removal efficiency. Being for OSS 1.275 mmol/L and for OGS 0.840 mmol/L, with removal efficiencies of 93% and 99%, respectively, using synthetic solutions. For the produced water, the removal in these concentrations was 75% for OSS and 65% for OGS. It is possible to remove oil from water in a flotation process using surfactants of high HLB, fact that is against the own definition of HLB (Hydrophile-Lipophile Balance). The interfacial tension is an important factor in the oil removal process using a flotation process, because it has direct interference in the coalescence of the oil drops. The spreading of the oil of the air bubble should be considered in the process, and for the optimum surfactant concentrations it reached a maximum value. The removal kinetics for the flotation process using surfactants in the optimum concentration has been adjusted according to a first order model, for synthetic water as for the produced water.

Características agronômicas, produtividade e qualidade fisiológica da soja safrinha sob semeadura direta, em função da cobertura vegetal e da calagem superficial

A produtividade da soja, no sistema de semeadura direta (SSD), pode ser influenciada pelo tipo de cobertura vegetal que antecede, bem como pela calagem superficial. Todavia, os efeitos dessa técnica sobre os componentes da produção e sobre a qualidade fisiológica das sementes têm sido pouco estudados, principalmente para a soja safrinha sob SPD. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar algumas características agronômicas, os componentes da produção, a produtividade e a qualidade fisiológica da semente da soja cultivada na safrinha, em função de diferentes coberturas vegetais, com e sem calagem superficial, sob SSD. O experimento foi conduzido no ano de 1999/00, na Fazenda Experimental Lageado, FCA/UNESP/Botucatu-SP. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados em parcela subdividida, com 4 repetições. As parcelas de 6m x 10m, foram constituídas de sorgo de Guiné vermelho e branco (Sorghum bicolor), milheto (Pennisetum americanum), painço (Panicum dichotomiflorum), vegetação espontânea e sem vegetação. Aos 53 dias após a emergência, as coberturas vegetais foram dessecadas e acamadas, seguindo-se a aplicação superficial de 3,1 t.ha-1 de calcário na metade das parcelas, visando à elevação da V%=70%. Após 2 semanas, realizou-se a semeadura da soja, cv. IAC-19, em safrinha. Determinou-se o estande final, a altura de inserção da primeira vagem, a altura de planta, o número total de vagens e vagens chochas por planta, o número de sementes por vagem total, a massa de 100 sementes e a produtividade. Com relação à qualidade fisiológica das sementes determinou-se a germinação e o vigor, por meio dos testes de envelhecimento artificial, germinação a temperatura subótima, M.S. de plântula e condutividade elétrica. Na implantação do SSD, a cobertura vegetal e a calagem superficial não afetam as características agronômicas, os componentes da produção, a produtividade de sementes e a qualidade fisiológica das sementes de soja cultivadas em safrinha, com exceção da condutividade elétrica.

Frequência de Lettuce big-vein associated virus e Mirafiori lettuce big-vein virus em Plantas de alface no Estado de São Paulo e transmissão através de extrato vegetal e solo

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Modelagem da transferência de massa na remoção do óleo da água produzida por flotação em coluna com uso de tensoativos de origem vegetal

The treatment of oil produced water and its implications are continually under investigation and several questions are related to this subject. In the Northeast Region Brazil, the onshore reservoirs are, in its majority, mature oil fields with high production of water. As this oil produced water has high levels of oil, it cannot be directly discarded into the environment because it represents a risk for contamination of soil, water, and groundwater, or even may cause harm to living bodies. Currently, polyelectrolytes that promote the coalescence of the oil droplets are used to remove the dispersed oil phase, enhancing the effectiveness of the flotation process. The non-biodegradability and high cost of polyelectrolytes are limiting factors for its application. On this context, it is necessary to develop studies for the search of more environmentally friendly products to apply in the flotation process. In this work it is proposed the modeling of the flotation process, in a glass column, using surfactants derived from vegetal oils to replace the polyelectrolytes, as well as to obtain a model that represents the experimental data. In addition, it was made a comparative study between the models described in the literature and the one developed in this research. The obtained results showed that the developed model presented high correlation coefficients when fitting the experimental data (R2 > 0.98), thus proving its efficiency in modeling the experimental data.

Métodos e estratégias em proteômica e suas aplicações na área vegetal

A implementação da espectrometria de massa (MS) para as análises de peptídeos (MS) e de aminoácidos (MS em tandem ou MS/MS) tornou possível a identificação de centenas de proteínas em experimentos únicos. Uma grande variedade de estratégias está disponível atualmente para o fracionamento e a purificação de amostras, a identificação de proteínas, a quantificação, a análise de modificações pós-traducionais (MPT's) e os estudos de interação. Dessa forma, a proteômica abre novas perspectivas na biologia de plantas com ênfase nos estudos de variabilidade genética, estresses fisiológicos e desenvolvimento de plantas.

A fotossíntese vegetal no 3º ano do Ensino médio: concepções alternativas, erros conceituais e uma proposta de unidade didática baseada no Desenvolvimento Sustentável.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

Uso de habitat e comportamento do boto-cinza sotalia guianensis em uma zona estuarina do estado de Sergipe, nordeste do Brasil a biotecnologia vegetal como alternativa para a cotonicu

To clarify the functional mechanisms of habitat use is necessary to analyze it in conjunction with the conduct performed by animals. The occurrence, distribution and use of space are characteristic of a species resulting from habitat selection that is in search of conditions favorable to its survival. One can relate the physical and biological factors of the environment with the ecological characteristics of the species, since these factors act by regulating the ecological success of organisms, and from there you can get important information about the habitat use and behavior of individuals. This study aimed to characterize the use of habitat and diurnal activity expressed by the Guiana dolphin, Sotalia guianensis in an estuarine area of Sergipe state, Brazil, analyzing the influence of tide and time days on the occurrence of animals and behavior s state, and group s size and composition in this cetacean species. From March 2009 to February 2010, focal groups observations of dolphins were made from fixed - point and records snapshots of data taken every 5 min. in the interval from 6 a.m to 6 p.m, in alternating shifts. The results showed that the constant presence of animals in the area of the Sergipe River estuary indicates that this is an important area of occurrence of S. guianensis, which use the region mainly in the morning, at low tide and as a feeding. As in other regions of northeastern Brazil, small groups formed 2-12 individuals were most common, with adults and immatures. The high frequency of immature animals may indicate that this area of the estuary is used as brood area and parental care of pups and young animals, since the immature animals were very associated with adults and monitoring the activities of foraging / feeding may be related to a form of learning or training of such behavior

A contribuição da biotecnologia vegetal para o desenvolvimento da cajucultura familiar no município de Serra do Mel (RN)

This work focuses the familiar cajuculture at Serra of Mel (RN) that presents a geographic and climatic structure favourable to the development of the cajuculture; the interaction between the ambient factors and agriculture in the region provides a propitious environment to the culture of the cashew; the objective of present work was associate ambient, economic, social and cultural factors of this municipy with the possibility of a sustainable agriculture associated with the vegetal biotechnology

Análise fitoecológica do manguezal e ocupação das margens do estuário hipersalino apodi/mossoró (rn brasil) a biotecnologia vegetal como alternativa para a cotonicultura

The mangrove is a coastal ecosystem of the big ecological importance, showing high fragility front by natural process and the human interventions in the coastal zone. This research has objective to analyses the relation between mangrove species distribution and geochemical parameters variation of the water and soil in Apodi/Mossoro estuary, located in the Rio Grande do Norte state north coastline. The results were obtained from floristic and structural analysis of the vegetation and Quick Bird satellite images interpretation (collected in 2006 year), manipulated with ENVI 4.3 and ArcGIS 9.2 software s. This estuary was characterized by to presents a gradient of the salinity around 40 kilometers extension, finding amount between 50 and 90 g/l-1. Will be identified the formation of the mix vegetation formation in the estuary mount, where the water salinity no show express wide variation on seawater (36 g/l-1), finding species: Rhizophora mangle L., Laguncularia racemosa (L.) C. F. Gaertn, Avicennia schaueriana Stap. & Leechman e Avicennia germinans L. Along of the estuary, have a streak formation of the vegetation composed by Avicennia spp. and L. racemosa. In high estuary, where the salinities value stay above 60 g/l-1, only A. germinans predominate in dwarf form. In this sense, the salinity is as a limiting factor of stress on the mangrove vegetation as it enters the estuary, this parameter should be taken into account when drawing up management plans and environmental restoration in the estuary in question

A biotecnologia vegetal como alternativa para a cotonicultura familiar sustentável

This paper aims to describe the familiar cotton culture in the districts of Tangará and Triunfo Potiguar, located in the state of Rio Grande do Norte. It relates specific problems that small cotton agriculturists face in the cotton production and sale as well as their perception in relation to public policies that have been put into practice in these districts. The research revealed soils with potentiality for the cotton culture, but that are not being cultivated for anything else but subsistence, not being able to become productive, specifically through the cotton culture. That activity should be practiced so that it preserves the environment and the familiar farmers themselves, since it was verified they are constant1y exposed to health problems due to insecticides use. In what refers to fomentation policies it was observed that bureaucracy delays the liberation of the money destined to production, seeds delivery and other actions related to production and commercialization. Some procedures such as information and training about productivity development and attention with the environrnent and infrastructure are recommended. The results indicate lack of investments, rural credit and technical help, main1y in Triunfo Potiguar. There is unanimity, from the rural farmers of that district in what refers to the desire of improving the production and remaining in that activity. In this sense, the contribution of this research for the most appropriate culture production can be materialized through the technique of tissue's culture, aimed at obtaining plants that are resistant to diseases. The data indicated that the hormonal supplementations used induced regenerative calluses making in vitro morphogenesis possible in alI tested varieties. The use of the activated coal antioxidant was efficient, reducing oxidation, however not suppressing it. The results lead to an opportunity for the familiar tàrmers from Rio Grande do Norte enlarge the cotton culture, because to obtain plants that are resistant to diseases implies in insecticides reduction, propitiating smaller impact to the atmosphere and less cost

Vegetal polymer in repair of defects of the orbital floor: an experimental study in rabbits

Background: An experimental study was done to assess the ability of the vegetal polymer miniplates and screws to repair defects of the orbital floor.Methods: An artificial standard-sized defect was created in the bony floor of right orbit of 45 albino rabbits. The animals were divided into three experimental groups: control group (G1) involving animals with orbital floor defect and no treatment; titanium group (G2) containing animals with orbital floor defect repaired by titanium miniplates and screws; vegetal polymer group (G3) composed of animals with similar orbital floor defects repaired by vegetal polymer miniplates and screws. Throughout the course of the experiment, the animals were clinically evaluated. At 15, 30 and 60 days after surgery, the animals were killed. They were X-rayed immediately after the floor defect and at the moment of sacrifice. Histological and morphometric evaluation of inflammatory reaction and bone healing was done. Data were statistically evaluated.Results: No implants were extruded. Bone consolidation was similar in G2 and G3 and better than in G1 group animals. Inflammatory reaction was most pronounced in animals of G3 15 days after surgery, and it subsided over time.Conclusion: Vegetal polymer miniplates and screws induces small inflammatory reaction and had the ability to stimulate bone growth with good integration in the orbital floor defect allowing to consider the vegetal polymer adequate option to treat orbital floor defects. Future studies involving long-term follow-up and biomechanical tests to evaluate material resistance to traction are needed.

Própolis e cera vegetal na conservação de abacate Hass

The aim of this work was to evaluate the quality of Hass avocado submitted to application of propolis and vegetable wax. The selected fruits were submitted to the treatments (1) without wax and without propolis, (2) with vegetable wax, (3) propolis alcoholic extract 100%, (4) wax and etanol 70%, (5) propolis alcoholic extract 2% and wax, (6) propolis alcoholic extract 4% and wax, (7) propolis alcoholic extract 6% and wax, (8) propolis alcoholic extract 8% and wax, and (9) propolis alcoholic extract 10% and wax. The fruits were maintained under refrigeration (10 +/- 1 degrees C and 90 +/- 5% relative humidity), being appraised every three days for 15 days and more 3 days of commercialization simulation at room temperature (23 +/- 1 degrees C and 18% relative humidity). The evaluation parameters were the weight loss, respiratory activity, pH, firmness, tritable acidity (AT), soluble solids (SS), and ratio. The results of weigth loss, respiratory activity and firmness were the most significant to show the difference among the treatments. 'Hass' avocado fruits submitted the application of propolis associated the vegetable wax present smaller weight loss, CO2 production and firmness in relation to the control fruits. The fruits of the treatment with propolis alcoholic extract 2% and wax presented the most promising results.

Implantes de resina de poliuretana vegetal (Ricinus communis) na tração linear, fixação e fusão vertebral no cão: estudo experimental

Placa e espaçador de polímero derivado do óleo de mamona (PDOM) (Ricinus communis) foram avaliados clínica, radiográfica e histologicamente na tração linear, fixação e fusão vertebral cervical em 20 cães adultos, sem raça definida, pesando entre 17 e 22kg. Foram sacrificados quatro animais aos 10, 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias de pós-operatório. Após exposição da coluna cervical, por acesso ventral, o disco intervertebral de C4-C5 foi fenestrado e a abordagem ao canal medular foi feita por meio de fenda óssea. Um espaçador de PDOM foi colocado preenchendo o defeito ósseo. Os corpos vertebrais C4-C5 foram fixados com placa do mesmo material, utilizando-se dois parafusos corticais em cada corpo vertebral. Apenas um animal apresentou déficit neurológico no pós-operatório imediato. Radiograficamente as vértebras mostravam-se normais e alinhadas, sem colapso do espaço intervertebral, porém não houve neoformação óssea entre as vértebras. Ao exame mielográfico, não houve compressão da medula espinhal. Os implantes foram efetivos em manter a tração linear e fixação das vértebras cervicais e não ocorreu a fusão vertebral.

Crescimento de plantas de Salvia officinalis sob ação de reguladores de crescimento vegetal

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Controle do crescimento vegetativo e floração de mangueiras cv. Kent com reguladores de crescimento vegetal

Paclobutrazol applied to the soil is used for the production management of mangoes in most of the orchards, but it presents as disadvantage the greater persistence in plant and soil. Three growth regulators (prohexadione-Ca, trinexapac-ethyl and chlormequat chloride) were foliar applied, at two dosages and compared to paclobutrazol applied as soil-drench. The experiment was conducted in the region of the Sao Francisco Valley, Petrolina, PE, from December 2007 to July 2008, in a mango orchard that has a spacing of 8 m between lines and 5 m between plants. In order to compare the effects of the treatment, data were evaluated regarding to vegetative growth (number, length and leaf number of vegetative branches) and flowering (percentage and panicles length). The combination of PBZ, soil applied with ProCa, foliar applied was the most efficient in controlling vegetative growth of branches of the mango 'Kent', but not regarding to flowering, where there were no differences between treatments.