Frequência e susceptibilidade bacteriana em infecções urinárias : dados de um laboratório de Lisboa. Parte II

Este estudo teve como objectivo identificar os agentes etiológicos causadores de infecções do tracto urinário (ITU) em amostras de urina para determinar e comparar o perfil de resistência aos antibióticos nas bactérias isoladas em uroculturas, num laboratório em Lisboa (LUMILABO), durante um período de seis meses em 1997 (Maio a Outubro), com os de um período de seis meses nove anos depois, correspondentes ao 2º semestre de 2006. É umestudo observacional, descritivo e transversal, que inclui todos os indivíduos que obtiveram um diagnóstico positivo nos exames bacteriológicos num total de 3535 e 2676 uroculturas em 1997 e 2006, respectivamente, com identificação de 20 estirpes bacterianas.AE.coli foi a bactéria identificada com maior frequência em ambos os anos, seguida de P.mirabilis, Klebsiella spp. e Enterococcus spp. Emrelação à susceptibilidade aos antibióticos, verificou-se que em 1997 a E.coli, P.mirabilis e Klebsiella spp. apresentam elevada frequência de resistência aos antibióticos Ampicilina, Trimetroprim+Sulfametoxazol (SXT), e Ácido Nalidíxico, no caso da E.coli, e Furadantina no caso do P.mirabilis e Klebsiella spp.; verificou-se que em 2006 a E.coli apresenta maior resistência à Tobramicina, Norfloxacina (NOR) e Ciprofloxacina (CIP), o P.mirabilis à Ampicilina, SXT e Amoxicilina+Ácido Clavulânico, a Klebsiella spp. à Cefalexina, Nitrofurantuina e SXT, e o Enterococcus spp. à Tretraciclina, CIPe NOR. Este estudo fornece dados para o conhecimento dos diferentes agentes etiológicos mais frequentes nas ITU no laboratório LUMIBABO em períodos de seis meses distanciados de 1997 a 2006 e disponibiliza informação sobre os seus padrões de resistências, necessários para um tratamento empírico adequado.

Caracterização das infecções do trato urinário de origem microbiana - casuística de um hospital veterinário em Lisboa

As infecções do trato urinário (ITU’s) são doenças infecciosas frequentes na prática clínica veterinária, sendo fundamental uma correta antibioterapia, principalmente pelo crescente desenvolvimento de resistências bacterianas aos antibióticos. Realizou-se um estudo retrospectivo, englobando 86 animais admitidos no Hospital Veterinário do Restelo, submetidos a urocultura, com o objetivo de caracterizar as ITU’s microbianas neste hospital, avaliando a sua epidemiologia e susceptibilidade antibiótica das bactérias isoladas. Da totalidade das uroculturas realizadas (n=86), 28 foram positivas, 18 em canídeos e 10 em felídeos, sem predisposição racial, mais em fêmeas nos canídeos e em machos nos felídeos. A idade média dos animais com ITU foi 8 anos nos canídeos e 10 anos nos felídeos. Todas as ITU´s foram monobacterianas, sendo o microorganismo mais frequentemente isolado a Escherichia coli. Verificou-se multirresistência em 10 das 28 bactérias isoladas. A gentamicina foi o antibiótico com melhor perfil de sensibilidade global e o que apresentou mais resistências foi a tetraciclina. O antibiótico mais prescrito de forma empírica foi a enrofloxacina. Este estudo, especialmente se realizado de forma periódica, poderá ser um contributo para a elaboração de guias institucionais de antibioterapia adequada e minimização do aparecimento de resistências bacterianas.

Famílias vivenciando o risco de vida do filho

A autora faz um estudo de natureza qualitativa que busca compreender a trajetória da família que vivencia o risco de vida do filho, e utiliza os pressupostos do Interacionismo Simbólico, para a compreensão desta trajetória. O método utilizado para a coleta de dados é o da observação participante e entrevistas. Os sujeitos são seis famílias que vivenciam o risco de vida de um dos filhos e intemação na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica de um Hospital Geral de Porto Alegre. O processo de análise é indutivo e conhecido como análise compreensiva dos dados, cujos resultados desvelam um processo dinâmico na trajetória da família, apresentados em três temas: "Percebendo que algo não está bem e mobilizando-se" - período pré-hospitalização; "Concentrando a atenção no filho doente: vivenciando a hospitalização" - período da hospitalização da criança; e "Construindo e reconstruindo o cotidiano: reorganizando-se após a alta" - a volta da família ao seu mundo cotidiano. O presente estudo converge para a ampliação do conhecimento sobre famílias e seu processo de viver e ser saudável, oferecendo subsídios à enfermagem que desenvolve assistência junto às famílias e às crianças em risco de vida.

Efeito do sildenafil na lesão renal por isquemia-reperfusão em ratos

A lesão renal causada pelo processo isquemia-reperfusão ocorre em várias intervenções cirúrgicas, como transplantes de rins, cirurgias vasculares renais e na nefrectomia parcial. Devido ao processo isquêmico, ocorre disfunção do órgão e morte celular. Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do sildenafil, em ratos, administrado previamente à isquemia renal e reperfusão, em avaliações cintilográficas e histopatológicas, foram utilizados vinte e quatro ratos Wistar, aleatoriamente distribuídos em dois grupos. Os animais receberam 0,1 ml IV 99mTecnécio-Etilenodicisteína, realizando-se a cintilografia renal inicial e, em seguida, foram submetidos à laparotomia, provocando-se isquemia no rim esquerdo, com oclusão da artéria renal, durante 1 hora, com posterior reperfusão. Os animais do grupo sildenafil receberam previamente 1mg/kg de sildenafil via oral, 60 minutos antes da isquemia. O grupo controle recebeu somente solução salina. Após a isquemia e reperfusão, metade dos animais de cada grupo foi avaliada com 24 horas e a outra metade, com sete dias, com nova cintilografia renal. Após eutanásia, com superdose de anestésico, os rins foram retirados e submetidos a exame histopatológico. Empregou-se avaliação estatística com o teste t de Student e com teste não-paramétrico de Mann-Whitney. Foi observado no rim esquerdo do grupo controle um déficit funcional nas imagens cintilográficas, após sete dias, comparativamente ao respectivo estudo cintilográfico inicial (p<0,05). Nos rins esquerdos dos animais do grupo controle (24 horas pós-isquemia), ocorreu um maior grau de necrose celular quando comparados ao grupo tratado com o sildenafil (p<0,05). A cintilografia e a histopatologia demonstraram que o sildenafil exerceu ação protetora dos rins, após episódio de isquemia-reperfusão renal normotérmica. Deve ressaltar-se o x caráter interdisciplinar desta tese, que contou com a participação ativa de profissionais das áreas de cirurgia, medicina nuclear, urologia, patologia e estatística

Atuação do enfermeiro na estratégia de atenção integrada às doenças prevalentes na infância

This study aimed to describe nurses' actions in the strategy of Integrated Management of Childhood Illness in the city of Natal, Rio Grande do Norte. This is a qualitative study with descriptive approach. The universe consisted of nurses from the Family Health Strategy, totaling 16 participants. For the research project was submitted for approval by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, obtaining Opinion No. 187/2012. Data were obtained in two ways: a questionnaire survey to profile the training of nurses and an interview guided by a structured interview. Interviews were treated in the light of analysis of thematic category Bardin. The results showed the central thematic study "Integrated Management of Childhood Illness in the context of nursing activities" category and three analyzes: "Understanding the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness", "Difficulties invibializam use IMCI "and" Working conditions for nurses in the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness. " It is observed that nurses consider the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness useful, effective and important to keep sick children within the logic curative. However disregard the character of health promotion and disease prevention thereof. It was found that the participants still hold the attendance of crinaças within the biomedical model and that these same professionals are subjected to increasingly precarious working conditions and unhealthy due to lack of human and material resources. It was found that the interviewees do not follow the protocols of strategy because of barriers related to prescription medications by nurses, the medical, the lack of incentives, training and supervision by the municipal health and the Regional Nursing Council

Metabolic assessment in patients with urinary lithiasis

INTRODUCTION: Metabolic investigation in patients with urinary lithiasis is very important for preventing recurrence of disease. The objective of this work was to diagnose and to determine the prevalence of metabolic disorders, to assess the quality of the water consumed and volume of diuresis as potential risk factors for this pathology. PATIENTS and METHODS: We studied 182 patients older than 12 years. We included patients with history and/or imaging tests confirming at least 2 stones, with creatinine clearance > 60 mL/min and negative urine culture. The protocol consisted in the collection of 2, 24-hour urine samples, for dosing Ca, P, uric acid, Na, K, Mg, Ox and Ci, glycemia and serum levels of Ca, P, Uric acid, Na, K, Cl, Mg, U and Cr, urinary pH and urinary acidification test. RESULTS: 158 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Among these, 151 (95.5%) presented metabolic changes, with 94 (62.2%) presenting isolated metabolic change and 57 (37.8%) had mixed changes. The main disorders detected were hypercalciuria (74%), hypocitraturia (37.3%), hyperoxaluria (24.1%), hypomagnesuria (21%), hyperuricosuria (20.2%), primary hyperparathyroidism (1.8%) secondary hyperparathyroidism (0.6%) and renal tubular acidosis (0.6). CONCLUSION: Metabolic change was diagnosed in 95.5% of patients. These results warrant the metabolic study and follow-up in patients with recurrent lithiasis in order to decrease the recurrence rate through specific treatments, modification in alimentary and behavioral habits.

Malacoplakia or prostate cancer? Similarities and differences

Malacoplakia is a granulomatous inflammatory disorder clinically and ultrasonographically very similar to prostatic adenocarcinoma. Symptoms and physical findings are similar to prostatism and in half of the patients the differential diagnosis includes malignancy, mainly because of the presence of a hard nodule on digital rectal examination. Additionally, cases of malacoplakia can show hypoechoic nodes on transrectal ultrasound mimicking adenocarcinoma. We report a case of malacoplakia of the prostate with emphasis on its similarities and differences with prostate adenocarcinoma.

Urethral reconstruction after total penectomy for urethral cancer

A 59-year-old white man developed a ventral ulcer with irregular limits in the middle portion of the penis. The result of the pathologic analysis was compatible with invasive squamous cell urethral carcinoma. A total penectomy was performed. In these cases, the usually recommended urinary diversion is perineal urethrostomy. However, due to the specifications of the case, perineal urethrostomy could not be performed. The literature did not offer any other alternative for patients with this same condition. Therefore, a urethral reconstruction using a groin skin flap had to be performed. Copyright (C) 2004 S. Karger AG, Basel.

Experimental model of bladder instability in rabbits

OBJECTIVE: Propose a new experimental model of bladder instability in rabbits after partial bladder obstruction. MATERIALS and METHODS: Thirty North Folk male rabbits, weighting 1,700 to 2,820 g (mean: 2,162 g) were studied. The animals were distributed in 2 experimental groups, formed by 15 rabbits each: Group 1 - clinical control. In this group there was no surgical intervention; Group 2 - bladder outlet obstruction. In this group, after anesthetizing the animal, urethral cannulation with Foley catheter 10F was performed and then an adjustable plastic bracelet was passed around the bladder neck. It was then adjusted in order to not constrict the urethra. The following parameters were studied in M1 - pre-operative period; M2 - 4 weeks post-operatively moments: 1)- urine culture; 2)- cystometric study; 3)- serum creatinine and BUN. RESULTS: Bladder weight was 2.5 times larger in the group with obstruction than in the control group. Cystometric evaluation showed a significant increase in maximal vesical volume in the final moment at Group G2. However, there was no statistically significant difference among the groups studied. There was no statistically significant difference between maximal detrusor pressure and vesical compliance in the different moments or in the studied groups. There was an absence of uninhibited detrusor contractions in all the animals in group 1, and involuntary contractions were detected in 93% of group 2 animals. There was no significant variation in BUN and serum creatinine either among the groups or in the same group. CONCLUSIONS: We observed in the group with obstruction a bladder weight 2.5 higher than normal bladders. We detected involuntary contractions in 93% of the animals in group 2, establishing this experimental model as appropriate to secondary bladder instability and partial bladder outlet obstruction.

Clinical and quality-of-life outcomes after autologous fascial sling and tension-free vaginal tape: a prospective randomized trial

Purpose: Evaluate the impact autologous fascial sling (AFS) and tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) procedures on quality-of-life in incontinent women. Materials and Methods: Forty-one women were randomly distributed into two groups. Group G1 (n = 21), underwent AFS and group G2 (n = 20) TVT implant. The clinical follow up was performed at 1, 6, 12 and 36 months. Results: TVT operative time was significantly shorter than AFS. Cure rates were 71% at 1 month, 57% at 6 and 12 months in G1. In G2, cure rates were 75% at 1 month, 70% at 6 months and 65% at 12 months; there was no significant difference between groups. As regards the satisfaction rate, there was no statistical difference between groups. Analysis of quality of life at 36 months revealed that there was no significant difference between groups. Conclusion: Similar results between AFS and TVT, except for operative time were shorter in TVT.

Retroperitoneoscopic renal biopsy in children

OBJECTIVE: We present our experience in a series of 17 consecutive pediatric patients submitted to retroperitoneal laparoscopic renal biopsy. MATERIALS and METHODS: Retroperitoneal laparoscopic renal biopsy (LRB) was performed in 5 boys and 12 girls. Mean age was 8.1 years and age range from 2 to 12. Two or three trocars were used to expose the inferior pole of the kidney, remove enough cortical parenchymal specimen and fulgurate the biopsy site. Assessment included surgical time, estimated blood loss, hospitalization period, analgesia requirements, complications and number of glomeruli present in the specimen. RESULTS: LRB was successfully performed in all 15 patients (88%). In two cases, LRB was not possible to be performed. One patient was converted to a transperitoneal laparoscopy due to tear in the peritoneum. The other patient had had previous abdominal surgery and, during retroperitoneal balloon dilation, the peritoneum was opened and the open biopsy was performed. A third patient had postoperatively a perirenal hematoma, which was solved spontaneously. Complication rate was 17.6% (3/17 cases). Mean operative time was 65 minutes, while mean estimated blood loss was 52 mL, mean hospital stay was 2.2 days and mean analgesic requirement was 100 mg of tramadol. The mean number of glomeruli present in the specimen was 60. CONCLUSION: Retroperitoneal laparoscopic renal biopsy in children is a simple, safe. Bleeding is still the most common complication. However, direct vision usually allows a safe control of this drawback. In our institution, laparoscopic approach is the chosen procedure in pediatric patients older than one - year - old.

Prevalence and risk factors for urinary and fecal incontinence in brazilian women

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Urinary lithiasis and idiopathic hypercalciuria: the importance of dietary intake evaluation

PUSPOSE: To evaluate food intake of patients with urinary lithiasis and idiopathic hypercalciuria (IH). MATERIALS and METHODS: Between August 2007 and June 2008, 105 patients with lithiasis were distributed into 2 groups: Group 1 (n = 55) - patients with IH (urinary calcium excretion > 250 mg in women and 300 mg in men with normal serum calcium); Group 2 (n = 50) - normocalciuria (NC) patients . Inclusion criteria were: age over 18, normal renal function (creatinine clearance = 60 mL/min), absent proteinuria and negative urinary culture. Pregnant women, patients with some intestinal pathology, chronic diarrhea or using corticoids were excluded. The protocol of metabolic investigation was based on non-consecutive collection of two 24-hour samples for dosages of: calcium, sodium, uric acid, citrate, oxalate, magnesium and urinary volume. Food intake was evaluated through the quantitative method of Dietary Register of three days. RESULTS: Urinary excretion of calcium (433.33 ± 141.92 vs. 188.93 ± 53.09), sodium (280.08 ± 100.94 vs. 200.44.93 ± 65.81), uric acid (880.63 ± 281.50 vs. 646.74 ± 182.76) and magnesium (88.78 ± 37.53 vs. 64.34 ± 31.84) was significantly higher in the IH group in comparison to the NC group (p < 0.05). As regards the nutritional composition of food intake of IH and NC groups, there was no statistical significant difference in any nutrient evaluated. CONCLUSION: In our study, no difference was observed in the food intake of patients with urinary lithiasis and IH or NC.