基于3×3耦合器的马赫-曾德尔干涉仪的光纤光栅波长解调技术

介绍了一种基于3×3和2×2光纤耦合器构成的非平衡马赫-曾德尔干涉仪的波长解调方案。理论分析和数据对比表明，相对于由两个2×2光纤耦合器构成的马赫-曾德尔干涉仪，本干涉仪具有宽谱的灵敏度、能跟踪波长的变化方向和相位展开的优点，实验方案用于测量固定在悬臂梁上的传感光纤布拉格光栅（FBG）的峰值波长变化，获得了±1pm的静态波长解调精度，在10Hz处的动态分辨率为27nε/√Hz。相位展开算法使得应变测量范围达到了2014με，对应的相位变化为3．22π。

Turbulent buoyant jets into stratified or flowing ambient fluids

Theoretical and experimental studies were made on two classes of buoyant jet problems, namely:

1) an inclined, round buoyant yet in a stagnant environment with linear density-stratification;

2) a round buoyant jet in a uniform cross stream of homogenous density.

Using the integral technique of analysis, assuming similarity, predictions can be made for jet trajectory, widths, and dilution ratios, in a density-stratified or flowing environment. Such information is of great importance in the design of disposal systems for sewage effluent into the ocean or waste gases into the atmosphere.

The present study of a buoyant jet in a stagnant environment has extended the Morton type of analysis to cover the effect of the initial angle of discharge. Numerical solutions have been presented for a range of initial conditions. Laboratory experiments were conducted for photographic observations of the trajectories of dyed jets. In general the observed jet forms agreed well with the calculated trajectories and nominal half widths when the value of the entrainment coefficient was taken to be α = 0.082, as previously suggested by Morton.

The problem of a buoyant jet in a uniform cross stream was analyzed by assuming an entrainment mechanism based upon the vector difference between the characteristic jet velocity and the ambient velocity. The effect of the unbalanced pressure field on the sides of the jet flow was approximated by a gross drag term. Laboratory flume experiments with sinking jets which are directly analogous to buoyant jets were performed. Salt solutions were injected into fresh water at the free surface in a flume. The jet trajectories, dilution ratios and jet half widths were determined by conductivity measurements. The entrainment coefficient, α, and drag coefficient, C_d, were found from the observed jet trajectories and dilution ratios. In the ten cases studied where jet Froude number ranged from 10 to 80 and velocity ratio (jet: current) K from 4 to 16, α varied from 0.4 to 0.5 and C_d from 1.7 to 0.1. The jet mixing motion for distance within 250D was found to be dominated by the self-generated turbulence, rather than the free-stream turbulence. Similarity of concentration profiles has also been discussed.

Distributed Control and Optimization for Communication and Power Systems

We are at the cusp of a historic transformation of both communication system and electricity system. This creates challenges as well as opportunities for the study of networked systems. Problems of these systems typically involve a huge number of end points that require intelligent coordination in a distributed manner. In this thesis, we develop models, theories, and scalable distributed optimization and control algorithms to overcome these challenges.

This thesis focuses on two specific areas: multi-path TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and electricity distribution system operation and control. Multi-path TCP (MP-TCP) is a TCP extension that allows a single data stream to be split across multiple paths. MP-TCP has the potential to greatly improve reliability as well as efficiency of communication devices. We propose a fluid model for a large class of MP-TCP algorithms and identify design criteria that guarantee the existence, uniqueness, and stability of system equilibrium. We clarify how algorithm parameters impact TCP-friendliness, responsiveness, and window oscillation and demonstrate an inevitable tradeoff among these properties. We discuss the implications of these properties on the behavior of existing algorithms and motivate a new algorithm Balia (balanced linked adaptation) which generalizes existing algorithms and strikes a good balance among TCP-friendliness, responsiveness, and window oscillation. We have implemented Balia in the Linux kernel. We use our prototype to compare the new proposed algorithm Balia with existing MP-TCP algorithms.

Our second focus is on designing computationally efficient algorithms for electricity distribution system operation and control. First, we develop efficient algorithms for feeder reconfiguration in distribution networks. The feeder reconfiguration problem chooses the on/off status of the switches in a distribution network in order to minimize a certain cost such as power loss. It is a mixed integer nonlinear program and hence hard to solve. We propose a heuristic algorithm that is based on the recently developed convex relaxation of the optimal power flow problem. The algorithm is efficient and can successfully computes an optimal configuration on all networks that we have tested. Moreover we prove that the algorithm solves the feeder reconfiguration problem optimally under certain conditions. We also propose a more efficient algorithm and it incurs a loss in optimality of less than 3% on the test networks.

Second, we develop efficient distributed algorithms that solve the optimal power flow (OPF) problem on distribution networks. The OPF problem determines a network operating point that minimizes a certain objective such as generation cost or power loss. Traditionally OPF is solved in a centralized manner. With increasing penetration of volatile renewable energy resources in distribution systems, we need faster and distributed solutions for real-time feedback control. This is difficult because power flow equations are nonlinear and kirchhoff's law is global. We propose solutions for both balanced and unbalanced radial distribution networks. They exploit recent results that suggest solving for a globally optimal solution of OPF over a radial network through a second-order cone program (SOCP) or semi-definite program (SDP) relaxation. Our distributed algorithms are based on the alternating direction method of multiplier (ADMM), but unlike standard ADMM-based distributed OPF algorithms that require solving optimization subproblems using iterative methods, the proposed solutions exploit the problem structure that greatly reduce the computation time. Specifically, for balanced networks, our decomposition allows us to derive closed form solutions for these subproblems and it speeds up the convergence by 1000x times in simulations. For unbalanced networks, the subproblems reduce to either closed form solutions or eigenvalue problems whose size remains constant as the network scales up and computation time is reduced by 100x compared with iterative methods.

Detecção e classificação de VTCDs em sistemas de distribuição de energia elétrica usando redes neurais artificiais.

O objetivo deste trabalho é conhecer e compreender melhor os imprevistos no fornecimento de energia elétrica, quando ocorrem as variações de tensão de curta duração (VTCD). O banco de dados necessário para os diagnósticos das faltas foi obtido através de simulações de um modelo de alimentador radial através do software PSCAD/EMTDC. Este trabalho utiliza um Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) com o intuito de detectar VTCDs e realizar a estimativa automática da frequência, do ângulo de fase e da amplitude das tensões e correntes da rede elétrica. Nesta pesquisa, desenvolveram-se duas redes neurais artificiais: uma para identificar e outra para localizar as VTCDs ocorridas no sistema de distribuição de energia elétrica. A técnica aqui proposta aplica-se a alimentadores trifásicos com cargas desequilibradas, que podem possuir ramais laterais trifásicos, bifásicos e monofásicos. No desenvolvimento da mesma, considera-se que há disponibilidade de medições de tensões e correntes no nó inicial do alimentador e também em alguns pontos esparsos ao longo do alimentador de distribuição. Os desempenhos das arquiteturas das redes neurais foram satisfatórios e demonstram a viabilidade das RNAs na obtenção das generalizações que habilitam o sistema para realizar a classificação de curtos-circuitos.

Discriminating languages in bilingual contexts: the impact of orthographic markedness

Does language-specific orthography help language detection and lexical access in naturalistic bilingual contexts? This study investigates how L2 orthotactic properties influence bilingual language detection in bilingual societies and the extent to which it modulates lexical access and single word processing. Language specificity of naturalistically learnt L2 words was manipulated by including bigram combinations that could be either L2 language-specific or common in the two languages known by bilinguals. A group of balanced bilinguals and a group of highly proficient but unbalanced bilinguals who grew up in a bilingual society were tested, together with a group of monolinguals (for control purposes). All the participants completed a speeded language detection task and a progressive demasking task. Results showed that the use of the information of orthotactic rules across languages depends on the task demands at hand, and on participants' proficiency in the second language. The influence of language orthotactic rules during language detection, lexical access and word identification are discussed according to the most prominent models of bilingual word recognition.

Efetividade de um ensaio randomizado de base escolar envolvendo familiares e professores para redução do ganho excessivo de peso em adolescentes

Esta tese é composta por três artigos que veiculam os resultados da realização e análise de uma intervenção de base escolar com o objetivo de reduzir o ganho de peso excessivo em adolescentes. O ensaio, denominado PAPPAS (Pais, Alunos e Professores Pela Alimentação Saudável), foi conduzido com alunos do 5 ano de vinte escolas públicas do município de Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro. As atividades desenvolvidas durante o ano letivo de 2010 desencorajaram o consumo de bebidas adoçadas e biscoitos e estimularam o consumo de feijão e frutas. Pais/ responsáveis e professores receberam informação e material de divulgação sobre os mesmos temas abordados em sala de aula. O consumo de alimentos foi avaliado por meio de um questionário de frequência alimentar aplicado ao início e ao final do estudo. A aferição do peso e da estatura se deu em três momentos: na linha de base, na metade do ano letivo e ao fim do estudo. Para as análises longitudinais, empregou-se modelos generalizados lineares mistos, que levam em conta tanto os dados faltantes quanto o efeito de conglomerado. No primeiro artigo é apresentado o efeito da intervenção no Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) dos estudantes. Análise por intenção de tratamento revelou que a alteração no IMC dos adolescentes ao longo do tempo não foi estatisticamente diferente entre os grupos intervenção e controle. Observou-se redução estatisticamente significativa no consumo de bebidas adoçadas e biscoitos e aumento no consumo de frutas nos participantes do grupo intervenção quando comparados aos do grupo controle. Pôde-se concluir que estratégias baseadas exclusivamente na qualidade da dieta podem não levar à alterações no peso corporal de adolescentes. No segundo artigo verificou-se a influência do estágio de prontidão para modificação dos hábitos alimentares dos adolescentes na alteração do consumo de refrigerantes, biscoitos e frutas. Observou-se maior alteração no consumo dentre os participantes do grupo intervenção que se encontravam nos estágios de ação na linha de base (relataram já ter alterado seus hábitos alimentares), sugerindo que essa estratégia pode auxiliar em estudos de intervenção visando à alteração do comportamento. O terceiro artigo revisou evidências do ajuste inadequado para características da linha de base, em análises de ensaios randomizados de base escolar que objetivaram alteração no estado nutricional de adolescentes. Foram avaliados 37 estudos e 35% apresentaram desbalanceamento estatisticamente significativo para o IMC na linha de base. Concluiu-se que o ajuste para o IMC na linha de base é frequente em ensaios comunitários randomizados, porém, esta prática força um balanço, que pode levar à resultados espúrios sobre o efeito do tratamento. Os resultados dos artigos 2 e 3 permitem explicar, ao menos em parte, as inconsistências nos resultados de estudos de intervenções voltadas para alteração de hábitos alimentares em escolares.

Análise de vulnerabilidade ecológica da Bacia Lagos São João, RJ: uma contribuição metodológica para estudos de adaptação às mudanças ambientais globais.

Este trabalho objetiva contribuir para o desenvolvimento de metodologia de análises de vulnerabilidade ecológica de bacias hidrográficas, com foco nos ecossistemas de água doce. Partiu-se de uma base metodológica proposta pela Rede WWF e de sua adaptação para a Bacia Lagos São João. Através da aplicação da metodologia desenvolvida, foi possível realizar uma análise multicriterial que identificou, por um lado, os principais estressores afetando a integridade ecológica da bacia, e sua severidade e frequência, mediante avaliação colaborativa de um painel de especialistas; por outro lado, avaliou-se a sensibilidade da bacia aos estressores selecionados. O uso de ferramentas de sistemas de informação geográfica permitiu espacializar, localizar e quantificar as ameaças (estressores), gerando mapas de risco ecológico, identificando em especial, as unidades mais desequilibradas do território em análise. Estas são indicadas como prioritárias para as ações de conservação dos ecossistemas aquáticos, e dos serviços ecossistêmicos providos, do qual depende grande parte da população da bacia. Esta dissertação apresenta, portanto, duas principais contribuições: um estudo global e preliminar da integridade ecológica da bacia Lagos São João; e, sobretudo, adaptações e detalhamentos da base metodológica desenvolvida pela Rede WWF, replicáveis em outras bacias hidrográficas. Ressalte-se que esta análise constitui etapa preliminar para a definição de estratégias de adaptação e resiliência de bacias hidrográficas às mudanças ambientais globais associadas às variabilidades e mudanças climáticas.

Algumas Contribuições para Algoritmos de Controle de Filtros Ativos e Híbridos Conectados em Paralelo com Redes Elétricas Trifásicas a 3 ou a 4 Fios.

Este trabalho apresenta contribuições para algoritmos de controle utilizados em filtros ativos e híbridos conectados em redes elétricas trifásicas a 3 ou a 4 fios. Em relação aos algoritmos de controle para filtros ativos, a contribuição consiste em estender o conceito da filtragem harmônica seletiva para compensação de correntes harmônicas e desequilibradas em uma rede trifásica a 4 fios. Esses algoritmos derivam dos conceitos utilizados na teoria da potência instantânea (teoria pq), em conjunto com um circuito de sincronismo PLL. É importante ressaltar que estes algoritmos não utilizam as correntes consumidas pelas cargas, ou seja, apenas as tensões no ponto da rede onde o filtro está conectado são utilizadas para determinação das correntes harmônicas de referência. Apenas as correntes na saída do conversor são utilizadas como realimentação do controle PWM. Estes algoritmos também foram utilizados no filtro híbrido para compensação de correntes harmônicas em uma rede trifásica a 3 fios. Por fim foi feito uma alteração nesses algoritmos de controle que permite eliminar as correntes utilizadas na realimentação do controle PWM. Resultados de simulação são apresentados com objetivo de observar o comportamento desses algoritmos tanto no filtro ativo quanto no híbrido nas condições mencionadas.

Effect of electric stimulation on heart beat and body muscle in fish

The effect of AC and DC electric stimulations on the heart-rate and the entire body of Heteropneustis fossillis, Tilapia mossambica and Macrobrachium rosenbergii were studied and presented in kymograph tracings. The reaction of spinal cord in Puntius ticto, Heteropneustis fossilis and Tilapia mossambica to D. C. field was observed to find out its role in electric shocks. A test-check of the electrical resistance of a few species was also conducted. The effect of D. C. and A.C. on the body muscle was found to be the same as that in the case of frog. Different degrees of cardiac slowing were observed in AC and DC. Unbalanced galvanotropic movements were also noticed in spinal fishes.

Breakdown voltage for superjunction power devices with charge imbalance: An analytical model valid for both punch through and non punch through devices

An analytical model for the electric field and the breakdown voltage (BV) of an unbalanced superjunction (SJ) device is presented in this paper. The analytical technique uses a superposition approach treating the asymmetric charge in the pillars as an excess charge component superimposed on a balanced charge component. The proposed double-exponentialmodel is able to accurately predict the electric field and the BV for unbalanced SJ devices in both punch through and non punch through conditions. The model is also reasonably accurate at extremely high levels of charge imbalance when the devices behave similarly to a PiN diode or to a high-conductance layer. The analytical model is compared against numerical simulations of charge unbalanced SJ devices and against experimental results. © 2009 IEEE.

High-performance multiplexed vibration sensor system based on fiber lasers - art. no. 683019

This paper describes a high-performance multiplexed vibration sensor system using fiber lasers. A serial vibration sensor array consists of four short cavity fiber lasers. The system employs a single, polarization-insensitive, unbalanced Michelson interferometer to translate individual laser wavelength shifts induced by vibration signals into interferometer phase shifts. A dense wavelength division demultiplexor (DWDM) with high channel isolation is inserted to demultiplex each laser signal as a wavelength filter. Finally, a digital phase demodulator based on the phase generated carrier technique is used to achieve high-resolution interrogation. Experimental results show that no observable crosstalk is measured on the output channels, and the minimal detectable acceleration of this system is similar to 200ng/root Hz at 250Hz, which is fundamentally limited by the frequency noise of the lasers.

使用压缩函数的非平衡Feistel结构的伪随机性和超伪随机性

从可证明安全的角度研究使用压缩函数的非平衡Feistel结构(UFN-C)的安全性,证明了k+1轮UFN-C是伪随机的,k+2轮UFN-C是超伪随机的;进一步地,探讨了UFN-C的有效构造,降低了Naor和Reingold在1999年文章中类似结构对伪随机函数个数的要求.最后,针对一类具体的UFN-C--SMs4,分析其广义形式SMS4-like结构的伪随机性和超伪随机性,为设计与使用该类结构的分组密码提供了可证明安全的理论依据.

Smoothing LDA Model for Text Categorization

Abstract. Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) is a document level language model. In general, LDA employ the symmetry Dirichlet distribution as prior of the topic-words’ distributions to implement model smoothing. In this paper, we propose a data-driven smoothing strategy in which probability mass is allocated from smoothing-data to latent variables by the intrinsic inference procedure of LDA. In such a way, the arbitrariness of choosing latent variables'priors for the multi-level graphical model is overcome. Following this data-driven strategy,two concrete methods, Laplacian smoothing and Jelinek-Mercer smoothing, are employed to LDA model. Evaluations on different text categorization collections show data-driven smoothing can significantly improve the performance in balanced and unbalanced corpora.

Radiation-matter oscillations in attosecond polarization beats using twin color-locked noisy lights

Based on the phase-conjugate polarization interference between two one-photon processes. When the laser has broadband linewidth, the sum-frequency polarization beat (SFPB) signal shows the autocorrelation of SFPB exhibits hybrid radiation-matter detuning terahertz damping oscillation. As an attosecond ultrafast modulation process, it can be extended intrinsically to any sum-frequency of energy-levels. It hits been also found that the asymmetric behaviors of the polarization beat signals result from the unbalanced dispersion effects, (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Coherent laser control in attosecond sum-frequency polarization beats using twin noisy driving fields

Based on the phase-conjugate polarization interference between two-pathway excitations, we obtained an analytic closed form for the second-order or fourth-order Markovian stochastic correlation of the V three-level sum-frequency polarization beat (SFPB) in attosecond scale. Novel interferometric oscillatory behavior is exposed in terms of radiation-radiation, radiation-matter, and matter-matter polarization beats. The phase-coherent control of the light beams in the SFPB is subtle. When the laser has broadband linewidth, the homodyne detected SFPB signal shows resonant-nonresonant cross correlation, a drastic difference for three Markovian stochastic fields, and the autocorrelation of the SFPB exhibits hybrid radiation-matter detuning terahertz damping oscillation. As an attosecond ultrafast modulation process, it can be extended intrinsically to any sum frequency of energy levels. It has been also found that the asymmetric behaviors of the polarization beat signals due to the unbalanced controllable dispersion effects between the two arms of interferometer do not affect the overall accuracy in case using the SFPB to measure the Doppler-free energy-level sum of two excited states.