On energy harvesting form time-limited excitations: simulations and case study

Linear resonant harvesters have been the most common type of generators used to scavenge energy from mechanical vibrations. When subject to harmonic excitation, good performance is achieved once the device is tuned so that its natural frequency coincides with the excitation frequency. In such a situation, the average power harvested in a cycle is proportional to the cube of the excitation frequency and inversely proportional to the suspension damping, which is sought to be very low. However, a very low damping involves a relatively long transient in the system response, where the classical formulation adopted for steady-state regimes do not hold. This paper presents an investigation into the design of a linear resonant harvester to scavenge energy from time-limited harmonic excitations involving a transient response, which could be more likely in some practical situations. An application is presented considering train-induced vibrations.

Experimental Platform for Controlled Faults on Synchronous Generator Armature Windings

An experimental platform that allows application of internal faults on the armature windings of a specially modified synchronous generator in a controlled environment is described. It allows recording and studying current and voltage waveforms of internal fault conditions that may occur in a synchronous generator. Thus, traditional and new protection functions can be tested by using real data, and the transient response of the machine due to internal faults can be analyzed more closely. The hardware-software platform is described in detail, as well as all its control functions. The results can contribute significantly in new protection developments, as well as for educational purposes.

Antennas for the detection of radio emission pulses from cosmic-ray induced air showers at the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Pierre Auger Observatory is exploring the potential of the radio detection technique to study extensive air showers induced by ultra-high energy cosmic rays. The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) addresses both technological and scientific aspects of the radio technique. A first phase of AERA has been operating since September 2010 with detector stations observing radio signals at frequencies between 30 and 80 MHz. In this paper we present comparative studies to identify and optimize the antenna design for the final configuration of AERA consisting of 160 individual radio detector stations. The transient nature of the air shower signal requires a detailed description of the antenna sensor. As the ultra-wideband reception of pulses is not widely discussed in antenna literature, we review the relevant antenna characteristics and enhance theoretical considerations towards the impulse response of antennas including polarization effects and multiple signal reflections. On the basis of the vector effective length we study the transient response characteristics of three candidate antennas in the time domain. Observing the variation of the continuous galactic background intensity we rank the antennas with respect to the noise level added to the galactic signal.

Multiple Input-Output Bidirectional Solid State Transformer Based on a Series Resonant Converter

Las fuentes de alimentación de modo conmutado (SMPS en sus siglas en inglés) se utilizan ampliamente en una gran variedad de aplicaciones. La tarea más difícil para los diseñadores de SMPS consiste en lograr simultáneamente la operación del convertidor con alto rendimiento y alta densidad de energía. El tamaño y el peso de un convertidor de potencia está dominado por los componentes pasivos, ya que estos elementos son normalmente más grandes y más pesados que otros elementos en el circuito. Para una potencia de salida dada, la cantidad de energía almacenada en el convertidor que ha de ser entregada a la carga en cada ciclo de conmutación, es inversamente proporcional a la frecuencia de conmutación del convertidor. Por lo tanto, el aumento de la frecuencia de conmutación se considera un medio para lograr soluciones más compactas con los niveles de densidad de potencia más altos. La importancia de investigar en el rango de alta frecuencia de conmutación radica en todos los beneficios que se pueden lograr: además de la reducción en el tamaño de los componentes pasivos, el aumento de la frecuencia de conmutación puede mejorar significativamente prestaciones dinámicas de convertidores de potencia. Almacenamiento de energía pequeña y el período de conmutación corto conducen a una respuesta transitoria del convertidor más rápida en presencia de las variaciones de la tensión de entrada o de la carga. Las limitaciones más importantes del incremento de la frecuencia de conmutación se relacionan con mayores pérdidas del núcleo magnético convencional, así como las pérdidas de los devanados debido a los efectos pelicular y proximidad. También, un problema potencial es el aumento de los efectos de los elementos parásitos de los componentes magnéticos - inductancia de dispersión y la capacidad entre los devanados - que causan pérdidas adicionales debido a las corrientes no deseadas. Otro factor limitante supone el incremento de las pérdidas de conmutación y el aumento de la influencia de los elementos parásitos (pistas de circuitos impresos, interconexiones y empaquetado) en el comportamiento del circuito. El uso de topologías resonantes puede abordar estos problemas mediante el uso de las técnicas de conmutaciones suaves para reducir las pérdidas de conmutación incorporando los parásitos en los elementos del circuito. Sin embargo, las mejoras de rendimiento se reducen significativamente debido a las corrientes circulantes cuando el convertidor opera fuera de las condiciones de funcionamiento nominales. A medida que la tensión de entrada o la carga cambian las corrientes circulantes incrementan en comparación con aquellos en condiciones de funcionamiento nominales. Se pueden obtener muchos beneficios potenciales de la operación de convertidores resonantes a más alta frecuencia si se emplean en aplicaciones con condiciones de tensión de entrada favorables como las que se encuentran en las arquitecturas de potencia distribuidas. La regulación de la carga y en particular la regulación de la tensión de entrada reducen tanto la densidad de potencia del convertidor como el rendimiento. Debido a la relativamente constante tensión de bus que se encuentra en arquitecturas de potencia distribuidas los convertidores resonantes son adecuados para el uso en convertidores de tipo bus (transformadores cc/cc de estado sólido). En el mercado ya están disponibles productos comerciales de transformadores cc/cc de dos puertos que tienen muy alta densidad de potencia y alto rendimiento se basan en convertidor resonante serie que opera justo en la frecuencia de resonancia y en el orden de los megahercios. Sin embargo, las mejoras futuras en el rendimiento de las arquitecturas de potencia se esperan que vengan del uso de dos o más buses de distribución de baja tensión en vez de una sola. Teniendo eso en cuenta, el objetivo principal de esta tesis es aplicar el concepto del convertidor resonante serie que funciona en su punto óptimo en un nuevo transformador cc/cc bidireccional de puertos múltiples para atender las necesidades futuras de las arquitecturas de potencia. El nuevo transformador cc/cc bidireccional de puertos múltiples se basa en la topología de convertidor resonante serie y reduce a sólo uno el número de componentes magnéticos. Conmutaciones suaves de los interruptores hacen que sea posible la operación en las altas frecuencias de conmutación para alcanzar altas densidades de potencia. Los problemas posibles con respecto a inductancias parásitas se eliminan, ya que se absorben en los Resumen elementos del circuito. El convertidor se caracteriza con una muy buena regulación de la carga propia y cruzada debido a sus pequeñas impedancias de salida intrínsecas. El transformador cc/cc de puertos múltiples opera a una frecuencia de conmutación fija y sin regulación de la tensión de entrada. En esta tesis se analiza de forma teórica y en profundidad el funcionamiento y el diseño de la topología y del transformador, modelándolos en detalle para poder optimizar su diseño. Los resultados experimentales obtenidos se corresponden con gran exactitud a aquellos proporcionados por los modelos. El efecto de los elementos parásitos son críticos y afectan a diferentes aspectos del convertidor, regulación de la tensión de salida, pérdidas de conducción, regulación cruzada, etc. También se obtienen los criterios de diseño para seleccionar los valores de los condensadores de resonancia para lograr diferentes objetivos de diseño, tales como pérdidas de conducción mínimas, la eliminación de la regulación cruzada o conmutación en apagado con corriente cero en plena carga de todos los puentes secundarios. Las conmutaciones en encendido con tensión cero en todos los interruptores se consiguen ajustando el entrehierro para obtener una inductancia magnetizante finita en el transformador. Se propone, además, un cambio en los señales de disparo para conseguir que la operación con conmutaciones en apagado con corriente cero de todos los puentes secundarios sea independiente de la variación de la carga y de las tolerancias de los condensadores resonantes. La viabilidad de la topología propuesta se verifica a través una extensa tarea de simulación y el trabajo experimental. La optimización del diseño del transformador de alta frecuencia también se aborda en este trabajo, ya que es el componente más voluminoso en el convertidor. El impacto de de la duración del tiempo muerto y el tamaño del entrehierro en el rendimiento del convertidor se analizan en un ejemplo de diseño de transformador cc/cc de tres puertos y cientos de vatios de potencia. En la parte final de esta investigación se considera la implementación y el análisis de las prestaciones de un transformador cc/cc de cuatro puertos para una aplicación de muy baja tensión y de decenas de vatios de potencia, y sin requisitos de aislamiento. Abstract Recently, switch mode power supplies (SMPS) have been used in a great variety of applications. The most challenging issue for designers of SMPS is to achieve simultaneously high efficiency operation at high power density. The size and weight of a power converter is dominated by the passive components since these elements are normally larger and heavier than other elements in the circuit. If the output power is constant, the stored amount of energy in the converter which is to be delivered to the load in each switching cycle is inversely proportional to the converter’s switching frequency. Therefore, increasing the switching frequency is considered a mean to achieve more compact solutions at higher power density levels. The importance of investigation in high switching frequency range comes from all the benefits that can be achieved. Besides the reduction in size of passive components, increasing switching frequency can significantly improve dynamic performances of power converters. Small energy storage and short switching period lead to faster transient response of the converter against the input voltage and load variations. The most important limitations for pushing up the switching frequency are related to increased conventional magnetic core loss as well as the winding loss due to the skin and proximity effect. A potential problem is also increased magnetic parasitics – leakage inductance and capacitance between the windings – that cause additional loss due to unwanted currents. Higher switching loss and the increased influence of printed circuit boards, interconnections and packaging on circuit behavior is another limiting factor. Resonant power conversion can address these problems by using soft switching techniques to reduce switching loss incorporating the parasitics into the circuit elements. However the performance gains are significantly reduced due to the circulating currents when the converter operates out of the nominal operating conditions. As the input voltage or the load change the circulating currents become higher comparing to those ones at nominal operating conditions. Multiple Input-Output Many potential gains from operating resonant converters at higher switching frequency can be obtained if they are employed in applications with favorable input voltage conditions such as those found in distributed power architectures. Load and particularly input voltage regulation reduce a converter’s power density and efficiency. Due to a relatively constant bus voltage in distributed power architectures the resonant converters are suitable for bus voltage conversion (dc/dc or solid state transformation). Unregulated two port dc/dc transformer products achieving very high power density and efficiency figures are based on series resonant converter operating just at the resonant frequency and operating in the megahertz range are already available in the market. However, further efficiency improvements of power architectures are expected to come from using two or more separate low voltage distribution buses instead of a single one. The principal objective of this dissertation is to implement the concept of the series resonant converter operating at its optimum point into a novel bidirectional multiple port dc/dc transformer to address the future needs of power architectures. The new multiple port dc/dc transformer is based on a series resonant converter topology and reduces to only one the number of magnetic components. Soft switching commutations make possible high switching frequencies to be adopted and high power densities to be achieved. Possible problems regarding stray inductances are eliminated since they are absorbed into the circuit elements. The converter features very good inherent load and cross regulation due to the small output impedances. The proposed multiple port dc/dc transformer operates at fixed switching frequency without line regulation. Extensive theoretical analysis of the topology and modeling in details are provided in order to compare with the experimental results. The relationships that show how the output voltage regulation and conduction losses are affected by the circuit parasitics are derived. The methods to select the resonant capacitor values to achieve different design goals such as minimum conduction losses, elimination of cross regulation or ZCS operation at full load of all the secondary side bridges are discussed. ZVS turn-on of all the switches is achieved by relying on the finite magnetizing inductance of the Abstract transformer. A change of the driving pattern is proposed to achieve ZCS operation of all the secondary side bridges independent on load variations or resonant capacitor tolerances. The feasibility of the proposed topology is verified through extensive simulation and experimental work. The optimization of the high frequency transformer design is also addressed in this work since it is the most bulky component in the converter. The impact of dead time interval and the gap size on the overall converter efficiency is analyzed on the design example of the three port dc/dc transformer of several hundreds of watts of the output power for high voltage applications. The final part of this research considers the implementation and performance analysis of the four port dc/dc transformer in a low voltage application of tens of watts of the output power and without isolation requirements.

Advanced Control for Very Fast DC-DC Converters Based on Hysteresis of the C-out Current

The bandwidth achievable by using voltage mode control or current mode control in switch-mode power supply is limited by the switching frequency. Fast transient response requires high switching frequency, although lower switching frequencies could be more suitable for higher efficiency. This paper proposes the use of hysteretic control of the output capacitor $(C_{out})$ current to improve the dynamic response of the buck converter. An external voltage loop is required to accurately regulate the output voltage. The design of the hysteretic loop and the voltage loop are presented. Besides, it is presented a non-invasive current sensor that allows measuring the current in the capacitor. This strategy has been applied for DVS (dynamic voltage scaling) on a 5 MHz buck converter. Experimental results validate the proposed control technique and show fast transient response from 1.5 V to 2.5 V in 2 $mu{rm s}$.

Fermi-edge singularities in linear and nonlinear ultrafast spectroscopy

We discuss Fermi-edge singularity effects on the linear and nonlinear transient response of an electron gas in a doped semiconductor. We use a bosonization scheme to describe the low-energy excitations, which allows us to compute the time and temperature dependence of the response functions. Coherent control of the energy absorption at resonance is analyzed in the linear regime. It is shown that a phase shift appears in the coherent control oscillations, which is not present in the excitonic case. The nonlinear response is calculated analytically and used to predict that four wave-mixing experiments would present a Fermi-edge singularity when the exciting energy is varied. A new dephasing mechanism is predicted in doped samples that depends linearly on temperature and is produced by the low-energy bosonic excitations in the conduction band.

Ultrafast coherent spectroscopy of the Fermi edge singularity

Paper submitted to the XVI Sitges Conference on Statistical Mechanics, Sitges, Barcelona, Spain, 7-11 June 1999.

A mathematical model of coal-fired fluidised bed boilers

A mathematical model of a large coal-fired fluidized bed boiler for power generation is synthesised. The effect of variations in the main parameters of the model on variables such as the background carbon concentrations in the bed, and the transient response of heat evolution are studied. The mechanisms of solids mixing within the bed, combustion and the flow of heat to the boiler tubes are shown to result in a characteristic dynamic response, knowledge of which is essential for the proper control and regulation of a practical system.

Surface wave techniques for the study of engineering structures and materials

A wire drive pulse echo method of measuring the spectrum of solid bodies described. Using an 's' plane representation, a general analysis of the transient response of such solids has been carried out. This was used for the study of the stepped amplitude transient of high order modes of disks and for the case where there are two adjacent resonant frequencies. The techniques developed have been applied to the measurenent of the elasticities of refractory materials at high temperatures. In the experimental study of the high order in-plane resonances of thin disks it was found that the energy travelled at the edge of the disk and this initiated the work on one dimensional Rayleigh waves.Their properties were established for the straight edge condition by following an analysis similar to that of the two dimensional case. Experiments were then carried out on the velocity dispersion of various circuits including the disk and a hole in a large plate - the negative curvature condition.Theoretical analysis established the phase and group velocities for these cases and experimental tests on aluminium and glass gave good agreement with theory. At high frequencies all velocities approach that of the one dimensional Rayleigh waves. When applied to crack detection it was observed that a signal burst travelling round a disk showed an anomalous amplitude effect. In certain cases the signal which travelled the greater distance had the greater amplitude.An experiment was designed to investigate the phenanenon and it was established that the energy travelled in two nodes with different velocities.It was found by analysis that as well as the Rayleigh surface wave on the edge, a seoond node travelling at about the shear velocity was excited and the calculated results gave reasonable agreement with the experiments.

Some studies relating to the design of shallow, fluidized bed boilers

The concept of shallow fluidized bed boilers is defined and a preliminary working design for a gas-fired package boiler has been produced. Those areas of the design requiring further study have been specified. Experimental investigations concerning these areas have been carried out. A two-dimensional, conducting paper analog has been developed for the specific purpose of evaluating sheet fins. The analog has been generalised and is presented as a simple means of simulating the general, two-dimensional Helmholtz equation. By recording the transient response of spherical, calorimetric probes when plunged into heated air-fluidized beds, heat transfer coefficients have been measured at bed temperatures up to 1 100°C. A correlation fitting all the data to within ±10% has been obtained. A model of heat transfer to surfaces immersed in high temperature beds has been proposed. The model solutions are, however, only in qualitative agreement with the experimental data. A simple experimental investigation has revealed that the effective, radial, thermal conductivities of shallow fluidized beds are an order of magnitude lower than the axial conductivities. These must, consequently, be taken into account when considering heat transfer to surfaces immersed within fluidized beds. Preliminary work on pre-mixed gas combustion and some further qualitative experiments have been used as the basis for discussing the feasibility of combusting heavy fuel oils within shallow beds. The use of binary beds, within which the fuel could be both gasified and subsequently burnt, is proposed. Finally, the consequences of the experimental studies on the initial design are considered, and suggestions for further work are made.

Quantifying the effects of temperature and concentration on variable-density flow in numerical modeling of groundwater systems: Implications for predictive uncertainty and data collection

Groundwater systems of different densities are often mathematically modeled to understand and predict environmental behavior such as seawater intrusion or submarine groundwater discharge. Additional data collection may be justified if it will cost-effectively aid in reducing the uncertainty of a model's prediction. The collection of salinity, as well as, temperature data could aid in reducing predictive uncertainty in a variable-density model. However, before numerical models can be created, rigorous testing of the modeling code needs to be completed. This research documents the benchmark testing of a new modeling code, SEAWAT Version 4. The benchmark problems include various combinations of density-dependent flow resulting from variations in concentration and temperature. The verified code, SEAWAT, was then applied to two different hydrological analyses to explore the capacity of a variable-density model to guide data collection. ^ The first analysis tested a linear method to guide data collection by quantifying the contribution of different data types and locations toward reducing predictive uncertainty in a nonlinear variable-density flow and transport model. The relative contributions of temperature and concentration measurements, at different locations within a simulated carbonate platform, for predicting movement of the saltwater interface were assessed. Results from the method showed that concentration data had greater worth than temperature data in reducing predictive uncertainty in this case. Results also indicated that a linear method could be used to quantify data worth in a nonlinear model. ^ The second hydrological analysis utilized a model to identify the transient response of the salinity, temperature, age, and amount of submarine groundwater discharge to changes in tidal ocean stage, seasonal temperature variations, and different types of geology. The model was compared to multiple kinds of data to (1) calibrate and verify the model, and (2) explore the potential for the model to be used to guide the collection of data using techniques such as electromagnetic resistivity, thermal imagery, and seepage meters. Results indicated that the model can be used to give insight to submarine groundwater discharge and be used to guide data collection. ^

Évaluation du contrôle sensorimoteur chez les patients ayant une scoliose idiopathique de l'adolescent - Vers un biomarqueur des troubles sensorimoteur basé sur la stimulation vestibulaire galvanique

La scoliose est la pathologie déformante du rachis la plus courante de l’adolescence. Dans 80 % des cas, elle est idiopathique, signifiant qu’aucune cause n’a été associée. Les scolioses idiopathiques répondent à un modèle multifactoriel incluant des facteurs génétiques, environnementaux, neurologiques, hormonaux, biomécaniques et de croissance squelettique. Comme hypothèse neurologique, une anomalie vestibulaire provoquerait une asymétrie d’activation des voies vestibulospinales et des muscles paravertébraux commandés par cette voie, engendrant la déformation scoliotique. Certains modèles animaux permettent de reproduire ce mécanisme. De plus, des anomalies liées au système vestibulaire, comme des troubles de l’équilibre, sont observées chez les patients avec une scoliose. La stimulation vestibulaire galvanique permet d’explorer le contrôle sensorimoteur de l’équilibre puisqu’elle permet d’altérer les afférences vestibulaires. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’explorer le contrôle sensorimoteur en évaluant la réaction posturale provoquée par cette stimulation chez les patients et les participants contrôle. Dans la première étude, les patients sont plus déstabilisés que les contrôles et il n’y a pas de lien entre l’ampleur de l’instabilité et la sévérité de la scoliose. Dans la deuxième étude, à l’aide d’un modèle neuromécanique, un poids plus grand aux signaux vestibulaires a été attribué aux patients. Dans la troisième étude, un problème sensorimoteur est également observé chez les jeunes adultes ayant une scoliose, excluant ainsi que le problème soit dû à la maturation du système nerveux. Dans une étude subséquente, des patients opérés pour réduire leur déformation du rachis, montrent également une réaction posturale de plus grande amplitude à la stimulation comparativement à des participants contrôle. Ces résultats suggèrent que l’anomalie sensorimotrice ne serait pas secondaire à la déformation. Finalement, un algorithme a été développé pour identifier les patients ayant un problème sensorimoteur. Les patients montrant un contrôle sensorimoteur anormal ont également une réponse vestibulomotrice plus grande et attribuent plus de poids aux informations vestibulaires. Globalement, les résultats de cette thèse montrent qu’un déficit sensorimoteur expliquerait l’apparition de la scoliose mais pas sa progression. Le dysfonctionnement sensorimoteur n’est pas présent chez tous les patients. L’algorithme permettant une classification de la performance sensorimotrice pourrait être utile pour de futures études cliniques.

Rational Function Interpolation of Electromagnetic Transfer Functions of High-Speed Interconnect Systems from Discrete Time-Domain and Frequency-Domain Data

We present new methodologies to generate rational function approximations of broadband electromagnetic responses of linear and passive networks of high-speed interconnects, and to construct SPICE-compatible, equivalent circuit representations of the generated rational functions. These new methodologies are driven by the desire to improve the computational efficiency of the rational function fitting process, and to ensure enhanced accuracy of the generated rational function interpolation and its equivalent circuit representation. Toward this goal, we propose two new methodologies for rational function approximation of high-speed interconnect network responses. The first one relies on the use of both time-domain and frequency-domain data, obtained either through measurement or numerical simulation, to generate a rational function representation that extrapolates the input, early-time transient response data to late-time response while at the same time providing a means to both interpolate and extrapolate the used frequency-domain data. The aforementioned hybrid methodology can be considered as a generalization of the frequency-domain rational function fitting utilizing frequency-domain response data only, and the time-domain rational function fitting utilizing transient response data only. In this context, a guideline is proposed for estimating the order of the rational function approximation from transient data. The availability of such an estimate expedites the time-domain rational function fitting process. The second approach relies on the extraction of the delay associated with causal electromagnetic responses of interconnect systems to provide for a more stable rational function process utilizing a lower-order rational function interpolation. A distinctive feature of the proposed methodology is its utilization of scattering parameters. For both methodologies, the approach of fitting the electromagnetic network matrix one element at a time is applied. It is shown that, with regard to the computational cost of the rational function fitting process, such an element-by-element rational function fitting is more advantageous than full matrix fitting for systems with a large number of ports. Despite the disadvantage that different sets of poles are used in the rational function of different elements in the network matrix, such an approach provides for improved accuracy in the fitting of network matrices of systems characterized by both strongly coupled and weakly coupled ports. Finally, in order to provide a means for enforcing passivity in the adopted element-by-element rational function fitting approach, the methodology for passivity enforcement via quadratic programming is modified appropriately for this purpose and demonstrated in the context of element-by-element rational function fitting of the admittance matrix of an electromagnetic multiport.

Exergetic, energetic, economic and environmental evaluation of concentrated solar power plants in Libya

The PhD project addresses the potential of using concentrating solar power (CSP) plants as a viable alternative energy producing system in Libya. Exergetic, energetic, economic and environmental analyses are carried out for a particular type of CSP plants. The study, although it aims a particular type of CSP plant – 50 MW parabolic trough-CSP plant, it is sufficiently general to be applied to other configurations. The novelty of the study, in addition to modeling and analyzing the selected configuration, lies in the use of a state-of-the-art exergetic analysis combined with the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The modeling and simulation of the plant is carried out in chapter three and they are conducted into two parts, namely: power cycle and solar field. The computer model developed for the analysis of the plant is based on algebraic equations describing the power cycle and the solar field. The model was solved using the Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software; and is designed to define the properties at each state point of the plant and then, sequentially, to determine energy, efficiency and irreversibility for each component. The developed model has the potential of using in the preliminary design of CSPs and, in particular, for the configuration of the solar field based on existing commercial plants. Moreover, it has the ability of analyzing the energetic, economic and environmental feasibility of using CSPs in different regions of the world, which is illustrated for the Libyan region in this study. The overall feasibility scenario is completed through an hourly analysis on an annual basis in chapter Four. This analysis allows the comparison of different systems and, eventually, a particular selection, and it includes both the economic and energetic components using the “greenius” software. The analysis also examined the impact of project financing and incentives on the cost of energy. The main technological finding of this analysis is higher performance and lower levelized cost of electricity (LCE) for Libya as compared to Southern Europe (Spain). Therefore, Libya has the potential of becoming attractive for the establishment of CSPs in its territory and, in this way, to facilitate the target of several European initiatives that aim to import electricity generated by renewable sources from North African and Middle East countries. The analysis is presented a brief review of the current cost of energy and the potential of reducing the cost from parabolic trough- CSP plant. Exergetic and environmental life cycle assessment analyses are conducted for the selected plant in chapter Five; the objectives are 1) to assess the environmental impact and cost, in terms of exergy of the life cycle of the plant; 2) to find out the points of weakness in terms of irreversibility of the process; and 3) to verify whether solar power plants can reduce environmental impact and the cost of electricity generation by comparing them with fossil fuel plants, in particular, Natural Gas Combined Cycle (NGCC) plant and oil thermal power plant. The analysis also targets a thermoeconomic analysis using the specific exergy costing (SPECO) method to evaluate the level of the cost caused by exergy destruction. The main technological findings are that the most important contribution impact lies with the solar field, which reports a value of 79%; and the materials with the vi highest impact are: steel (47%), molten salt (25%) and synthetic oil (21%). The “Human Health” damage category presents the highest impact (69%) followed by the “Resource” damage category (24%). In addition, the highest exergy demand is linked to the steel (47%); and there is a considerable exergetic demand related to the molten salt and synthetic oil with values of 25% and 19%, respectively. Finally, in the comparison with fossil fuel power plants (NGCC and Oil), the CSP plant presents the lowest environmental impact, while the worst environmental performance is reported to the oil power plant followed by NGCC plant. The solar field presents the largest value of cost rate, where the boiler is a component with the highest cost rate among the power cycle components. The thermal storage allows the CSP plants to overcome solar irradiation transients, to respond to electricity demand independent of weather conditions, and to extend electricity production beyond the availability of daylight. Numerical analysis of the thermal transient response of a thermocline storage tank is carried out for the charging phase. The system of equations describing the numerical model is solved by using time-implicit and space-backward finite differences and which encoded within the Matlab environment. The analysis presented the following findings: the predictions agree well with the experiments for the time evolution of the thermocline region, particularly for the regions away from the top-inlet. The deviations observed in the near-region of the inlet are most likely due to the high-level of turbulence in this region due to the localized level of mixing resulting; a simple analytical model to take into consideration this increased turbulence level was developed and it leads to some improvement of the predictions; this approach requires practically no additional computational effort and it relates the effective thermal diffusivity to the mean effective velocity of the fluid at each particular height of the system. Altogether the study indicates that the selected parabolic trough-CSP plant has the edge over alternative competing technologies for locations where DNI is high and where land usage is not an issue, such as the shoreline of Libya.

Plant Migrations Impact on Potential Vegetation and Carbon Redistribution in Northern North America from Climate Change

Forests have a prominent role in carbon storage and sequestration. Anthropogenic forcing has the potential to accelerate climate change and alter the distribution of forests. How forests redistribute spatially and temporally in response to climate change can alter their carbon sequestration potential. The driving question for this research was: How does plant migration from climate change impact vegetation distribution and carbon sequestration potential over continental scales? Large-scale simulation of the equilibrium response of vegetation and carbon from future climate change has shown relatively modest net gains in sequestration potential, but studies of the transient response has been limited to the sub-continent or landscape scale. The transient response depends on fine scale processes such as competition, disturbance, landscape characteristics, dispersal, and other factors, which makes it computational prohibitive at large domain sizes. To address this, this research used an advanced mechanistic model (Ecosystem Demography Model, ED) that is individually based, but pseudo-spatial, that reduces computational intensity while maintaining the fine scale processes that drive the transient response. First, the model was validated against remote sensing data for current plant functional type distribution in northern North America with a current climatology, and then a future climatology was used to predict the potential equilibrium redistribution of vegetation and carbon from future climate change. Next, to enable transient calculations, a method was developed to simulate the spatially explicit process of dispersal in pseudo-spatial modeling frameworks. Finally, the new dispersal sub-model was implemented in the mechanistic ecosystem model, and a model experimental design was designed and completed to estimate the transient response of vegetation and carbon to climate change. The potential equilibrium forest response to future climate change was found to be large, with large gross changes in distribution of plant functional types and comparatively smaller changes in net carbon sequestration potential for the region. However, the transient response was found to be on the order of centuries, and to depend strongly on disturbance rates and dispersal distances. Future work should explore the impact of species-specific disturbance and dispersal rates, landscape fragmentation, and other processes that influence migration rates and have been simulated at the sub-continent scale, but now at continental scales, and explore a range of alternative future climate scenarios as they continue to be developed.