La economía atlántica: liberalización comercial y efectos económicos

La Unión Europea inició en 2013 la negociación del acuerdo comercial denominado “Partenariado Transatlántico sobre Comercio e Inversión”, más conocido por las siglas en inglés de dicho acuerdo, TTIP (Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership). Se trata del acuerdo de libre comercio más importante de la historia de la Unión Europea, con un potencial impacto económico relevante sobre la economía europea, la economía española y, también, sobre el orden comercial multilateral articulado en torno a la Organización Mundial de Comercio y el GATT. Se ha considera oportuno, en consecuencia, investigar de forma rigurosa sobre el potencial impacto económico de este acuerdo comercial. Síntesis La tesis doctoral tiene por objetivo desarrollar el marco analítico en el cual evaluar el potencial impacto económico del acuerdo comercial conocido como TTIP. Pretende, en primer lugar, a la luz de las estadísticas oficiales disponibles, analizar en profundidad la economía atlántica, desde la perspectiva de los flujos de comercio de bienes y servicios y de los flujos de inversión, y aplicar la nueva teoría pura del comercio internacional (bajo supuestos de economías de escala, diferenciación de producto y preferencia por la variedad en las funciones de demanda del consumidor) a la explicación de los intercambios comerciales atlánticos. Se propone asimismo aplicar la teoría económica al análisis del impacto de las variaciones de los precios internacionales de los inputs energéticos o commodities sobre la economía atlántica. El segundo objetivo es profundizar en el análisis de las barreras que aún obstaculizan los intercambios comerciales de bienes y servicios y los flujos de capitales y de personas en la “economía atlántica”. Se trata de extender el análisis desde los obstáculos comerciales tradicionales (aranceles y contingentes), a los que subyacen en la regulación, los estándares técnicos, las reglas sobre compras públicas, las decisiones en el ámbito de la política de defensa de la competencia o en el uso de los instrumentos de defensa comercial. El análisis horizontal de las barreras se complementa con otro de carácter sectorial. Sin este ejercicio no es posible evaluar correctamente el impacto potencial de una liberalización comercial atlántica completa y profunda...

Caribbean trade and integration: trends and future prospects

Includes Bibliography

Greater TTIP Ambition in Chemicals: Why and how. CEPS Special Report, 28 July 2015. Paper No. 10 in the CEPS-CTR project ‘TTIP in the Balance’ and CEPS Special Report No. 114/July 2015.

To date, the negotiations over chemicals in the Translatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) have not shown sufficient ambition. The talks have focused too much on the differences in the two ‘systems’, rather than on the actual levels of health and environmental protection for substances regulated by both the US and the EU. Given the accomplishments within the OECD and the UN Globally Harmonised System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), the question is whether TTIP can be any more ambitious in the area of chemicals? We find that there is no detailed or systematic knowledge about how the two levels of protection in chemicals compare, although caricatures and stereotypes abound. This is partly due to an obsessive focus on a single US federal law, the Toxic Subtances Control Act (TSCA), whereas in practice US protection depends on many statutes and regulations, as well as on voluntary withdrawals (under pressure from the Environmental Protection Agency) and severe common law liability. This paper makes the economic case for firmly addressing the regulatory barriers, discusses the EU’s proposals, finds that the European Parliament’s Resolution on TTIP of July 2015 lacks a rationale (for chemicals), argues that both TSCA and REACH ought to be improved (based on ‘better regulation’), discusses the link with a global regime, advocates significant improvement of market access where equivalence of health and environmental objectives is agreed and, finally, proposes to lower the costs for companies selling in both markets by allowing them to opt into the other party’s more stringent rules, thereby avoiding duplication while racing-to-the-top. The ‘living agreement’ on chemicals ought to be led by a new TTIP institution authorised to establish the level of health and environmental protection on both sides of the Atlantic for substances regulated on both sides. These findings will lay the foundation for a highly beneficial lowering of trading costs without in any way affecting the level of protection. Indeed, this is exactly what TTIP is, or should be, all about.This paper is the 10th in a series produced in the context of the “TTIP in the Balance” project, jointly organised by CEPS and the Center for Transatlantic Relations (CTR) in Washington, D.C. It is published simultaneously on the CEPS (www.ceps.eu) and CTR websites (http://transatlantic.sais-jhu.edu).

Trade and the environment in the context of the World Trade Organization

Includes bibliography

Development of Border Economic Zones in Thailand: Expansion of Border Trade and Formation of Border Economic Zones

In the wake of economic globalization and development in Thailand, movement of people and commodities at the Thai borders is also becoming pronounced. Economic interdependence between Thailand and neighboring countries is growing through border customhouses. As a policy, Thailand is trying to stimulate trade and investment with neighboring countries following the ACMECS (Ayeyawady-Chao Phraya-Mekong Economic Cooperation Strategy) scheme. In this report, first, movement of people and goods at the borders will be examined. Second, clarification of where and how development is proceeding will be presented. Last, this study will attempt to review the perspectives of policies on neighboring countries after Thaksin.

Towards Effective Regulatory Cooperation under TTIP: A Comparative Overview of the EU and US Legislative and Regulatory Systems. CEPS Special Report No. 88, 15 May 2014

The aim of this report is to inform the EU-US Transatlantic Trade and Investment negotiations on enhanced regulatory coherence and cooperation, by providing negotiators, stakeholders and the public with a comparative overview of the US and EU legislative and regulatory processes in their current form, highlighting differences and similarities.

U.S. high technology trade and competitiveness /

Item 231-B-1

Statistical abstract of East-West trade and finance : staff report /

Item 231-B-1

International trade law, plain packaging and tobacco industry political activity:the Trans-Pacific Partnership

Tobacco companies are increasingly turning to trade and investment agreements to challenge measures aimed at reducing tobacco use. This study examines their efforts to influence the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), a major trade and investment agreement which may eventually cover 40% of the world's population; focusing on how these efforts might enhance the industry's power to challenge the introduction of plain packaging. Specifically, the paper discusses the implications for public health regulation of Philip Morris International's interest in using the TPP to: shape the bureaucratic structures and decision-making processes of business regulation at the national level; introduce a higher standard of protection for trademarks than is currently provided under the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights; and expand the coverage of Investor-State Dispute Settlement which empowers corporations to litigate directly against governments where they are deemed to be in breach of investment agreements. The large number of countries involved in the TPP underlines its risk to the development of tobacco regulation globally.

Trade Creation, Trade Diversion and Investment Flows: Evidence from the Canada-Chile Free Trade Agreement.

Rapport de recherche

Effects of trade policy on technology adoption and investment

This paper studies the consequences of trade policy for the adoption of new technologies. It develops a dynamic international trade model with two sectors. Workers in manufacturing decide if new technologies are used, capital owners then choose investment. We analyze three different arrangements: free trade, tariffs, and quotas. In the model economy, free trade as well as tariffs guarantee that the most productive technology available will be used. In contrasL under a quota the most productive technology available will not be used at all times. Further, in the latter case investment and the capital stock are smaller than in the former one. Finally, there exists parameter values for which the computed difference in GDP is a factor of thirty.

R&D investment, international trade, and home market and competitiveness efects

We analyze the effects of R&D investment on international trade. The importance of studying this comes from the fact that one of the most important characteristics of modern industrial organization is that firms try to influence market behavior through strategic variables as R&D. Moreover international competition between firms is, more and more, also centered in R&D competition (besides output and price competition). With this in mind, we develop an oligopolist reciprocal-markets model where firms engage in R&D investment to achieve future reductions in marginal costs. We find ‘home market effects’ at the level of R&D investment, i.e.: firms located in countries that host a higher share of skilled-labor perform higher levels of R&D investment. As consequence, firms in these countries are more competitive than firms in other countries, and as such they can penetrate more easily foreign markets. As result of this ‘competitiveness effect’, countries where these firms are located run trade surplus, while countries where firms perform lower levels of R&D investment incur in trade deficits.

Trade, investment and fragmentation of the global market: is Latin America lagging behind?

Includes bibliography