Environmental factor, crisis in the centres and change in international relations of the peripheral countries

Includes bibliography

Electrostatic potentials and polarization effects in proton-molecule interactions by means of multipoles from the quantum theory of atoms in molecules

Some atomic multipoles (charges, dipoles and quadrupoles) from the Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules (QTAIM) and CHELPG charges are used to investigate interactions between a proton and a molecule (F2, Cl2, BF, AlF, BeO, MgO, LiH, H2CO, NH3, PH3, BF3, and CO2). Calculations were done at the B3LYP/6-311G(3d,3p) level. The main aspect of this work is the investigation of polarization effects over electrostatic potentials and atomic multipoles along a medium to long range of interaction distances. Large electronic charge fluxes and polarization changes are induced by a proton mainly when this positive particle approaches the least electronegative atom of diatomic heteronuclear molecules. The search for simple equations to describe polarization on electrostatic potentials from QTAIM quantities resulted in linear relations with r-4 (r is the interaction distance) for many cases. Moreover, the contribution from atomic dipoles to these potentials is usually the most affected contribution by polarization what reinforces the need for these dipoles to a minimal description of purely electrostatic interactions. Finally, CHELPG charges provide a description of polarization effects on electrostatic potentials that is in disagreement with physical arguments for certain of these molecules. (c) 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Agents, Trustees, and International Courts: Nomination and Appointment of Judicial Candidates in the WTO Appellate Body

Scholars have increasingly theorized, and debated, the decision by states to create and delegate authority to international courts, as well as the subsequent autonomy and behavior of those courts, with principal–agent and trusteeship models disagreeing on the nature and extent of states’ influence on international judges. This article formulates and tests a set of principal–agent hypotheses about the ways in which, and the conditions under which, member states are able use their powers of judicial nomination and appointment to influence the endogenous preferences of international judges. The empirical analysis surveys the record of all judicial appointments to the Appellate Body (AB) of the World Trade Organization over a 15-year period. We present a view of an AB appointment process that, far from representing a pure search for expertise, is deeply politicized and offers member-state principals opportunities to influence AB members ex ante and possibly ex post. We further demonstrate that the AB nomination process has become progressively more politicized over time as member states, responding to earlier and controversial AB decisions, became far more concerned about judicial activism and more interested in the substantive opinions of AB candidates, systematically championing candidates whose views on key issues most closely approached their own, and opposing candidates perceived to be activist or biased against their substantive preferences. Although specific to the WTO, our theory and findings have implications for the judicial politics of a large variety of global and regional international courts and tribunals.

The Theory of Interhybridity: Socio-political Dimensions and Migration Experiences of Post-communist Western Balkan States

The Western Balkans integration within the EU has started a legal process which is the rejection of former communist legal/political approaches and the transformation of former communist institutions. Indeed, the EU agenda has brought vertical/horizontal integration and Europeanization of national institutions (i.e. shifting power to the EU institutions and international authorities). At this point, it is very crucial to emphasize the fact that the Western Balkans as a whole region has currently an image that includes characteristics of both the Soviet socialism and the European democracy. The EU foreign policies and enlargement strategy for Western Balkans have significant effects on four core factors (i.e. Schengen visa regulations, remittances, asylum and migration as an aggregate process). The convergence/divergence of EU member states’ priorities for migration policies regulate and even shape directly the migration dynamics in migrant sender countries. From this standpoint, the research explores how main migration factors are influenced by political and judicial factors such as; rule of law and democracy score, the economic liberation score, political and human rights, civil society score and citizenship rights in Western Balkan countries. The proposal of interhybridity explores how the hybridization of state and non-state actors within home and host countries can solve labor migration-related problems. The economical and sociopolitical labor-migration model of Basu (2009) is overlapping with the multidimensional empirical framework of interhybridity. Indisputably, hybrid model (i.e. collaboration state and non-state actors) has a catalyst role in terms of balancing social problems and civil society needs. Paradigmatically, it is better to perceive the hybrid model as a combination of communicative and strategic action that means the reciprocal recognition within the model is precondition for significant functionality. This will shape social and industrial relations with moral meanings of communication.

U.S. citizens imprisoned in Mexico : hearings before the Subcommittee on International Political and Military Affairs of the Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives, Ninety-fourth Congress, first session.

Hearings held April 29, 1975-

Human rights in Nicaragua, Guatemala, and El Salvador : implications for U.S. policy : hearings before the Subcommittee on International Organizations of the Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives, Ninety-fourth Congress, second session, June 8 and 9, 1976.

Includes bibliographical references.

Review of the United Nations 33d Commission on Human Rights : hearing before the Subcommittee on International Organizations of the Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives, Ninety-fifth Congress, first session, May 19, 1977.

Mode of access: Internet.

Religious persecution in El Salvador : hearings before the Subcommittee on International Organizations of the Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives, Ninety-fifth Congress, first session, July 21 and 29, 1977.

Mode of access: Internet.

Human rights in Haiti : hearing before the Subcommittee on International Organizations of the Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives, Ninety-fourth Congress, first session, November 18, 1975.

"Report of Senator Edward W. Brooke, 'United States foreign assistance for Haiti', April 1974": p. 73-120.

Proceedings of the Conference on international relations, held at Cornell university, Ithaca, N.Y., June 15-30, 1915.

"Important books on international relations": p. 400-408; other bibliographies interspersed.

The theory and practice of tone-relations; an elementary course of harmony with emphasis upon the element of melody

Mode of access: Internet.

The future of transatlantic relations : a view from Europe : hearing before the Subcommittee on Europe of the Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eighth Congress, first session, June 17, 2003.

"Serial no. 108-34."