Imagen tomada de noche, con luz de flash, donde se puede apreciar la textura de una reja de color blanco, que permite ver a través de ella algunas bicicletas colgadas

Imagen tomada de noche, con luz de flash, donde se puede apreciar la textura de una reja de color blanco, que permite ver a través de ella algunas bicicletas colgadas.

Família e Famílias no Portugal Contemporâneo. Discursos, Trama e Textura em Perspectiva Sociológica

Família. Família ou famílias? Família e famílias? A distinção entre a instituição "família" e os grupos sociais "famílias" ficou sociológica e definitivamente estabelecida desde que em 1888 Émile Durkheim escreveu a lição "Introduction à la Sociologie de la Famille". Mas onde radica exactamente esta transição do singular para o plural? E o que significa? Este texto ensaia uma resposta a tais interrogações. Mais de cem anos volvidos, move-nos exactamente o mesmo móbil de Durkheim, o de estudar não a família do passado, ou a família do futuro, mas a família contemporânea, "aquela que existe actualmente aos nossos olhos e no seio da qual vivemos" (Durkheim, 1975 [1888]: 7).

Critérios de manejo na irrigação do feijoeiro em solo de textura arenosa.

Dentre aspectos mais importantes para o sucesso da agricultura irrigada destaca-se o manejo da água aplicada. No mercado existe uma diversidade de metodologias e instrumentos para tal fim, entretanto, o monitoramento do nível de água no solo utilizando o tensiômetro tem se mostrado eficaz. Nesse trabalho foram avaliados dois métodos de manejo da irrigação, um baseado na tensão da água no solo e o outro com base na depleção da água disponível, com o objetivo de verificar qual deles promove maior produtividade de grãos para a cultura do feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) em um solo de textura arenosa.

Lixiviação de cálcio, magnésio e potássio em colunas de um latossolo amarelo distrófico textura média, de Luis Eduardo Magalhães - Ba, em resposta as doses de óxido de magnésio combinadas com gesso.

O estudo da movimentação de nutrientes no solo é fundamental para nortear a sua correção, a fim de favorecer maiores produtividades das culturas. Resssalta-se que é interessante não se ter uma correção do solo somente superficial, mas também condicionando o perfil até a profundidade que alcançam as raízes absorventes de nutrientes. Por outro lado, se a translocação de nutrientes for elevada podem avançar além da profundidade das raízes e serem perdidos por lixiviação e dessa forma podem contaminar as águas subterrâneas. Diante do exposto, o presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a lixiviação de cálcio, magnésio e potássio em colunas de solo em resposta a aplicação de calcário e a combinação de gesso e óxido de magnésio. O ensaio em colunas de PVC foi conduzido no laboratório na Embrapa Solos, segundo um delineamento de blocos casualizados e um arranjo fatorial 1x1x3+2+1, correspondendo a um solo: Latossolo Amarelo distrófico textura média de Luis Eduardo Magalhães- BA, uma proporção de magnesita:gesso (1:1), três doses dessa combinação referente à soma de Ca2+ e de Mg2+ equivalente a 2,0; 4,0 e 8,0 cmolc/dm3 de solo (15, 30 e 45 kg/ha de óxido de magnésio) e mais três tratamentos testemunha, (dois solos adicionados de calcário dolomítico 82,70% de PRNT, elevando a saturação de bases para 60%) recomendada pela Comissão de fertilidade do Solo do Estado de Minas Gerais (1999), e uma amostra do solo sem nenhuma aplicação de corretivos, com três repetições. Nos tratamentos com gesso e magnesita foram incorporados a uma profundidade de 0-5 cm, simulando uma correção num manejo com plantio direto. As testemunhas com calcário possuem duas profundidades, 0-5 e 0-20 cm, simulando correção no plantio direto e convencional respectivamente. O solo recebeu aplicação de água para atingir 70% da capacidade de campo em seguida as colunas foram incubadas. Após esse período iniciou-se uma simulação de chuva com volumes correspondentes ao mês de maior intensidade da região, foi aplicado um volume de água destilada de 110 mL. Sendo que foram divididos em 12 aplicações, realizando 3 aplicações por semana durante o período de 1 mês. O lixiviado foi coletado no dia seguinte as recargas, e foram realizadas análises de cálcio, magnésio, por espectrometria de plasma (icp - oes) e potássio por fotometria de chama, conforme Embrapa (1997). A perda total de cátions no lixiviado foi calculada somando-se a concentração das 12 coletas, e fazendo-se em seguida a média das três repetições. Observou-se que as perdas de magnésio, cálcio e potássio no lixiviado foram influenciadas pelas doses de óxido de magnésio combinadas com gesso, quanto maior a dose maior a perda. E seguiram a seguinte ordem: K+ >> Ca2+ > Mg2+. Além disso, verificou-se que a dose de 15 kg/ha de óxido de magnésio levou a menor perda no lixiviado. Alerta-se para o risco de perda expressiva de potássio e contaminação de águas subterrâneas neste solo de textura média caso aplicação de gesso não seja de forma equilibrada.

Comportamento da umidade e da temperatura do solo em um Argissolo vermelho-amarelo textura argilosa/muito argilosa em três sistemas de manejo.

A introdução de técnicas conservacionistas de manejo do solo (cultivo mínimo, plantio direto) e da água como a irrigação por gotejamento pode contribuir para obtenção da sustentabilidade dos cultivos do tomate de mesa. Esse estudo objetivou avaliar a temperatura do solo e a umidade em superfície da lavoura de tomate de mesa sob três sistemas de produção. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos com três repetições. Os tratamentos adotados foram o sistema de produção convencional do solo, o sistema de cultivo mínimo, ambos com a utilização da irrigação através da técnica de molhação por mangueirão e o sistema de plantio direto que contemplou a irrigação por gotejamento. A temperatura do solo foi monitorada por geotermômetros e a umidade do solo através de sensores de matriz granular. Os resultados apontam que houve diferenças significativas na temperatura do solo e na umidade em superfície. Desta forma, pode-se concluir que sistemas de produção conservacionistas contribuem para a conservação de água no solo para a redução da amplitude térmica no solo e para a obtenção da sustentabilidade da lavoura de tomate de mesa.

Amostragem e variabilidade espacial de atributos químicos do solo em área de vegetação natural em regeneração

The objectives of this work was to estimate the number of soil subsamples considering the classical statistics and geostatistics and determine the spatial variability of soil fertility attributes of an Ultisol, with clay texture, in an area of regenerating natural vegetation in Alegre - ES. Soil samples were collected in a depth of 0.0-0.2 m, at the crossing points of a regular grid, comprising a total of 64 points located at 10 m-intervals. The area presented low fertility soil. Considering a variation of 5% around the mean in the classic statistics, it is necessary a larger number of samples in relation to geostatistics. All the chemical attributes showed moderate to high spatial dependence, except for the effective cation exchange capacity (CECe), which showed pure nugget effect. The spherical semivariogram model gave the best fit to the data. Isoline maps allowed visualizing the differentiated spatial distribution of the contents of soil chemical attributes.

Influência do processo de secagem na qualidade do cogumelo shiitake

Edible mushroom are highly perishable foods. Drying is an alternative to provide safe storage. In this work, the effects of some drying parameters on the quality of Shiitake mushroom were investigated: geometry of the raw material (whole and sliced), drying temperature (50 °C and 70 ºC) and final moisture content (5% and 15% wb). Experimental kinetics of drying was built and color and texture analyses were done in fresh and in rehydrated dried product. The effect of parameters was evaluated by analysis of variance and test of multiple comparisons. Drying kinetics showed that drying happened in falling-rate period and sliced mushroom dried at 70 ºC required lesser drying time than other treatments. Mushroom dried at 70 ºC showed less darkening. Drying time affected mushroom quality, evaluated by great hardness, gummosis and darkening.

Utilização de 1-metilciclopropeno e resfriamento rápido na conservação de pêssegos

Postharvest losses vary among the different vegetable products. However, among fruits and vegetables the losses generally range from 30% to 50%. Thus, this paper aimed the application of 1-methylcycloprene (1-MCP) and fast cooling with forced air (PC) on peaches, in order to estimate their effects in the ripening process of this fruit. Physiological analyses were performed, such as loss of fresh mass, firmness, pH, titratable acidity, soluble solids, ratio and CO2 production, as well as sensorial analyses such as color, texture and flavor. The experiment was divided in two phases. In the first one, concentrations of 30, 60, and 90 nL/L 1-MCP, applied at 0 ºC and 20 ºC, were tested. The fruits treated without 1-MCP were denominated control for both temperatures studied. The second phase was composed by the following treatments: cold storage (CS) or control, cooling with forced air (CFA), cooling with forced air followed by 1-MCP application (CFA + 1-MCP) and 1-MCP application (1-MCP). Among these, the CFA + 1-MCP treatment provided more firmness of the fruits in comparison to the control fruits. The respiratory rate of peaches under CFA and CFA + 1-MCP treatments decreased in comparison to the control fruit respiratory rates.

Avaliação de índices de firmeza para abacaxi minimamente processado em fatias tratadas com soluções de sais de cálcio

Fresh-cut sliced fruits and vegetables are ready to eat immediately and their sensorial characteristics should be similar to fresh product. Although most of the studies in this area are focused on vegetables, there is a great market potential for fresh-cut sliced fruits, mainly for those which exhibit some commercialization or preparation difficulties such as pineapple. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of 1% and 3% concentrations of calcium salts (chloride, sulphate and lactate) on pH, total soluble solids and firmness values of minimally processed pineapple slices. Two types of indenters and three firmness indexes were investigated aiming to identify the best index. Results showed that calcium sulphate 3% kept average firmness index up to 44.45% higher than the index value of the control. Even though both indenters exhibited similar variability the cylindrical one was able to point out more differences between control and treatments than the cylindrical borer indenter.

Caracterização morfológica das sementes e plântulas de seis espécies invasoras do gênero Solanum L

Morphological caracterization of the seeds and seedlings of six weed especies of the genus Solanum L. The seeds of the genus Solanum are very similar, however, the association of their external characteristics with the anatomical features, such as hilum shape, the texture and the type of the seed coat sculptures, as well as the curved (circulated or coiled) shape of the embryo, are parameters of great importance in the taxonomical identification at the species level. It is are presented the morphological descriptions of the genus Solanum and a more detailed description of each studied species in terms of seed and seedling structures, including illustrations and taxonomical keys for the identification of Solanum aculeatissimum Jacq., S. americanum Mill., S. ciliatum Lam., S. sisymbriifolium Lam., S. sordidum Sendt. e S. viarum Dunal. There are also indications of the common names, the type of reproduction and dispersion, the crops in which the species is considered as a weed and the agricultural seeds in which it is found as a weed seed.

CARACTERÍSTICAS DE QUALIDADE DO CONTRAFILÉ (m. L. dorsi) DE TOUROS JOVENS DA RAÇA NELORE

Quality traits of boneless rib cut (L. dorsi muscle) from Nelore young bulls. To study the meat quality traits of Nelore breed young bulls, and the effect of age (690-780 days) on them, 113 animals were slaughtered after 109 days of intensive feeding with 20% concentrate and 80% roughage. All the carcasses were graded at the slaughter floor by the Federal Inspection and chilled for 24 hours (Tinitial=5°C, Tfinal=2°C). Fifty one half carcasses (right side), type B - B R A S I L `s grading system - from animals of 23 to 26 months were boned and separated into commercial cuts. Two steaks (2.5cm thick) were removed from each boneless rib cut (m. L. dorsi), vacuum packaged and aged for 7 days (0-2°C). The pH varied from 5.44 to 5.83 and only two samples had pH ³ 5.70. The L* (brightness) average value was 34.85. The water and fat content were 75.65% and 1.71%, respectively. The average WB shear force was 6.70kg, and it was not affected by age (690-734 days), but presented a trend (t test, p=0.22) for increasing values between 735 and 780 days. Animal age did not affect other quality traits (t test, p>0.20). It was concluded that the rib cut from Nelore young bulls may not have a good acceptability in exigent markets, and that carcasses graded B, presumed to be the best grade, do not necessarily present the best meat quality characteristics.

Avaliação do amaciamento de carne bovina de dianteiro (Triceps brachii) pelos métodos de maturação, estimulação elétrica, injeção de ácidos e tenderização mecânica

Twenty-two Triceps brachii muscle obtained from 11 cows aged 3 and 4 years , killed in an experimental slaughter plant, were submitted to mechanical tenderization, injection with acetic acid 0,1M and lactic acid 0,2M, ageing for 9 and 14 days and electrical stimulation (250v - 60Hz - 90s), some of them were reserved as a control group, without treatment. The 14 days ageing time presented 21% of increase in subjective tenderness and 12% of reduction in shear force, these values were similar to the electrical stimulated meat. However the injection with acids and the ageing time 9 days did not present significant effect in the texture. Although the shear force values of mechanical tenderized meat was the shortest among all treatments, suspect of superestimation because of the fractures plan created by this process. Another analyses were carried out: pH reduction curve, R value; colour analysis; weight losses by cooking and by treatment; and microbiological analysis.

Caracterização sensorial de amêndoas de castanha-de-caju fritas e salgadas

Shelled, roasted and salted cashew nut kernels were packaged in three different flexible materials (PP/PE= polypropylene / polyethylene; PETmet/PE= metallized polyethylene terephthalate / polyethylene; PET/Al/LDPE= polyethylene terephthalate / aluminum foil / low density polyethylene ), with different barrier properties. Kernels were stored for one year at 30° C and 80% relative humidity. Quantitative descriptive sensory analysis (QDA) were performed at the end of storage time. Descriptive terms obtained for kernels characterization were brown color, color uniformity and rugosity for appearance; toasted kernel, sweet, old and rancidity for odor; toasted kernel, sweet, old rancidity, salt and bitter for taste, crispness for texture. QDA showed that factors responsible for sensory quality decrease, after one year storage, were increase in old aroma and taste, increase in rancidity aroma and taste, decrease in roasted kernel aroma and taste, and decrease of crispness. Sensory quality decrease was higher in kernels packaged in PP/PE.

Perfil sensorial de ovos de Páscoa

Easter egg is a popular chocolate-candy in egg form commercialized in Brazil during Easter time. In this research, Quantitative Descriptive Analysis was applied to select sensory attributes which best define the modifications in appearance, aroma, flavor and texture when cocoa butter equivalent (CBE) is added to Easter eggs. Samples with and without CBE were evaluated by a selected panel and fourteen attributes best describing similarities and differences between them, were defined. Terms definition, reference materials and a consensus ballot were developed. After a training period, panelists evaluated the samples in a Complete Block Design using a 9 cm unstructured scale. Principal Component Analysis, ANOVA and Tukey test (p<0.05) were applied to the data in order to select attributes which best discriminated and characterized the samples. Samples showed significant differences (p<0.05) in all attributes. Easter egg without CBE showed higher intensities (p<0.05) in relation to the following descriptors: brown color, characteristic aroma, cocoa mass aroma, cocoa butter aroma, characteristic flavor, cocoa mass flavor, hardness and brittleness.

Quality of sausage elaborated using minced Nile Tilapia submmitted to cold storage

Filleting yield of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.) is low (30%) and generates large amount of wastes that may turn into environmental and economic problem. However, these wastes can be used for the extraction of minced fish (MF) which can be used in the preparation of sausages. The objective of this study was to assess the quality of sausages prepared with 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% of MF from Nile tilapia filleting waste during storage at 0±0.3ºC. Alterations in the instrumental color (L*, a* and b*), lipid oxidation (TBARS), total volatile nitrogenous bases (TVB-N), pH, microbiological condition (pathogenic bacteria and aerobic psychrotrophic bacteria), and sensory attributes (color, odor, flavor, texture and overall acceptability) were evaluated for up to 40 days. The addition of MF to sausages increased TBARS values and decreases TVB-N, L*, a* and b* values. Acceptability of color attribute decreased with increasing MF; best flavor, texture and overall acceptability scores were registered for sausages containing 40 and 60% MF; best odor was registered for 100% MF. Pathogenic microorganisms were not detected, but decrease in pH and proliferation of aerobic psychrotrophic bacteria which, however, did not compromise sensory evaluation of sausages were registered throughout storage. Sausages prepared with MF from tilapia filleting waste have a shelf-life of 40 days when stored at 0±0.3ºC, and the maximum recommended MF inclusion to maintain good sensory quality is 60%.