Narrative of a second expedition to the shores of The Polar Sea in the years 1825, 1826, and 1827 /

Mode of access: Internet.

Proceedings of the ... annual Convention of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations /

Vol. for 29th, 1915 includes the 4th: Land Grant College Engineering Association. Proceedings of the ... annual convention of the Land Grant College Engineering Association ...; in 1915 the Land Grant College Engineering Association united with the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations.

A voyage to the Pacific Ocean : undertaken, by the command of His Majesty, for making discoveries in the Northern hemisphere, to determine the position and extent of the west side of North America, its distance from Asia, and the practicability of a northern passage to Europe : Performed under the direction of Captains Cook, Clerke, and Gore, in His Majesty's ships the Resolution and Discovery, in the years 1776, 1777, 1778, 1779, and 1780 /

Mode of access: Internet.

Report of the Commissioner of Education made to the Secretary of the Interior for the year ... with accompanying papers.

"Index to the publications of the United States Bureau of Education from 1867-1890" pubished in 1888/1889 v.2, p.1453-1551.

Managing reforestation to sequester carbon, increase biodiversity potential and minimize loss of agricultural land

Reforestation will have important consequences for the global challenges of mitigating climate change, arresting habitat decline and ensuring food security. We examined field-scale trade-offs between carbon sequestration of tree plantings and biodiversity potential and loss of agricultural land. Extensive surveys of reforestation across temperate and tropical Australia (N=1491 plantings) were used to determine how planting width and species mix affect carbon sequestration during early development (< 15 year). Carbon accumulation per area increased significantly with decreasing planting width and with increasing proportion of eucalypts (the predominant over-storey genus). Highest biodiversity potential was achieved through block plantings (width>40m) with about 25% of planted individuals being eucalypts. Carbon and biodiversity goals were balanced in mixed-species plantings by establishing narrow belts (width<20m) with a high proportion (>75%) of eucalypts, and in monocultures of mallee eucalypt plantings by using the widest belts (ca. 6-20m). Impacts on agriculture were minimized by planting narrow belts (ca. 4m) of mallee eucalypt monocultures, which had the highest carbon sequestering efficiency. A plausible scenario where only 5% of highly-cleared areas (<30% native vegetation cover remaining) of temperate Australia are reforested showed substantial mitigation potential. Total carbon sequestration after 15 years was up to 25Mt CO2-e year-1 when carbon and biodiversity goals were balanced and 13Mt CO2-e year-1 if block plantings of highest biodiversity potential were established. Even when reforestation was restricted to marginal agricultural land (<$2000ha-1 land value, 28% of the land under agriculture in Australia), total mitigation potential after 15 years was 17-26Mt CO2-e year-1 using narrow belts of mallee plantings. This work provides guidance on land use to governments and planners. We show that the multiple benefits of young tree plantings can be balanced by manipulating planting width and species choice at establishment. In highly-cleared areas, such plantings can sequester substantial biomass carbon while improving biodiversity and causing negligible loss of agricultural land.

Patrimonio y producción en las tierras de los betlemitas. Córdoba, 1600-1870

En este trabajo pretendemos aproximarnos al complejo mundo rural cordobés y observar otras formas de tenencias de la tierra, con sus prácticas de producción y trabajo, los diversos actores que se mueven dentro y fuera de la unidad, sus trayectorias personales y empresarias y las múltiples relaciones sociales que los vincularon. Procuraremos ampliar nuestra mirada hacia el contexto en que operaron en el marco regional e interregional. A los fines de comparar y observar los cambios y permanencias que se fueron dando, hemos acotado nuestra observación a un conjunto de establecimientos rurales que hacia finales del siglo XVIII pasó a ser administrado por la orden Betlemita y forman una unidad de producción que se puede seguir en el largo plazo, desde que se construye socialmente el espacio que ocupan, a fines del siglo XVI, hasta la segunda mitad del siglo XIX.

Patrimonio y producción en las tierras de los betlemitas. Córdoba, 1600-1870

En este trabajo pretendemos aproximarnos al complejo mundo rural cordobés y observar otras formas de tenencias de la tierra, con sus prácticas de producción y trabajo, los diversos actores que se mueven dentro y fuera de la unidad, sus trayectorias personales y empresarias y las múltiples relaciones sociales que los vincularon. Procuraremos ampliar nuestra mirada hacia el contexto en que operaron en el marco regional e interregional. A los fines de comparar y observar los cambios y permanencias que se fueron dando, hemos acotado nuestra observación a un conjunto de establecimientos rurales que hacia finales del siglo XVIII pasó a ser administrado por la orden Betlemita y forman una unidad de producción que se puede seguir en el largo plazo, desde que se construye socialmente el espacio que ocupan, a fines del siglo XVI, hasta la segunda mitad del siglo XIX.

Patrimonio y producción en las tierras de los betlemitas. Córdoba, 1600-1870

En este trabajo pretendemos aproximarnos al complejo mundo rural cordobés y observar otras formas de tenencias de la tierra, con sus prácticas de producción y trabajo, los diversos actores que se mueven dentro y fuera de la unidad, sus trayectorias personales y empresarias y las múltiples relaciones sociales que los vincularon. Procuraremos ampliar nuestra mirada hacia el contexto en que operaron en el marco regional e interregional. A los fines de comparar y observar los cambios y permanencias que se fueron dando, hemos acotado nuestra observación a un conjunto de establecimientos rurales que hacia finales del siglo XVIII pasó a ser administrado por la orden Betlemita y forman una unidad de producción que se puede seguir en el largo plazo, desde que se construye socialmente el espacio que ocupan, a fines del siglo XVI, hasta la segunda mitad del siglo XIX.

Farm land, value of products, and tenancy in the southeast /

"4-63."

Agricultural tenancy reform: the end of law; or a new popular culture?

This paper applies a reading of the postmodernisation of law to the incremental reform of agricultural holdings legislation over the last century. In charting the shifting legal basis of agricultural tenancies, from ‘black letter’ positivism to the cultural contextuality of sumptuary law, the paper theorises that the underlying political imperative has been allied to the changing significance of property ownership and use. Rather than reflecting the long-term official desire to maintain the let sector in British agriculture, however, the paper argues that this process has had other aims. In particular, it has been about an annexation of law to legitimise the retention of landowner power while presenting a rhetorical ‘democratisation’ of farming, away from its plutocratic associations and towards a new narrative of ‘depersonalised’ business.

"The land is mine" : from tenancy to family farm ownership /

Includes bibliographical references and index.

The role of rural land in mixed asset investment portfolios

Rural land has not always been considered as a major long-term investment with both institutional investors and absentee owners in countries such as U.K. and Australia. Although rural land is included in both single asset and mixed asset portfolios in the U.S, it is not at the same levels as either commercial or industrial property. Rural land occupies over 50% of the total area of Australia, and comprises over 115,000 economic farm properties (excludes rural residential, hobby farms and rural lifestyle blocks. However, less than 1.6% of the total economic farm numbers are actually owned by corporate or institutional investors. This low level of corporate involvement in the Australian rural property market has limited both the investment performance research and inclusion of this rural land type in both property and mixed asset investment portfolios. In the U.S. rural land is also the most extensive real estate type based on total area occupied. The United States Department of Agriculture statistics (1998) show that in 1997 there were 2.06 million farms in the U.S., covering 968 million acres, with a total value of $912 billion and generating an annual income of $202 billion. The level of corporate ownership of farms in the U.S. is also higher than the level of corporate farm ownership in Australia. This high level of institutional ownership in rural land in U.S has provided the opportunity for the rural property asset class to be analysed in relation to it’s investment performance and possible role in a mixed asset or mixed property investment portfolio.

Influence of historic land use change on the biosphere-atmosphere-exchange of C and N trace gases in the humid, subtropical region of Queensland

Increases in atmospheric concentrations of the greenhouse gases (GHGs) carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) due to human activities have been linked to climate change. GHG emissions from land use change and agriculture have been identified as significant contributors to both Australia’s and the global GHG budget. This is expected to increase over the coming decades as rates of agriculture intensification and land use change accelerate to support population growth and food production. Limited data exists on CO2, CH4 and N2O trace gas fluxes from subtropical or tropical soils and land uses. To develop effective mitigation strategies a full global warming potential (GWP) accounting methodology is required that includes emissions of the three primary greenhouse gases. Mitigation strategies that focus on one gas only can inadvertently increase emissions of another. For this reason, detailed inventories of GHGs from soils and vegetation under individual land uses are urgently required for subtropical Australia. This study aimed to quantify GHG emissions over two consecutive years from three major land uses; a well-established, unfertilized subtropical grass-legume pasture, a 30 year (lychee) orchard and a remnant subtropical Gallery rainforest, all located near Mooloolah, Queensland. GHG fluxes were measured using a combination of high resolution automated sampling, coarser spatial manual sampling and laboratory incubations. Comparison between the land uses revealed that land use change can have a substantial impact on the GWP on a landscape long after the deforestation event. The conversion of rainforest to agricultural land resulted in as much as a 17 fold increase in GWP, from 251 kg CO2 eq. ha-1 yr-1 in the rainforest to 889 kg CO2 eq. ha-1 yr-1 in the pasture to 2538 kg CO2 eq. ha-1 yr-1 in the lychee plantation. This increase resulted from altered N cycling and a reduction in the aerobic capacity of the soil in the pasture and lychee systems, enhancing denitrification and nitrification events, and reducing atmospheric CH4 uptake in the soil. High infiltration, drainage and subsequent soil aeration under the rainforest limited N2O loss, as well as promoting CH4 uptake of 11.2 g CH4-C ha-1 day-1. This was among the highest reported for rainforest systems, indicating that aerated subtropical rainforests can act as substantial sink of CH4. Interannual climatic variation resulted in significantly higher N2O emission from the pasture during 2008 (5.7 g N2O-N ha day) compared to 2007 (3.9 g N2O-N ha day), despite receiving nearly 500 mm less rainfall. Nitrous oxide emissions from the pasture were highest during the summer months and were highly episodic, related more to the magnitude and distribution of rain events rather than soil moisture alone. Mean N2O emissions from the lychee plantation increased from an average of 4.0 g N2O-N ha-1 day-1, to 19.8 g N2O-N ha-1 day-1 following a split application of N fertilizer (560 kg N ha-1, equivalent to 1 kg N tree-1). The timing of the split application was found to be critical to N2O emissions, with over twice as much lost following an application in spring (emission factor (EF): 1.79%) compared to autumn (EF: 0.91%). This was attributed to the hot and moist climatic conditions and a reduction in plant N uptake during the spring creating conditions conducive to N2O loss. These findings demonstrate that land use change in subtropical Australia can be a significant source of GHGs. Moreover, the study shows that modifying the timing of fertilizer application can be an efficient way of reducing GHG emissions from subtropical horticulture.