Desenvolvimento de Sistemas de Encapsulamento para Integração em Protótipos de Vestuário/Têxtil

A monitorização de sinais vitais é uma ferramenta essencial da medicina, principalmente no que se relaciona com a avaliação do estado físico de qualquer indivíduo. As ferramentas foram evoluindo ao longo do tempo, tendo a tecnologia desempenhado um papel central na melhoria do seu desempenho. Apesar destes dispositivos estarem intimamente ligados ao contexto médico, as mudanças no estilo de vida no consumo dos utilizadores fizeram com que estas ferramentas passassem a fazer parte do quotidiano. O paradigma alterou-se, ou seja, quando eram utilizadas exclusivamente para fins médicos, agora são também usados para actividades relacionadas com o lazer e desporto. A preocupação com a monitorização de sinais vitais cresceu nos últimos anos, pois a interpretação correcta destes dados permite intervir em certos aspectos da rotina diária, melhorando a qualidade de vida. A portabilidade tornou-se um factor importante uma vez que grande parte dos utilizadores, associa estes dispositivos à sua actividade física. Desta necessidade surgem novos tipos de produtos, que inclusivamente são associados e integrados em peças de vestuário. Este factor obriga a tecnologia a miniaturizar os componentes, no sentido de tornar possivel o funcionamento destes produtos em qualquer lugar e hora. Por outro lado, quanto menos intrusivo for o dispositivo melhor conforto e funcionalidade oferece ao utilizador. Assim sendo, a disciplina do design deve ter em conta as premissas de funcionamento dos diferentes componentes que permitem recolher dados sobre os sinais vitais: batimento cardíaco e temperatura. A intervenção da disciplina do design nesta investigação passa pelo re-design de um dispositivo existente, que é analisado no seu desempenho funcional, ergonómico e estético. O dispositivo em questão é portátil e colocado na zona inferior da perna, acima do tornozelo. Todas as envolvências ergonómicas e funcionais são tomadas em conta para a concepção de hipóteses que incrementem a performance do dispositivo. A integração de componentes e a avaliação funcional são mais eficazes quando se utilizam técnicas de prototipagem, que permitem uma visão efectiva da realidade. Para melhor conceber as propostas, e aprofundar o conhecimento sobre estas técnicas realizaram-se testes com o objectivo de aferir a precisão e a qualidade do acabamento das superfícies das peças prototipadas. No sentido de criar uma proposta final, são criadas várias hipóteses de solução que são avaliadas segundo a detecção de problemas, bem como através do contacto com os utilizadores. Ao longo da investigação as propostas evoluem, culminando naquela que é apresentada como uma proposta optimizada, que aglutina todo o levantamento literário, testes, e análises feitas durante a construção do documento.

Reaproveitamento de condensado e vapor flash em uma planta têxtil com ênfase no setor de acabamento

This study focused object a steam generation system, steam distribution and condensate return a textile plant located in Rio Grande do Norte. The work was based on the following objectives: Knowing the use of saturated water vapor in the dyeing and finishing processes in a textile plant; To study the various aspects of a steam distribution system to identify the ways in which energy losses occur; Obtain quantitative information of the main loss in steam generation system and steam distribution and to measure the losses, water and steam system; Using the flash steam as a means of cost reduction. For it was made use of the calculation of financial gains made in their respective improvements. As a database for the development of working registers are used in industrial processes, data from utility systems, laboratory data analysis and on-line analyzers, covering the period 2013. Using the principles set conservation laws mass and energy, those data showed that the loss of water and energy in the steam system are significant and that the environmental and economic gains to be obtained with improvement actions are quite significant. Based on the data and results suggest that future studies deem the continuity approach to steam generation systems, distribution and mainly condensate return.

Tecnologia eletroquímica como tratamento alternativo de efluentes derivados da indústria têxtil e petroquímica

In this work, the treatment of wastewater from the textile industry, containing dyes as Yellow Novacron (YN), Red Remazol BR (RRB) and Blue Novacron CD (NB), and also, the treatment of wastewater from petrochemical industry (produced water) were investigated by anodic oxidation (OA) with platinum anodes supported on titanium (Ti/Pt) and boron-doped diamond (DDB). Definitely, one of the main parameters of this kind of treatment is the type of electrocatalytic material used, since the mechanisms and products of some anodic reactions depend on it. The OA of synthetic effluents containing with RRB, NB and YN were investigated in order to find the best conditions for the removal of color and organic content of the dye. According to the experimental results, the process of OA is suitable for decolorization of wastewaters containing these textile dyes due to electrocatalytic properties of DDB and Pt anodes. Removal of the organic load was more efficient at DDB, in all cases; where the dyes were degraded to aliphatic carboxylic acids at the end of the electrolysis. Energy requirements for the removal of color during OA of solutions of RRB, NB and YN depends mainly on the operating conditions, for example, RRB passes of 3.30 kWh m-3 at 20 mA cm-2 for 4.28 kWh m-3 at 60 mA cm-2 (pH = 1); 15.23 kWh m-3 at 20 mA cm-2 to 24.75 kWh m-3 at 60 mA cm-2 (pH 4.5); 10.80 kWh m-3 at 20 mA cm-2 to 31.5 kWh m-3 at 60 mA cm-2 (pH = 8) (estimated data for volume of treated effluent). On the other hand, in the study of OA of produced water effluent generated by petrochemical industry, galvanostatic electrolysis using DDB led to the complete removal of COD (98%), due to large amounts of hydroxyl radicals and peroxodisulphates generated from the oxidation of water and sulfates in solution, respectively. Thus, the rate of COD removal increases with increasing applied current density (15-60 mAcm-2 ). Moreover, at Pt electrode, approximately 50% removal of the organic load was achieved by applying from 15 to 30 mAcm-2 while 80% of COD removal was achieved for 60 mAcm-2 . Thus, the results obtained in the application of this technology were satisfactory depending on the electrocatalytic materials and operating conditions used for removal of organic load (petrochemical and textile effluents) as well as for the removal of color (in the case of textile effluents). Therefore, the applicability of electrochemical treatment can be considered as a new alternative like pretreatment or treatment of effluents derived from textiles and petrochemical industries.

Desenvolvimento de um material têxtil termosenssível com micro/nanocápsulas imobilizadas em fibras regeneradas

Intelligent and functional Textile Materials have been widely developed and researched with the purpose of being used in several areas of science and technology. These fibrous materials require different chemical and physical properties to obtain a multifunctional material. With the advent of nanotechnology, the techniques developed, being used as essential tools to characterize these new materials qualitatively. Lately the application of micro and nanomaterials in textile substrates has been the objective of many studies, but many of these nanomaterials have not been optimized for their application, which has resulted in increased costs and environmental pollution, because there is still no satisfactory effluent treatment available for these nanomaterials. Soybean fiber has low adsorption for thermosensitive micro and nanocapsules due to their incompatibility of their surface charges. For this reason, in this work initially chitosan was synthesized to functionalise soybean fibres. Chitosan is a natural polyelectrolyte with a high density of positive charges, these fibres have negative charges as well as the micro/nanocápsules, for this reason the chitosan acts as auxiliary agent to cationize in order to fix the thermosensitive microcapsules in the textile substrate. Polyelectrolyte was characterized using particle size analyses and the measurement of zeta potential. For the morphological analysis scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and x-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and to study the thermal properties, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Near Infrared Spectroscopy analysis in the Region of the Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), colourimetry using UV-VIS spectrum were simultaneously performed on the substrate. From the measurement of zeta potential and in the determination of the particle size, stability of electrostatic chitosan was observed around 31.55mV and 291.0 nm respectively. The result obtained with (GD) for chitosan extracted from shrimp was 70 %, which according to the literature survey can be considered as chitosan. To optimize the dyeing process a statistical software, Design expert was used. The surface functionalisation of textile substrate with 2% chitosan showed the best result of K/S, being the parameter used for the experimental design, in which this showed the best response of dyeing absorbance in the range of 2.624. It was noted that soy knitting dyed with the thermosensitive micro andnanocapsules property showed excellent washing solidity, which was observed after 25 home washes, and significant K/S values.