Entire Solutions of Hydrodynamical Equations with Exponential Dissipation

We consider a modification of the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations and other hydrodynamical evolution equations with space-periodic initial conditions in which the usual Laplacian of the dissipation operator is replaced by an operator whose Fourier symbol grows exponentially as e(vertical bar k vertical bar/kd) at high wavenumbers vertical bar k vertical bar. Using estimates in suitable classes of analytic functions, we show that the solutions with initially finite energy become immediately entire in the space variables and that the Fourier coefficients decay faster than e-(C(k/kd) ln(vertical bar k vertical bar/kd)) for any C < 1/(2 ln 2). The same result holds for the one-dimensional Burgers equation with exponential dissipation but can be improved: heuristic arguments and very precise simulations, analyzed by the method of asymptotic extrapolation of van der Hoeven, indicate that the leading-order asymptotics is precisely of the above form with C = C-* = 1/ ln 2. The same behavior with a universal constant C-* is conjectured for the Navier-Stokes equations with exponential dissipation in any space dimension. This universality prevents the strong growth of intermittency in the far dissipation range which is obtained for ordinary Navier-Stokes turbulence. Possible applications to improved spectral simulations are briefly discussed.

The homologous recombination system of phage lambda. Pairing activities of beta protein

The red genes of phage lambda specify two proteins, exonuclease and beta protein, which are essential for its general genetic recombination in recA- cells. These proteins seem to occur in vivo as an equimolar complex. In addition, beta protein forms a complex with another polypeptide, probably of phage origin, of Mr 70,000. The 70-kDa protein appears to be neither a precursor nor an aggregated form of either exonuclease or beta protein, since antibodies directed against the latter two proteins failed to react with 70-kDa protein on Ouchterlony double diffusion analysis. beta protein promotes Mg2+-dependent renaturation of complementary strands (Kmiec, E., and Holloman, W. K. (1981) J. Biol. Chem. 256, 12636-12639). To look for other pairing activities of beta protein, we developed methods of purification to free it of associated exonuclease. Exonuclease-free beta protein appeared unable to cause the pairing of a single strand with duplex DNA; however, like Escherichia coli single strand binding protein (SSB), beta protein stimulated formation of joint molecules by recA protein from linear duplex DNA and homologous circular single strands. Like recA protein, but unlike SSB, beta protein promoted the joining of the complementary single-stranded ends of phage lambda DNA. beta protein specifically protected single-stranded DNA from digestion by pancreatic DNase. The half-time for renaturation catalyzed by beta protein was independent of DNA concentration, unlike renaturation promoted by SSB and spontaneous renaturation, which are second order reactions. Thus, beta protein resembles recA protein in its ability to bring single-stranded DNA molecules together and resembles SSB in its ability to reduce secondary structure in single-stranded DNA.

Enantiospecific synthesis of ABC-ring system of A-nor and abeo 4(3 -> 2) tetra and pentacyclic triterpenes

Enantiospecific synthesis of ABC-ring systems of A-nor and abeo 4(3 -> 2) tetra and pentacyclic triterpenes has been accomplished starting from the readily available monoterpene (R)-carvone. (R)-Carvone was used as the B-ring of the target molecules. A lithium-liquid ammonia mediated cyclisation of delta,epsilon-unsaturated ester was employed for the cyclopentannulation at the C-5 and C-6 carbons of carvone and an RCM reaction was employed for the cyclohexannulation to generate the ABC-ring system of A-nor tetra and pentacyclic triterpenes. The strategy has been extended for the synthesis of the ABC-ring system of abeo 4(3 -> 2) tetra and pentacyclic triterpenes. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Investigations on voltages and currents in the lightning protection system of the Indian satellite launch pad-I during a stroke interception

A reliable protection against direct lightning hit is very essential for satellite launch pads. In view of this, suitable protection systems are generally employed. The evaluation of efficacy of the lightning protection schemes among others requires an accurate knowledge of the consequential potential rise at the struck point and the current injected into soil at the earth termination. The present work has made a detailed effort to deduce these quantities for the lightning protection scheme of the Indian satellite launch pad-I. A reduced scale model of the system with a frequency domain approach is employed for the experimental study. For further validation of the experimental approach, numerical simulations using numerical electromagnetic code-2 are also carried out on schemes involving single tower. The study results on the protection system show that the present design is quite safe with regard to top potential rise. It is shown that by connecting ground wires to the tower, its base current and, hence, the soil potential rise can be reduced. An evaluation of an alternate design philosophy involving insulated mast scheme is also made. The potential rise in that design is quantified and the possibility of a flashover to supporting tower is briefly looked into. The supporting tower is shown to have significant induced currents.

The mating system of the true fruit fly Bactrocera tryoni and its sister-species, Bactrocera neohumeralis

The frugivorous 'true' fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni (Queensland fruit fly), is presumed to have a non-resourced-based lek mating system. This is largely untested, and contrary data exists to suggest Bactrocera tryoni may have a resource-based mating system focused on fruiting host plants. We tested the mating system of Bactrocera tryoni, and its close sibling Bactrocera neohumeralis, in large field cages using laboratory reared flies. We used observational experiments that allowed us to determine if: - (i) mating pairs were aggregated or non-aggregated; - (ii) mating system was resource or non-resource based; - (iii) flies utilised possible landmarks (tall trees over short) as mate-rendezvous sites, and; - (iv) males called females from male-dominated leks. We recorded nearly 250 Bactrocera tryoni mating pairs across all experiments, revealing that: - (i) mating pairs were aggregated; - (ii) mating nearly always occurred in tall trees over short; - (iii) mating was non-resource based, and; - (iv) that males and females arrived at the mate-rendezvous site together with no evidence that males preceded females. Bactrocera neohumeralis copulations were much more infrequent (only 30 mating pairs in total), but for those pairs there was a similar preference for tall trees and no evidence of a resource-based mating system. Some aspects of Bactrocera tryoni mating behaviour align with theoretical expectations of a lekking system, but others do not. Until evidence for unequivocal female choice can be provided (as predicted under a true lek), the mating system of Bactrocera tryoni is best described as a non-resource based, aggregation system for which we also have evidence that land-marking may be involved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Anthranilic acid oxidase system of Tecomastans—III.: Studies on the conversion of o-aminophenol to catechol

The terminal step in the oxidation of anthranilic acid to catechol by anthranilic acid oxidase system from Tecoma stans, which converts o-aminophenol to catechol has been studied in detail. The reaction catalyses the conversion of one molecule of o-aminophenol to one molecule each of ammonia and catechol. The partially purified enzyme has a pH optimum of 6·2 in citrate-phosphate buffer and a temperature optimum of 45°. The metal ions, Mg2+, Co2+ and Fe3+ were inhibitory to the reaction. Metal chelating agents like 8-hydroxyquinoline, o-phenanthroline, and diethyldithiocarbamate, caused a high degree of inhibition. A sulfhydryl requirement for the reaction was inferred from the inhibition of the reaction by p-chloromercuribenzoate and its reversal with GSH. Atebrin inhibition was reversed by addition of FAD to the reaction mixture.

NADH oxidase system of Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Evidence for the presence and possible participation of a flavoprotein, coenzyme Q, and a cytochrome in the oxidation of NADH in the cell-free extracts of Agrobacterium tumefaciens was presented. Coenzyme Q10 was established as the homologue by several criteria. The characteristics of the cytochrome showed that it was different from the b and c groups of cytochromes. Amytal, antimycin A, and cyanide inhibited the oxidation of NADH, and from their effects on the electron transport components the following sequence has been proposed: NADH → flavoprotein → coenzyme Q10 → cytochrome oxygen.

Anthranilic acid oxidase system of Tecoma stans—II. : Studies on the properties of a purified anthranilic acid oxidase system and its separation into different enzymic components

An enzyme system which catalysed the conversion of anthranilic acid to catechol has been purified 20-fold from a cell-free leaf extract of Tecoma stans. The optimum substrate concentration was 10−3 M and optimum temperature for the reaction was 45°. The presence of a multi-enzyme system was inferred from inhibition studies. The formation of catechol was inhibited by Mg2+, Zn2+, and Co2+ ions, whereas anthranilic acid disappearance was not affected to the same extent. The effect of metal chelating agents like EDTA, cyanide and pyrophosphate showed a similar trend. PCMB inhibited catechol formation but had no effect on anthranilic acid disappearance. The reaction was not inhibited by catalase, nor was it activated by peroxide-donating systems. This ruled out the possibility of peroxidative type of reaction. The overall reaction is markedly activated by NADPH and THFA. This multi-enzyme was separated into three different components, by fractionation with Alumina Cγ and calcium phosphate gels. The overall reaction catalysed by these components can be represented as anthranilic acid→3-hydroxy anthranilic acid→o-aminophenol→catechol.

Vibrational analysis of the (B2P{cyrillic}→X2P{cyrillic}) system of NS

A few red degraded bands attributable to NS have been reported earlier by Fowler and Barker, Dressler and Barrow et al, and they occur in the same region (2300 to 2700 Å) as the bands of the known systems (C2∑+-X2P{cyrillic}) and (A2Δ-X2P{cyrillic}). Measurements made on the heads of some of these weak bands led Barrow et al. to believe that these bands may form a system analogous to the β-system of NO and be due to a2P{cyrillic}-2P{cyrillic} transition. The spectrum of NS has now been studied in a little more detail by means of an uncondensed discharge through dry nitrogen and sulphur vapour in the presence of argon and thirty three bands belonging to this system have been recorded in the region 2280 to 2760 Å. It has been found possible to represent the band heads by means of the equation {Mathematical expression}. Taking the lower state doublet interval as 223 cm-1, it is shown that the separation in the upper state is 94 cm-1. The ratio of the force constants in the upper and the ground states is found to be 0·39 and is nearly the same as that in the β-system of NO (0·30). The present vibrational analysis therefore supports the view that these new red degraded bands of NS arise from a (B2P{cyrillic}→X2P{cyrillic}) transition and the observed intensity distribution in the form of a wide parabola is also in qualitative agreement with what is expected from the moderately large Δ re (∼0·12Å) value.

Adnominal Person in the Morphological System of Erzya : Adnominaalinen persoona ersän kielen morfologisessa järjestelmässä

This dissertation is a synchronic description of adnominal person in the highly synthetic morphological system of Erzya as attested in extensive Erzya-language written-text corpora consisting of nearly 140 publications with over 4.5 million words and over 285,000 unique lexical items. Insight for this description have been obtained from several source grammars in German, Russian, Erzya, Finnish, Estonian and Hungarian, as well as bounteous discussions in the understanding of the language with native speakers and grammarians 1993 2010. Introductory information includes the discussion of the status of Erzya as a lan- guage, the enumeration of phonemes generally used in the transliteration of texts and an in-depth description of adnominal morphology. The reader is then made aware of typological and Erzya-specifc work in the study of adnominal-type person. Methods of description draw upon the prerequisite information required in the development of a two-level morphological analyzer, as can be obtained in the typological description of allomorphic variation in the target language. Indication of original author or dialect background is considered important in the attestation of linguistic phenomena, such that variation might be plotted for a synchronic description of the language. The phonological description includes the establishment of a 6-vowel, 29-consonant phoneme system for use in the transliteration of annotated texts, i.e. two phonemes more than are generally recognized, and numerous rules governing allophonic variation in the language. Erzya adnominal morphology is demonstrated to have a three-way split in stem types and a three-layer system of non-derivative affixation. The adnominal-affixation layers are broken into (a) declension (the categories of case, number and deictic marking); (b) nominal conjugation (non-verb grammatical and oblique-case items can be conjugated), and (c) clitic marking. Each layer is given statistical detail with regard to concatenability. Finally, individual subsections are dedicated to the matters of: possessive declension compatibility in the distinction of sublexica; genitive and dative-case paradigmatic defectivity in the possessive declension, where it is demonstrated to be parametrically diverse, and secondary declension, a proposed typology modifiers without nouns , as compatible with adnominal person.

An integer arithmetic method to compute generalized matrix inverse and solve linear equations exactly

An algorithm that uses integer arithmetic is suggested. It transforms anm ×n matrix to a diagonal form (of the structure of Smith Normal Form). Then it computes a reflexive generalized inverse of the matrix exactly and hence solves a system of linear equations error-free.

The Y3?xBa3+xCu6O14+? system of superconductors

Members of the Y3?xBa3+xCu6O14+? system prepared at relatively low temperatures by nitrate decomposition have a tetragonal structure and show superconducting transitions (zero-resistance) around 50K.