Decentralized or centralized production : impacts to the environment, industry, and the economy

Since product take-back is mandated in Europe, and has effects for producers worldwide including the U.S., designing efficient forward and reverse supply chain networks is becoming essential for business viability. Centralizing production facilities may reduce costs but perhaps not environmental impacts. Decentralizing a supply chain may reduce transportation environmental impacts but increase capital costs. Facility location strategies of centralization or decentralization are tested for companies with supply chains that both take back and manufacture products. Decentralized and centralized production systems have different effects on the environment, industry and the economy. Decentralized production systems cluster suppliers within the geographical market region that the system serves. Centralized production systems have many suppliers spread out that meet all market demand. The point of this research is to help further the understanding of company decision-makers about impacts to the environment and costs when choosing a decentralized or centralized supply chain organizational strategy. This research explores; what degree of centralization for a supply chain makes the most financial and environmental sense for siting facilities; and which factories are in the best location to handle the financial and environmental impacts of particular processing steps needed for product manufacture. This research considered two examples of facility location for supply chains when products are taken back; the theoretical case involved shoe resoling and a real world case study considered the location of operations for a company that reclaims multiple products for use as material inputs. For the theoretical example a centralized strategy to facility location was optimal: whereas for the case study a decentralized strategy to facility location was best. In conclusion, it is not possible to say that a centralized or decentralized strategy to facility location is in general best for a company that takes back products. Each company’s specific concerns, needs, and supply chain details will determine which degree of centralization creates the optimal strategy for siting their facilities.

The Deposition of Monomolecular Films.

The formation of monomolecular films is possible because of the action of the heteropolar molecules of certain fatty acids, especially stearic. Under the proper conditions the acid will spread out until a monomolecular film is formed.

Land-atmosphere coupling over North America in CRCM5

Land-atmosphere coupling and its impact on extreme precipitation and temperature events over North America are studied using the fifth generation of the Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM5). To this effect, two 30 year long simulations, spanning the 1981–2010 period, with and without land-atmosphere coupling, have been performed with CRCM5, driven by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts reanalysis at the boundaries. In the coupled simulation, the soil moisture interacts freely with the atmosphere at each time step, while in the uncoupled simulation, soil moisture is replaced with its climatological value computed from the coupled simulation, thus suppressing the soil moisture-atmosphere interactions. Analyses of the coupled and uncoupled simulations, for the summer period, show strong soil moisture-temperature coupling over the Great Plains, consistent with previous studies. The maxima of soil moisture-precipitation coupling is more spread out and covers the semiarid regions of the western U.S. and parts of the Great Plains. However, the strength of soil moisture-precipitation coupling is found to be generally weaker than that of soil moisture-temperature coupling. The study clearly indicates that land-atmosphere coupling increases the interannual variability of the seasonal mean daily maximum temperature in the Great Plains. Land-atmosphere coupling is found to significantly modulate selected temperature extremes such as the number of hot days, frequency, and maximum duration of hot spells over the Great Plains. Results also suggest additional hot spots, where soil moisture modulates extreme events. These hot spots are located in the southeast U.S. for the hot days/hot spells and in the semiarid regions of the western U.S. for extreme wet spells. This study thus demonstrates that climatologically wet/dry regions can become hot spots of land-atmosphere coupling when the soil moisture decreases/increases to an intermediate transitional level where evapotranspiration becomes moisture sensitive and large enough to affect the climate.

Movimiento de mujeres/feminismo/s : tensiones y desafíos en la Argentina de los noventa

Durante la transición democrática y el primer período de consolidación, los movimientos sociales resurgen y juegan un rol protagónico como portavoces de la sociedad. El movimiento mujeres/feminismo también tiene aquí un nuevo florecimiento. Sin embargo, la “globalización" traerá aparejada algunas consecuencias que repercutirán tanto en el Estado como en el movimiento, dos de los actores/as protagónicos en la definición de políticas públicas con perspectiva de género. Cuáles son los desafíos que se vislumbran, desde el movimiento de mujeres, en orden a la concesión de una ciudadanía plena para las mujeres, luego de esos cambios, es la pregunta que recorre el texto.

La «empresa» como modo de subjetivación

A partir de nuestra investigación con ejecutivos de corporaciones transnacionales en Brasil, analizamos la difusión de la forma empresa y argumentamos que está en formación un ethos a partir de un conjunto de valores que derivan de conceptos formulados por teorías económicas y difundidos por doctrinas de la administración. Así, nociones como capital humano, emprendedorismo, innovación pasan a orientar la conducta de las personas y el neoliberalismo se impone como racionalidad gubernamental: una lógica normativa que define en la actualidad una cierta mentalidad y estilo de vida. Proponemos pensar, desde el último Foucault, a la empresa como modo de subjetivación.

Distantes espejos y reflejos de un mismo sol : el "sentimiento solar" de Julio Cortázar como culminación de su Antropología poética en poética histórica

La singular trayectoria de Julio Cortázar traza una parábola que parte de su inicial situación como escritor mentalmente colonizado (Jauretche) para arribar a una toma de conciencia político-histórica que lo impele a denunciar el genocidio cultural perpetrado por el imperialismo norteamericano y a defender las revoluciones socialistas de su tiempo. En este sentido, nuestro trabajo pretende indagar en la conversión de su antropología poética en poética histórica, entendiendo que los problemas metafísicos que plantea la primera desde una dimensión estrictamente literaria se abren al campo geopolítico a través de la confluencia entre política de la literatura y política del escritor (Rancière). Seleccionamos para ello un amplio corpus de textos y analizamos la evolución de la poética cortazariana en relación a la configuración de los sujetos populares. Observamos que éstos se muestran inicialmente como una alteridad radical (Baudrillard) respecto del yo enunciador, para constituir posteriormente la encarnación de un paradigma cultural que posibilita una existencia auténtica a través de la solidaridad y el encuentro con los otros (García Canclini). Finalmente, nos detendremos en el “sentimiento solar" y en los “hombres-puente" como símbolos de un Cortázar maduro y esperanzado que propone el equilibrio entre polaridades como condición necesaria para la verdadera revolución.

Distribution, genesis and age of the Schlagwasser breccia (Warstein anticline, Rhenish massif)

The name "Schlagwasser breccia" is a synopsis of several debris flows in the Warstein area, which can be derived from the Warstein carbonate platform and the Scharfenberg reef. Though only locally developed, the breccia is important for the understanding of paleogeography and sedimentology in the Eastern Sauerland. Considering this breccia some gravitational-resedimentary slide movements between a high, consisting of reef carbonates, and a basin with flinz beds can be pointed out. From the uppermost Middle Devonian to the lowermost Lower Carboniferous several slides yielded the sedimentary components building up the 30 to 50 m thick polymict breccia. Some breccias were redeposited repeatedly as can be verified by different conodont maxima in single samples. Supplying area was the western part of the Warstein high, from which the slide masses glided off to the East and Southeast, more seldom to the West and Westsouthwest. All conodont zones from the upper Middle Devonian up to the lowermost Carboniferous could be identified in the Schlagwasser breccia. Therefore, an uninterrupted continuous sedimentation must have been prevalent in the supplying area; today this area nearly is denuded of flinz beds and cephalopod limestones. The slide masses spread transgressively to the East up to a substratum consisting of different units as massive limestone, flinz beds and cephalopod limestone; they are overlapped by Hangenberg beds, alum schists and siliceous rocks of the Lower Carboniferous. Parts of the substratum were transported during the progress of the slide masses. Proximal and distal parts of the flow masses can be distinguished by the diameter of the pebbles. Graded bedding and banking structures are marked only rarely. Way of transport was up to 3 km. Differently aged slide masses do not always overlap, but are placed side by side, too. Usually the slide masses do not spread out upon a greater area during sedimentation, but form closely limited debris flows. Synsedimentary fracturing and tilting of the reef platform, epirogenetic movements and seaquakes caused the slides. The entire formation period of the breccia includes about 20 millions of years. The longevity of the events points to solid paleomorphological situations around the eastern margin of the carbonate platform.

Hydrographical and chemical observations during an achor station in the eastern North Atlantic

Serial observations of temperature, salinity, oxygen, alkalinity and pH are presented. They were carried out during an anchor station of R.V. "Meteor" west of Cape Sao Vincente (Portugal) in the area of the maximum Mediterranean water outflow, which follows the continental slope off Portugal. Two observational results are pointed out: The Mediterranean water masses spread out into the Atlantic Ocean, consisting of two distinct layers at depth of 700 m (T=12.0 °C, S=36.15 ?) and 1250 m (T=11.3 °C, S=36.40 ?). The salinity proved to be the most significant indicator of the observed stratification. The values of dissolved oxygen content, alkalinity and pH in the very near bottom layer (1 m above the bottom at depth of 3250 m) are different from the values at depth of 15 m to 100 m above the bottom. As this phenomenon is not observed for the salinity, the changes may be interpreted in terms of chemical and biological processes at the sediment-water interface.

Lazos sociales y estrategias: ¿una opción para las familias hortícolas empobrecidas?

La problemática central de este artículo es mostrar las particularidades que asumen los lazos sociales de algunos sectores de la población rururbana platense, particularmente en aquellos grupos familiares vinculados a la producción hortícola en situaciones de empobrecimiento y/o desventaja social. En este sentido es dable destacar que este estudio se enmarca en los procesos de cambio socio-económicos que, en las últimas décadas del siglo XX, implicaron una multiplicidad de transformaciones sociales en nuestro país; por tanto, el presente análisis se ubica en una realidad compleja de cambios sociales y desigualdades que, durante la década del '90, configuraron un escenario que repercutió en las condiciones de vida y de reproducción social de los sujetos a los que se hace referencia. Se presentarán las aproximaciones logradas en torno a los cambios o permanencias de los vínculos que estas familias despliegan (como colectivo o individualmente); de las estrategias que se elaboran cuando transitan situaciones económico-sociales críticas; de cómo repercuten estas situaciones en la organización familiar, en sus condiciones de vida y por ende en su reproducción social. Pero teniendo presente que el foco del análisis está en los lazos sociales y las formas de sociabilidad de estos grupos sociales. En este marco, se presentará un conjunto de interrogantes y problematizaciones que me permitieron profundizar en estas cuestiones; por tanto, no es mi pretensión mostrar resultados concluyentes, sino explicitar el abordaje de dicha problemática a partir de algunas reflexiones teóricas y de los datos obtenidos durante el trabajo de campo.

Lazos sociales y estrategias: ¿una opción para las familias hortícolas empobrecidas?

La problemática central de este artículo es mostrar las particularidades que asumen los lazos sociales de algunos sectores de la población rururbana platense, particularmente en aquellos grupos familiares vinculados a la producción hortícola en situaciones de empobrecimiento y/o desventaja social. En este sentido es dable destacar que este estudio se enmarca en los procesos de cambio socio-económicos que, en las últimas décadas del siglo XX, implicaron una multiplicidad de transformaciones sociales en nuestro país; por tanto, el presente análisis se ubica en una realidad compleja de cambios sociales y desigualdades que, durante la década del '90, configuraron un escenario que repercutió en las condiciones de vida y de reproducción social de los sujetos a los que se hace referencia. Se presentarán las aproximaciones logradas en torno a los cambios o permanencias de los vínculos que estas familias despliegan (como colectivo o individualmente); de las estrategias que se elaboran cuando transitan situaciones económico-sociales críticas; de cómo repercuten estas situaciones en la organización familiar, en sus condiciones de vida y por ende en su reproducción social. Pero teniendo presente que el foco del análisis está en los lazos sociales y las formas de sociabilidad de estos grupos sociales. En este marco, se presentará un conjunto de interrogantes y problematizaciones que me permitieron profundizar en estas cuestiones; por tanto, no es mi pretensión mostrar resultados concluyentes, sino explicitar el abordaje de dicha problemática a partir de algunas reflexiones teóricas y de los datos obtenidos durante el trabajo de campo.

Lazos sociales y estrategias: ¿una opción para las familias hortícolas empobrecidas?

La problemática central de este artículo es mostrar las particularidades que asumen los lazos sociales de algunos sectores de la población rururbana platense, particularmente en aquellos grupos familiares vinculados a la producción hortícola en situaciones de empobrecimiento y/o desventaja social. En este sentido es dable destacar que este estudio se enmarca en los procesos de cambio socio-económicos que, en las últimas décadas del siglo XX, implicaron una multiplicidad de transformaciones sociales en nuestro país; por tanto, el presente análisis se ubica en una realidad compleja de cambios sociales y desigualdades que, durante la década del '90, configuraron un escenario que repercutió en las condiciones de vida y de reproducción social de los sujetos a los que se hace referencia. Se presentarán las aproximaciones logradas en torno a los cambios o permanencias de los vínculos que estas familias despliegan (como colectivo o individualmente); de las estrategias que se elaboran cuando transitan situaciones económico-sociales críticas; de cómo repercuten estas situaciones en la organización familiar, en sus condiciones de vida y por ende en su reproducción social. Pero teniendo presente que el foco del análisis está en los lazos sociales y las formas de sociabilidad de estos grupos sociales. En este marco, se presentará un conjunto de interrogantes y problematizaciones que me permitieron profundizar en estas cuestiones; por tanto, no es mi pretensión mostrar resultados concluyentes, sino explicitar el abordaje de dicha problemática a partir de algunas reflexiones teóricas y de los datos obtenidos durante el trabajo de campo.

Characteristics and changes of thermokarst lakes in Canada, Russia and Sweden

Peat plateaus are widespread at high northern latitudes and are important soil organic carbon reservoirs. A warming climate can cause either increased ground subsidence (thermokarst) resulting in lake formation or increased drainage as the permafrost thaws. A better understanding of spatiotemporal variations in these landforms in relation to climate change is important for predicting the future thawing permafrost carbon feedback. In this study, dynamics in thermokarst lake extent during the last 35-50 years has been quantified through time series analysis of aerial photographs and high-resolution satellite images (IKONOS/QuickBird) in three peat plateau complexes, spread out across the northern circumpolar region along a climatic and permafrost gradient. From the mid-1970s until the mid-2000s there has been an increase in mean annual air temperature, winter precipitation, and ground temperature in all three study areas. The two peat plateaus located in the continuous and discontinuous permafrost zones, respectively, where mean annual air temperatures are below -5°C and ground temperatures are -2°C or colder, have experienced small changes in thermokarst lake extent. In the peat plateau located in the sporadic permafrost zone where the mean annual air temperature is around -3°C, and the ground temperature is close to 0°C, lake drainage and infilling with fen vegetation has been extensive and many new thermokarst lakes have formed. In a future progressively warmer and wetter climate permafrost degradation can cause significant impacts on landscape composition and greenhouse gas exchange also in areas with extensive peat plateaus, which presently still experience stable permafrost conditions.

Chemical composition of ferromanganese concretions and host bottom sediments from the Black Sea

Ferromanganese concretions spread out on the bottom of the shallow northwest part of the Black Sea are mainly represented by Fe and Mn nodules on shells and substituted worm tubes. Element composition of these formations was measured by methods of chemical, atomic absorbtion, neutron activation, and ICP-MS analyses. It was established that Fe and Mn contents and Mn/Fe ratio in the concretions varied considerably and which controlled occurrence of several associated metals and minor elements; some of them have not been studied in Black Sea concretions before.

Automatic fault detection on BIPV systems without solar irradiation data

BIPV systems are small PV generation units spread out over the territory, and whose characteristics are very diverse. This makes difficult a cost-effective procedure for monitoring, fault detection, performance analyses, operation and maintenance. As a result, many problems affecting BIPV systems go undetected. In order to carry out effective automatic fault detection procedures, we need a performance indicator that is reliable and that can be applied on many PV systems at a very low cost. The existing approaches for analyzing the performance of PV systems are often based on the Performance Ratio (PR), whose accuracy depends on good solar irradiation data, which in turn can be very difficult to obtain or cost-prohibitive for the BIPV owner. We present an alternative fault detection procedure based on a performance indicator that can be constructed on the sole basis of the energy production data measured at the BIPV systems. This procedure does not require the input of operating conditions data, such as solar irradiation, air temperature, or wind speed. The performance indicator, called Performance to Peers (P2P), is constructed from spatial and temporal correlations between the energy output of neighboring and similar PV systems. This method was developed from the analysis of the energy production data of approximately 10,000 BIPV systems located in Europe. The results of our procedure are illustrated on the hourly, daily and monthly data monitored during one year at one BIPV system located in the South of Belgium. Our results confirm that it is possible to carry out automatic fault detection procedures without solar irradiation data. P2P proves to be more stable than PR most of the time, and thus constitutes a more reliable performance indicator for fault detection procedures. We also discuss the main limitations of this novel methodology, and we suggest several future lines of research that seem promising to improve on these procedures.

Epidermal Growth Factor Signaling and Mitogenesis in Plcg1 Null Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts

Gene targeting techniques and early mouse embryos have been used to produce immortalized fibroblasts genetically deficient in phospholipase C (PLC)-γ1, a ubiquitous tyrosine kinase substrate. Plcg1−/− embryos die at embryonic day 9; however, cells derived from these embryos proliferate as well as cells from Plcg1+/+ embryos. The null cells do grow to a higher saturation density in serum-containing media, as their capacity to spread out is decreased compared with that of wild-type cells. In terms of epidermal growth factor receptor activation and internalization, or growth factor induction of mitogen-activated protein kinase, c-fos, or DNA synthesis in quiescent cells, PLcg1−/− cells respond equivalently to PLcg1+/+ cells. Also, null cells are able to migrate effectively in a wounded monolayer. Therefore, immortalized fibroblasts do not require PLC-γ1 for many responses to growth factors.