Interpersonal Power: A Review, Critique, and Research Agenda

Power is a fundamental force in social relationships and is pervasive throughout various types of interactions. Although research has shown that the possession of power can change the powerholder, the full extent of power's consequences on individuals' decision making capabilities and social interactions within organizations is not fully understood. The goal of this paper is to review, synthesize, and critique the literature on power with a focus on its organizational and managerial implications. Specifically, we propose a definition of power that takes into account its three defining characteristics-having the discretion and means to enforce one's will-and summarize the extant literature on how power influences individuals' thoughts, emotions, and actions both in terms of prosocial and antisocial outcomes. In addition, we highlight important moderators of power and describe ways in which it can be studied in a more rigorous manner by examining methodological issues and pitfalls with regard to its measurement and manipulation. We also provide future research directions to motivate and guide the study of power by management scholars. Our desire is to present a thorough and parsimonious account of power's influence on individuals within an organizational context, as well as provide a foundation that scholars can build upon as they continue to make consequential contributions to the study of power.

Noves tecnologies per l'estudi de l'arqueologia de Patagònia (Amèrica del Sud)

The goal of this project was the historical study of Patagonia, the southernmost human settled area of the world. Our aim has been the anlysis of those societies to understand how they maintained their socioeconomic system, that is to say, how social reproduction allowed resolving the basic contradiction between production and reproduction, which is characteristic of all hunter-gatherer societies. New computational technologies have allowed a bettwer integration of the big amount and diversity of data needed. We have analyzed the historical evolution of inter-group and intra-group social relationships among nomad patagonian societies. We have compared different social answers in front of the radical change of their immediate reality produced by european colonization. We have exhaustively analyzed the results of archaeological excavations from diferent regions. We have also integrated information from anthropology, ethnohistory and geography. We are developing computing programs to integrate geographical actual data with paleoenvironmental data about the dynamic nature of soil formation, vegetation, hidrography, etc., with information about the history of productive action and how products were distributed among different human groups.

Psycho-oncological interventions and psychotherapy in the oncology setting.

A person who faces the diagnosis of cancer is subjected to changes within his body, but also with regard to his view of himself and his social relationships. Cancer-related psychological distress occurs frequently and has been reported to have different prevalence according to cancer type and stage of disease. Psychological disorders are known to be underdiagnosed and thus undertreated in the oncology setting, since clinicians might miss the symptoms of psychological distress, misinterpret them, or lack the time and resources to respond adequately. The main psychiatric disturbances observed in patients with cancer are adjustment disorders and affective disorders (anxiety and depression), which in the majority of patients are due to stressors related to the disease and pre-existing psychological vulnerabilities; however, they might also be a direct consequence of biological causes either resulting from treatment side effects or from modifications induced by the cancer. This chapter aims to provide theoretical and practical information concerning psycho-oncological approaches, complemented by some reflexions on their clinical and scientific evidence, focussing essentially on verbal psychological interventions and especially on psychotherapy in patients with cancer.

Does bariatric surgery improve the patient's quality of life?

Objective: The aim of this investigation was to assess the effect of malabsorptive bariatric surgery (BS) on the quality of life (QoL), applying the Nottingham Health Profile (NHP) and the bariatric analysis and reporting outcome system (BAROS). Design: A prospective cohort study was performed in 100 adult patients (> 18 years) undergoing bariatric surgery by malabsorptive technique for one year. Research methods and procedures: Patients were monitored from the beginning of the BS program until a year after the intervention, applying the NHP and the BAROS test. At baseline, the mean weight of the women was 132 ± 22 kg and the Body Mass Index (BMI) was 50.7 kg/m2. Results: The values obtained from different areas applying the NHP questionnaire showed statistical significant differences (p < 0.001) with respect to baseline values. According to the BAROS test, 48% of patients lost 25-49% of weight excess and 80.8% had resolved major comorbidities at 1 yr. According to the Moorehead-Ardelt QoL score, there were major improvements in employment and self-esteem in 89% and 87% of patients, respectively, and improvements in physical activity, sexual and social relationships. According to the total mean BAROS score, the outcome was considered “very good”. Conclusion: NHP and BAROS questionnaires appear to be useful and easily applicable tools to assess the QoL of obese patients.

Assessment of quality of life of patients under phototherapy for dermatological diseases

The skin and appendages is one of the first things in which people repair their social relationships as an alteration of these can influence the image and in multiple aspects of the subject’s life. Psoriasis is a chronic, relapsing skin disease that produces a marked reduction in the quality of life. Phototherapy, especially in form of narrow-band UVB is an alternative treatment of choice in plaque psoriasis and psoriasis of moderate extent. Also, regarding the impact of such treatment on quality of life of patients with psoriasis, there are few studies analyzing this effect.

Addictions [Addiction].

Les nouveautés en médecine 2012 pour les dépendances sont présentées sur trois axes d'actualité : tout d'abord dans le champ des neurosciences avec les travaux sur les processus d'extinction de la mémoire addictive. Puis dans le champ clinique avec une réflexion sur le traitement des addictions à l'hôpital psychiatrique. Enfin, dans le domaine de l'enseignement, un développement d'e-learning avec un patient virtuel présente un grand intérêt en psychiatrie de l'addiction. This year, the actuality about addiction is on psychopharmacology, in the controversy about the prescription of baclofene to reduce the craving for alcohol. More results from controlled studies are expected. The development of smartphones to access toe-Health skills is questionable, especially in matterofevaluation of these programs. Despite of encouraging results, open questions are remaining for clinicians, to be compared with clinical practice. Finally, it is necessary to keep in touch with translational neurosciences; in fact, research is showing that populations of addicts present a deficit in matter of empathy. This is the cause of a handicap in the social relationships. At a lower level, a difficulty to take the other's place could be the cause of this deficit at a higher level. Rehabilitation perspectives could come out of this discovery.

Decreased well-being after job loss : testing omitted causes

Job loss is widely known to lead to a substantial decrease in workers' subjective well-being. Functionalist theories explain this fact by arguing that the fundamental needs that work fulfills are absent during unemployment. Recent evidence from longitudinal studies however contradicts this approach, showing that workers who find a new job do not fully regain their former level of well-being upon reemployment. Therefore other mechanisms must be at work. We suggest that changes in social or economic domains of workers' lives - triggered by job displacement - lead to the observed changes in well-being. Drawing on a unique data set from a survey of workers displaced by plant closure in Switzerland after the financial crisis of 2008, our analysis confirms the previous result that finding a job after displacement does not completely restore workers' pre-displacement level of well-being. The factors that best explain this outcome are changes in social domains, notably changes in workers' job - related social status and their relationships to friends. This result provides valuable insights about the long lasting scars job displacement leaves on workers' lives.

Being Drunk to Have Fun or to Forget Problems? Identifying Enhancement and Coping Drinkers Among Risky Drinking Adolescents

Prevention programs in adolescence are particularly effective if they target homogeneous risk groups of adolescents who share a combination of particular needs and problems. The present work aims to identify and classify risky single-occasion drinking (RSOD) adolescents according to their motivation to engage in drinking. An easy-to-use coding procedure was developed. It was validated by means of cluster analyses and structural equation modeling based on two randomly selected subsamples of a nationally representative sample of 2,449 12- to 18-year-old RSOD students in Switzerland. Results revealed that the coding procedure classified RSOD adolescents as either enhancement drinkers or coping drinkers. The high concordance (Sample A: kappa - .88, Sample B: kappa - .90) with the results of the cluster analyses demonstrated the convergent validity of the coding classification. The fact that enhancement drinkers in both subsamples were found to go out more frequently in the evenings and to have more satisfactory social relationships, as well as a higher proportion of drinking peers and a lower likelihood to drink at home than coping drinkers demonstrates the concurrent validity of the classification. To conclude, the coding procedure appears to be a valid, reliable, and easy-to-use tool that can help better adapt prevention activities to adolescent risky drinking motives.

The Harsh Fight against Poverty in Sao Tome and Principe

post-independence, and on the other hand, the testimonies from Sao Tomeans individuals from different social conditions and different degrees of political responsibility, this article approaches some possible connections between poverty and micro-violence in Sao Tome and Principe. It is offered an outline of research for the difficulties of the eradication of poverty and, concomitantly, the diffusion of a growing feeling of social disruption, processes in all contrary to the promises of independence for this archipelago. Frequently, the archipelago’s visitors make hasty opinions about the imaginary effortlessness of governing two islands with less than one hundred and fifty thousand citizens. However, contrary to this very common prejudice, the micro-insularity is considered an obstacle to development, a notion shared by many Sao Tomeans. Could micro-insularity equally be, under this outlook, an impoverishment-inducing factor? Regarding the development, there is some truth in this diagnosis, which the Sao Tomeans also use to justify their current difficulties. Throughout the 70s and 80s, the MLSTP – Movimento de Libertação de São Tomé e Príncipe (Movement for the Liberation of Sao Tome and Principe) endorsed a development founded on an expansion of cacao cultures, at the expenses of an intensified production rate, and on an incipient industrialization, which was intended to avoid importations and economic dependency. At the time, the Sao Tomeans leaders justified the rising daily difficulties, quite the opposite of the promises made during the independence, with an economic disarticulation resulting from the gradual abandonment of economic infrastructures inflicted by the last batch of colonists, which affected the cacao plantations too. Simultaneously, both the inefficiency and cost of the industrial endeavors launched after the independence and the erosion of labor and social relationships in nationalized farms had been rather neglected.

The psychosocial impacts caused by diagnosis and treatment of Coeliac Disease

Abstract OBJECTIVE To comprehend the psychosocial effects that Coeliac Disease diagnosis entails. METHOD Qualitative study, achieved through semi-structured interviews, analyzed in accordance to the Association of ideas map Technique. A total 12 recently-diagnosed patients from the Centro de diagnóstico, tratamento e apoio ao paciente com doença celíaca (Coeliac Disease Prevention, Support and Treatment Diagnose Centre) from the Hospital Universitário de Brasília (University Hospital of Brasilia) were enrolled for the study, between the years of 2013 and 2014. RESULTS The interviewed patients presented negative impacts in three categories: psychoaffective, family and social relationships, indicating issues with social readaptation once the treatment had started, as well as difficulty coping with a gluten free diet. CONCLUSION Coeliac Disease holds substantial impact on psychological functions, family and social relationships to diagnosed patients, requiring a clinical biopsychological assistance for better adherence to treatment and patients quality of life.

Suivi du patient oncologique, garant de la permanence de soi [Follow-up of the cancer patient, maintaining self-identity]

L'individu confronté au diagnostic de cancer subit un bouleversement brutal de ses repères et de ses habitudes. La maladie représente une menace pour son équilibre de vie et sa stabilité sociale. Sa capacité à faire face et à opérer différents remaniements dans sa façon d'être au monde et d'envisager l'avenir est en partie déterminée par ses ressources personnelles. Toutefois, le soutien émotionnel peut également représenter un moyen privilégié de donner du sens à cette expérience singulière qu'est la maladie. La reconstruction narrative dans un cadre soutenant, caractérisé par une écoute bienveillante, offre au patient la possibilité de reconnaître sa souffrance comme partie intégrante de lui-même. Un récit de vie qui intègre la maladie lui permet de se réapproprier son histoire. Cette démarche nécessite de la part du thérapeute une disponibilité psychique et temporelle et la capacité de soutenir le patient dans un processus de liaison à travers les différentes étapes de la maladie. The individual facing the diagnosis of cancer is subjected to abrupt changes with regard to his inner world, his life, habits and social relationships. The patient's capacity to cope, to integrate changes in the way of living and to face the future is determined by his personal resources. However, psychological support may also be an important mean to search for and find sense to the singular experience of the illness. The narrative reconstruction within a supportive setting provides the patient a possibility to recognise his sufferance as an integral part of himself. A life narrative, which integrates the illness, allows the patient to re-appropriate his history again. Such a therapeutic project necessitates from the therapist a psychological and temporal disponibility and a capacity to create links all along the different stages of the disease.

Quality of life, happiness and satisfaction with life of individuals 75 years old or older cared for by a home health care program

This case study identifies the elements that compose the Quality of Life (QofL) of individuals who were 75 years old or older and receive care at home. The study's sample was composed of individuals 75 years or older cared for by a home health care service in the primary health care unit in Vilafranca del Penedès, Spain (n=26). The variables included: a) socio-demographic data; b) concept of QofL; c) perception of QofL; d) reasons for their perception; d) satisfaction with life and related aspects; and f) feeling of happiness. Face to face interviews were conducted. A total of 76.9% of the individuals reported a good perception of QofL and the main reasons related to it were: health, family and social relationships, and the ability to adapt. Role Theory and Disengagement Theory explain the adaptation process of these individuals at this point in life.

Quality of life, happiness and satisfaction with life of individuals 75 years old or older cared for by a home health care program

This case study identifies the elements that compose the Quality of Life (QofL) of individuals who were 75 years old or older and receive care at home. The study's sample was composed of individuals 75 years or older cared for by a home health care service in the primary health care unit in Vilafranca del Penedès, Spain (n=26). The variables included: a) socio-demographic data; b) concept of QofL; c) perception of QofL; d) reasons for their perception; d) satisfaction with life and related aspects; and f) feeling of happiness. Face to face interviews were conducted. A total of 76.9% of the individuals reported a good perception of QofL and the main reasons related to it were: health, family and social relationships, and the ability to adapt. Role Theory and Disengagement Theory explain the adaptation process of these individuals at this point in life.

Quality of life, happiness and satisfaction with life of individuals 75 years old or older cared for by a home health care program

This case study identifies the elements that compose the Quality of Life (QofL) of individuals who were 75 years old or older and receive care at home. The study's sample was composed of individuals 75 years or older cared for by a home health care service in the primary health care unit in Vilafranca del Penedès, Spain (n=26). The variables included: a) socio-demographic data; b) concept of QofL; c) perception of QofL; d) reasons for their perception; d) satisfaction with life and related aspects; and f) feeling of happiness. Face to face interviews were conducted. A total of 76.9% of the individuals reported a good perception of QofL and the main reasons related to it were: health, family and social relationships, and the ability to adapt. Role Theory and Disengagement Theory explain the adaptation process of these individuals at this point in life.

Cyberadministration : un tremplin pour les pays émergents : illustration à travers un exemple, constats et perspectives

Nous assistons actuellement à une diffusion, à l'échelle planétaire, des Technologies de l'Information et de la Communication (TIC) même si elle se fait à des rythmes différents selon les nations (voire entre les régions d'un même pays) créant ainsi un fossé dit « numérique », en sus des multiples inégalités déjà présentes. Cette révolution informatique et technologique engendre de nombreux changements dans les rapports sociaux et permet de nombreuses applications destinées à simplifier la vie quotidienne de tout un chacun. Amine Bekkouche se penche sur la problématique de la cyberadministration comme conséquence importante des TIC, à l'instar du commerce électronique. Il présente, d'abord, une synthèse des principaux concepts de la cyberadministration ainsi qu'un panorama de la situation mondiale en ce domaine. Par la suite, il appréhende la cyberadministration dans la perspective des pays émergents, notamment, à travers l'illustration d'un pays en développement représentatif. Il propose alors des solutions concrètes qui prennent comme point de départ le secteur éducatif pour permettre une « alphabétisation informatique » de la société afin de contribuer justement à réduire le fossé numérique. Il élargit, ensuite, ces propositions à d'autres domaines et formule des recommandations facilitant leur mise en oeuvre. Il conclut, enfin, sur des perspectives qui pourraient constituer autant de pistes de recherches futures et permettre l'élaboration de projets de développement, à travers l'appropriation de ces TIC, pour améliorer la condition de l'administré, et plus globalement, du citoyen. - We are currently witnessing a distribution of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) on a global scale. Yet, this distribution is carried out in different rhythms within each nation (and even among regions in a given country), which creates a "digital" gap, in addition to multiple inequalities already present. This computing and technological revolution engenders many changes in social relationships and permits numerous applications that are destined to simplify our lives. Amine Bekkouche takes a closer look at the issue of e-government as an important consequence of ICTs, following the example of electronic commerce. First, he presents a synthesis of the main concepts in e- government as well as a panoramic view of the global situation in this domain. Subsequently, he studies e-government in view of emerging countries, in particular through the illustration of a country in representative development. Then, he offers concrete solutions, which take the education sector as their starting point, to allow for a "computed digitalisation" of society that contribute to reduce the digital gap. Thereafter, he broadens these proposals to other domains and formulates recommendations that help their implementation. Finally, he concludes with perspectives that may constitute further research tracks and enable the elaboration of development projects, through the appropriation of ICTs, in order to improve the condition of the administered, and more generally, that of the citizen.