Moving feedback forward: theory to practice

There is substantial research interest in tutor feedback and students’ perception and use of such feedback. This paper considers some of the major issues raised in relation to tutor feedback and student learning. We explore some of the current feedback drivers, most notably the need for feedback to move away from simply a monologue from a tutor to a student to a valuable tutor–student dialogue. In relation to moving feedback forward the notions of self regulation, dialogue and social learning are explored and then considered in relation to how such theory can translate into practice. The paper proposes a framework (GOALS) as a tool through which tutors can move theory into practice with the aim of improving student learning from feedback.

Urban retrofitting: identifying disruptive and sustaining technologies using performative and foresight techniques

Cities, which are now inhabited by a majority of the world's population, are not only an important source of global environmental and resource depletion problems, but can also act as important centres of technological innovation and social learning in the continuing quest for a low carbon future. Planning and managing large-scale transitions in cities to deal with these pressures require an understanding of urban retrofitting at city scale. In this context performative techniques (such as backcasting and roadmapping) can provide valuable tools for helping cities develop a strategic view of the future. However, it is also important to identify ‘disruptive’ and ‘sustaining’ technologies which may contribute to city-based sustainability transitions. This paper presents research findings from the EPSRC Retrofit 2050 project, and explores the relationship between technology roadmaps and transition theory literature, highlighting the research gaps at urban/city level. The paper develops a research methodology to describe the development of three guiding visions for city-regional retrofit futures, and identifies key sustaining and disruptive technologies at city scale within these visions using foresight (horizon scanning) techniques. The implications of the research for city-based transition studies and related methodologies are discussed.

Adaptive governance: livelihood innovation for climate resilience in Uganda

Adaptive governance is the use of novel approaches within policy to support experimentation and learning. Social learning reflects the engagement of interdependent stakeholders within this learning. Much attention has focused on these concepts as a solution for resilience in governing institutions in an uncertain climate; resilience representing the ability of a system to absorb shock and to retain its function and form through reorganisation. However, there are still many questions to how these concepts enable resilience, particularly in vulnerable, developing contexts. A case study from Uganda presents how these concepts promote resilient livelihood outcomes among rural subsistence farmers within a decentralised governing framework. This approach has the potential to highlight the dynamics and characteristics of a governance system which may manage change. The paper draws from the enabling characteristics of adaptive governance, including lower scale dynamics of bonding and bridging ties and strong leadership. Central to these processes were learning platforms promoting knowledge transfer leading to improved self-efficacy, innovation and livelihood skills. However even though aspects of adaptive governance were identified as contributing to resilience in livelihoods, some barriers were identified. Reflexivity and multi-stakeholder collaboration were evident in governing institutions; however, limited self-organisation and vertical communication demonstrated few opportunities for shifts in governance, which was severely challenged by inequity, politicisation and elite capture. The paper concludes by outlining implications for climate adaptation policy through promoting the importance of mainstreaming adaptation alongside existing policy trajectories; highlighting the significance of collaborative spaces for stakeholders and the tackling of inequality and corruption.

Environmentalities of urban climate governance in Maputo, Mozambique

Interest in the role that cities can play in climate change as sites of transformation has increased but research has been limited in its practical applications and there has been limited consideration of how policies and technologies play out. These challenges necessitate a re-thinking of existing notions of urban governance in order to account for the practices that emerge from governments and a plethora of other actors in the context of uncertainty. We understand these practices to constitute adaptive governance, underpinned by social learning guiding the actions of the multiplicity of actors. The aim here is to unpack how social learning for adaptive governance requires attention to competing understandings of risk and identity, and the multiplicity of mechanisms in which change occurs or is blocked in urban climate governance. We adopt a novel lens of 'environmentalities' which allows us to assess the historical and institutional context and power relations in the informal settlements of Maputo, Mozambique. Our findings highlight how environmental identities around urban adaptation to climate change are constituted in the social and physical divisions between the formal and informal settlements, whilst existing knowledge models prioritise dominant economic and political interests and lead to the construction of new environmental subjects. While the findings of this study are contextually distinct, the generalizable lessons are that governance of urban adaptation occurs and is solidified within a complex multiplicity of socioecological relations.

Men barnen då? : Ekonomiskt bistånd och det sociala arvet mellan föräldrar och barn

I denna kvalitativa studie har vi valt att undersöka hur man på enheten för ekonomiskt bistånd arbetar förebyggande för att motverka att det långvariga biståndstagandet går i socialt arv mellan föräldrar och barn. För att ta reda på detta har vi intervjuat socialsekreterare med erfarenhet och kompetens inom området. Det insamlade materialet har analyserats utifrån den sociala inlärningsteorin som ett försök till att förstå hur det sociala arvet kan föras vidare mellan generationer. Som ett komplement till teorin används även barnperspektivet i analysen då barnen har stor del i studien. Denna studie visar och bekräftar att långvarigt ekonomiskt biståndstagande kan komma att gå i socialt arv mellan föräldrar och barn. Studien visar även på vilket sätt förebyggande arbete för dessa familjer sker på enheten för ekonomiskt bistånd.

Práticas de ensino nos programas de mestrado acadêmico e doutorado em administração: considerações à luz do construtivismo

No presente estudo analisamos as práticas de ensino de docentes de mestrado acadêmico e doutorado em administração de três instituições do Rio de Janeiro e uma do Rio Grande do Sul. À luz da epistemologia construtivista buscamos compreender como essa epistemologia se insere na formação de gestores e docentes. Os pontos de partida teóricos foram as múltiplas abordagens de ensino, a aprendizagem situada e as comunidades de prática. Os resultados da pesquisa foram analisados com base na técnica da análise de conteúdo. Por meio desta técnica construímos sete categorias de análise, a saber: aprendizagem, avaliação, comunidade de prática, contexto sócio-histórico-cultural, educação, práticas de ensino e relação professor-aluno. Concluímos nessa pesquisa que as práticas de ensino à luz do construtivismo são inseridas na formação de gestores e de docentes por meio de microprocessos de aprendizagem que consideram o contexto sócio-histórico-cultural em que o aluno está inserido, que privilegiam a aprendizagem social e que incentivam a construção de comunidades de prática. Sendo assim, práticas de ensino que apreciam o contexto do aluno como os exercícios que buscam resolver problemas reais do dia-a-dia e a simulação realista, ou que visam unir teoria e prática como a visita técnica, o núcleo de pesquisa e os estudos de caso e que privilegiam o debate como a discussão de artigos e os seminários são práticas que podem ser chamadas de práticas construtivistas e são consideradas, pelos educadores que defendem a epistemologia construtivista, como as mais eficazes para a formação de gestores e docentes em Administração.

Liderança maçônica: a influência da liderança na identidade e comportamento maçônico

Muitos são os maçons que se destacaram como líderes nas mais diferentes épocas e nos mais diversos setores da sociedade. Tendo a experiência e formação maçônica como característica comum entre tais líderes, a compreensão da relação entre a Maçonaria e a liderança e a mensuração da influência dos líderes maçônicos sobre seus liderados, os quais podem também serem líderes em suas atividades sociais e profissionais, tornam-se de grande relevância para a ciência da administração e a sociedade, de uma forma geral. Tomando por base as teorias de aprendizagem social, de troca social e de identidade social, e partindo da premissa da liderança ética, referenciada pela literatura maçônica, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o impacto da liderança ética na identidade moral e na identificação com a organização, considerando ainda as respectivas consequências nos comportamentos dos liderados dentro e fora da organização maçônica. Ao todo, 13 hipóteses foram formuladas, gerando dois modelos de pesquisa que foram testados empiricamente por meio de estudo quantitativo realizado com 1571 maçons de todas as Unidades Federativas do Brasil. A discussão dos resultados foi enriquecida com a análise de conteúdo de uma questão aberta presente no questionário, respondida por 933 participantes. Os resultados indicam uma influência positiva da liderança ética sobre a identidade moral simbolizada e internalizada dos maçons, sobre seu comportamento prósocial, sua identificação com a Loja Maçônica, sua satisfação com a vida e com a consciência e voz de grupo. Por fim, as implicações teóricas e práticas dos resultados obtidos são discutidas e sugestões para futuras pesquisas são apresentadas.

A assistência técnica nos habitats do MST e o papel do arquiteto e urbanista

This dissertation is about Architect and town planner inserts in the technical support of the Rural establishment and of the possibilities of changes in their habitat. It also looks for its participation through the production of those spaces with or without its performance through two references cases, in Rio Grande do Norte , one called settlement Eldorado de Carajás and another one called Maria da Paz. At first the process represents the model that was adopted systematically by Incra until the middle of the year 2000 with the sub-contracting of their construction work through small companies. These standardized projects which are executed without registration in the system CONFEA/CREA without demand of professional authorship and of technical responsibility of the work. But the process taken place at Maria da Paz s area was configured as one of the first initiatives that stopped with those practices. Consolidated through a partnership among UFRN MST and INCRA/RN, the Architect s technical support and town planner brought new technician-scientific organization and execution of the soil parcels and its habitat. The participation of UFRN was done through a group of studies in land reform and Habitat (GERAH) being this author and coordinator of the methodological proposal, based on the regressive-progressive method and in the inclusion of the conflict as responsible of the ruptures and transductions both done by Henry Léfèbvre and in the research action approached by Carlos Brandão. Therefore it included the process of social learning and collective production of new knowledge and attitudes in relation to the environment in the process called as attended self management in spite of the transformations happened with this new agent s participation. The people re-located to the new areas that got involved in the process and finished their constructions reelaborating the daily practice of the collective effort passed to the self management without technical support. Years later the implantation of those two experiences our research verified that there is a positive image concerning the Architect and town planner, related, most of all to the conception of the activities, orientation and execution of constructions projects and of acceptance of those professionals to the processes of implementation of the Habitats of the Rural establishments. This dissertation analyses this form of performance, from and beyond these images trying to find the professional, specificities or methodological in such a way to demonstrate the importance of its insertion in the formulation and attendance of the more of 100.000 habitats of Rural establishments of the land reform of the country that correspond to most of the housing social interest in the country side

Educação e sustentabilidae :Assentamento Maria da Paz - João Câmara/RN

This work is a research and action in the field of enviromental education, oriented for the construction of the land s distribuction of the Maria da Paz Settling, in João Câmara/RN, as process of social learning, collecive production of new knowledge, values and attitudes related to the environment. It was consolidated through a partnership beteween the UFRN (GERAH/DARQ and GEPEM/DEPED), MST and INCRA/RN. The drawing that represents the way the space organization of the settling was made constructed through effort of many people, in a process of dicussion with the community had as technical support the environment inventory (soil, vegetation, water resources, and others) allowing the agro-ecology zoning of the settlers participation conditions, their contradiction and conflicts, the challenges that appear in the search for consensus and the factor that creat chages

Aggressive behavior in the genus Gallus sp

The intensification of the production system in the poultry industry and the vertical integration of the poultry agribusiness have brought profound changes in the physical and social environment of domestic fowls in comparison to their ancestors and have modified the expression of aggression and submission. The present review has covered the studies focusing on the different aspects linked to aggressiveness in the genus Gallus. The evaluated studies have shown that aggressiveness and subordination are complex behavioral expressions that involve genetic differences between breeds, strains and individuals, and differences in the cerebral development during growth, in the hormonal metabolism, in the rearing conditions of individuals, including feed restriction, density, housing type (litter or cage), influence of the opposite sex during the growth period, existence of hostile stimuli (pain and frustration), ability to recognize individuals and social learning. The utilization of fighting birds as experimental material in the study of mechanisms that have influence on the manifestation of aggressiveness in the genus Gallus might comparatively help to elucidate important biological aspects of such behavior.

A influência do feedback verbal na cooperação em crianças

Human cooperation is a hallmark of this species due to its wide extension to genetically unrelated individuals and complex division of labor. It is considered an evolutionary puzzle, because the theory of evolution by natural selection predicts that self-interested individuals tend to be selected. Different theories have been proposed to explain the evolution of cooperation, which the most important are kin selection and reciprocal altruism. Considering the evolutionary continuity between species, humans and other primates have several common traits that help to promote cooperation between individuals of these species. Two features, however, seem to be particularly humans: inequality aversion and preferences in relation to others. Although human cooperation is not necessarily related to morality, cooperative traits are the basis for moral tendencies. The development of human morality is a combination of early prosocial tendencies, cooperative skills displayed at different ages, social learning and cultural transmission of norms. The social stimulus seems to be particularly important in promoting cooperative behavior in children and adults. In order to study the influence of social stimuli, as verbal feedback, on children cooperation, a study was conducted with children in a public goods game. 407 children from public schools in Natal / RN, divided into 21 groups, between six and nine years, participated in eight rounds of this game. After each round, seven groups received praise for larger donations, seven groups have been criticized by smaller donations, and the other seven received no comment. Children cooperated more when criticized, without significant differences between sexes, although young children have cooperated more negative than older children. The results are likely related to the anticipation and avoidance of punishment associated with the feedback (although this did not occur), and greater sensitivity to the authority in younger children. Nevertheless, the cooperation decreased in all groups until the last day of play. The results suggest an early sensitivity to moral punishment, whose role in the maintenance of social relations must have been important in the evolution of cooperation in humans

A Harris-Todaro agent-based model to rural-urban migration

The Harris-Todaro model of the rural-urban migration process is revisited under an agent-based approach. The migration of the workers is interpreted as a process of social learning by imitation, formalized by a computational model. By simulating this model, we observe a transitional dynamics with continuous growth of the urban fraction of overall population toward an equilibrium. Such an equilibrium is characterized by stabilization of rural-urban expected wages differential (generalized Harris-Todaro equilibrium condition), urban concentration and urban unemployment. These classic results obtained originally by Harris and Todaro are emergent properties of our model.

As formas nominais anafóricas no gênero fórum de discussão do orkut

Neste trabalho, investigamos, no gênero Fórum de discussão do Orkut, a contribuição de estratégias de referenciação anafóricas com núcleos nominais, para a orientação argumentativa do texto. Para tanto, traçamos um percurso teórico em que discutimos conceitos como o de comunidade virtual, o de gêneros discursivos e o de referenciação. Com respeito à primeira categoria, convocamos os postulados da Sociologia, da Teoria Social da Aprendizagem e da Neste trabalho, investigamos, no gênero Fórum de discussão do Orkut, a contribuição de estratégias de referenciação anafóricas com núcleos nominais, para a orientação argumentativa do texto. Para tanto, traçamos um percurso teórico em que discutimos conceitos como o de comunidade virtual, o de gêneros discursivos e o de referenciação. Com respeito à primeira categoria, convocamos os postulados da Sociologia, da Teoria Social da Aprendizagem e da Lingüística Aplicada, tendo em vista a construção de um conceito de comunidade virtual, aplicável ao caso das associações virtuais do Orkut. No que concerne à segunda categoria, baseamo-nos nos postulados teóricos bakhtinianos que concebem o gênero sob uma perspectiva sócio-histórica. Com relação à última, valemo-nos de autores da Lingüística de Texto que discutem o fenômeno da referenciação e seus desdobramentos. Adotamos a proposta taxionômica e analítica de Koch (2004; 2005; 2006) quando do tratamento das estratégias supramencionadas. Tais estratégias são compostas por descrições nominais, encapsuladores anafóricos e rotuladores metadiscursivos. A análise desses processos, em nosso corpus, foi balizada tanto pelas considerações sobre a referenciação, inscritas na Lingüística de texto, quanto pelas considerações sobre o estatuto dialógico dos gêneros, inscritas na Lingüística da Enunciação.

A transmissão da cultura da brincadeira: algumas possibilidades de investigação

Este trabalho esboça possibilidades de investigar fatores relacionados à transmissão da cultura do brinquedo. A brincadeira pressupõe uma aprendizagem social, aprendem-se as formas, o vocabulário típico, os tipos de interações condizentes, as regras, o momento de enunciá-las etc. A investigação de tais categorias e dos fatores envolvidos em sua produção é importante para uma melhor descrição da brincadeira e da ocorrência de aprendizagem em situação natural e também para criar indicadores para a compreensão das relações entre os membros dos grupos de crianças, da socialização, da constituição do sujeito e da transmissão da cultura.

A Comparison of Adaptive Strategies and Patterns of Victimization among Homeless Adolescents and Adults

One hundred and fifty-six homeless adolescents and 319 homeless adults interviewed directly on the streets and in shelters were compared for backgrounds of abuse, adaptations to life on the streets, and rates of criminal victimization when on the streets. Homeless adolescents were more likely to be from abusive family backgrounds, more likely to rely on deviant survival strategies, and more likely to be criminally victimized. A social learning model of adaptation and victimization on the streets was hypothesized. Although the model was supported for both homeless adults and adolescents, it was more strongly supported for adolescents than adults, and for males than females regardless of age.