Factores de prognóstico do resultado do tratamento de doentes com Síndrome de dependência do Álcool: estudo de coorte prospectivo de 6 meses

Factores de prognóstico do resultado do tratamento de doentes com Síndrome de Dependência do Álcool: estudo coorte prospectivo de 6 meses Introdução: Uma das questões fundamentais para as políticas de saúde relacionadas com o tratamento e reabilitação de doentes com dependência de álcool, é identificar factores de prognóstico num curto prazo de tratamento ambulatório, de modo a se poderem optimizar as decisões de tratamento dos doentes. Assim, este estudo teve como objectivo identificar factores de prognóstico na admissão ao tratamento e factores de prognóstico durante o período de tratamento ambulatório. Materiais e métodos: Estudo observacional coorte de doentes com dependência de álcool observados num período de 6 meses de tratamento ambulatório. O estudo consistiu numa amostra de 209 doentes incluídos no estudo de acordo com os critérios do Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders versão IV, tendo sido recolhida no Centro de Alcoologia do Sul (n=194) e no Hospital Nossa Senhora do Rosário (n=15). 8 médicos psiquiatras destes dois centros de tratamento foram responsáveis pelo tratamento dos doentes. O doente ter um co-responsável que acompanhasse a sua reabilitação e fizesse a supervisão da medicação para controlo do consumo de álcool era condição absolutamente necessária para inclusão do doente no estudo. Como factores de prognóstico foram medidos na admissão ao tratamento factores sócio demográficos, a história de uso de outras substâncias e indicadores de gravidade associados à história de consumo excessivo de álcool. Durante os 6 meses de tratamento foram medidos factores de prognóstico que respeitam os fármacos para controlo do consumo incluindo Dissulfiram e Acamprosato, os factores associados aos aspectos não farmacológicos do tratamento incluindo o número de consultas, os factores associados às características do médico e finalmente os fármacos para tratamento de depressão e ansiedade. As variáveis de resultado medidas no estudo envolveram o tempo até à primeira recaída pesada (variável de interesse primário para o estudo), a abstinência de consumo pesado, a abstinência de qualquer quantidade de álcool, o tempo cumulativo de abstinência acima da média dos doentes, o tempo máximo de recaída superior a 1 dia e o doente ter pelo menos um problema relacionado com o álcool aos 6 meses. Todas as variáveis resultado foram medidas através do calendário auto-reportado pelos doentes e seus co-responsáveis no que respeita os consumos diários Timeline Followback, à excepção da variável ter pelo menos 1 problema relacionado com o álcool aos 6 meses em que foi aplicado o instrumento Alcohol Related Problems Questionnaire. Foi estabelecido uma unidade padrão de consumo de álcool como uma garrafa de cerveja, um copo de vinho ou um cálice de bebida fortificada ou destilada que teriam aproximadamente 10 gramas de álcool, sendo considerado um consumo excessivo pesado de pelo menos 5 destas unidades padrão num dia típico de consumo, ou seja, pelo menos 50 gramas de álcool. Os dados recolhidos e validados foram analisados em Statistical Package for Social Sciences, tendo-se utilizado usuais métodos de estatística descritiva envolvendo tabulação de frequências e tabulação de medidas de tendência central e dispersão. Foram utilizados na análise bivariável entre os factores de prognóstico e as variáveis resultado o teste do Qui quadrado ou exacto de Fisher, o teste de Mann Whitney, o teste Kruskal Wallis, o coeficiente de correlação de Spearman e o coeficiente de concordância Kappa de Cohen. Foi ainda utilizado na análise bivariável a análise de sobrevivência de Kaplan Meier com teste log rank e a análise da área sob a curva ROC. Na análise multivariável foi utilizado a análise de regressão de Cox múltipla com razão de riscos medida pelo Hazard Ratio (HR) e a análise de regressão logística múltipla com razão de riscos medida pelo odds ratio (OR). O nível de significância foi estabelecido em 5%. Resultados: Dos doentes admitidos a tratamento, 84% eram homens, a idade mediana era 41 anos, o consumo mediano de álcool era 192 gramas/dia e a duração mediana de consumo excessivo pesado era 13 anos. Os anos completos de escolaridade em tendência situaram-se abaixo do 9º ano de escolaridade com uma mediana de 6 anos. 61% dos doentes pertenciam a classes sociais média/baixa e baixa. A taxa de Kaplan Meier de recaída em consumo pesado foi de 23% sendo a taxa de recaída em qualquer quantidade de álcool de 54%. O tempo médio cumulativo de abstinência foi 131 dias. Relativamente aos factores de prognóstico que se revelaram estatisticamente significativos após análise de regressão múltipla foram; na admissão ao tratamento, o sexo feminino associado a pior prognóstico de tempo máximo de recaída superior a 1 dia (OR=4,55; p<0,05), o nível sócio económico de graffar médio baixo e baixo associado a piores prognósticos relativamente à abstinência de consumo pesado (OR=0,32; p<0,05), abstinência de qualquer quantidade (OR=0,41; p<0,05) e tempo cumulativo de abstinência acima da média (OR=0,05; p<0,01), a situação profissional de emprego a tempo inteiro e vínculo associado a melhor prognóstico relativamente a menos problemas ligados ao álcool aos 6 meses (OR=0,37; p<0,05), a história de uso de cocaína associado a pior prognóstico relativamente à abstinência de consumo pesado (OR=0,11; 6 p<0,01) e abstinência de qualquer quantidade (OR=0,05; p<0,001), ter mais de 20 anos de consumo excessivo pesado associado a pior prognóstico relativamente à abstinência de qualquer quantidade (OR=0,20; p<0,05), tempo cumulativo de abstinência acima da média (OR=0,05; p<0,05), tempo máximo de recaída superior a 1 dia (OR=8,36; p<0,01) e ter pelo menos 1 problema ligado ao álcool aos 6 meses (OR=7,32; p<0,01), entrar em tratamento com menos tempo de abstinência, digamos até 7 dias sem beber, revelou-se associado a melhor prognóstico nomeadamente no tempo até à primeira recaída em consumo pesado (HR=0,32; p<0,05), mais gravidade da história de consumo indicada pelo doente consumir álcool de manhã e/ou antes do almoço revelou-se associado a melhor prognóstico, nomeadamente na abstinência de qualquer quantidade de álcool (OR=3,01; p<0,05), os doentes com valor de avaliação hepática GGT aumentada face ao limite normal revelaram pior prognóstico ao nível do tempo até à primeira recaída em consumo pesado (HR=2,48; p<0,05), os doentes com pelo menos 5 dos 11 problemas ligados ao álcool questionados no Alcohol Related Problems Questionnaire na admissão, revelaram pior prognóstico nomeadamente no tempo cumulativo de abstinência acima da média dos doentes (OR=0,04; p<0,01). Durante os 6 meses de tratamento, os factores de prognóstico que se revelaram estatisticamente significativos após análise de regressão múltipla foram; a toma de Dissulfiram por um período de pelo menos 120 dias, que se revelou associado a melhor prognóstico relativamente ao tempo cumulativo de abstinência acima da média dos doentes (OR=18,88; p<0,01) e o doente ter pelo menos 1 problema ligado ao álcool aos 6 meses (OR=0,16; p<0,001), o doente ter tomado Dissulfiram por um período inferior a 120 dias, que se revelou associado a pior prognóstico em todas as variáveis de resultado, ou sejam, o tempo até à primeira recaída em consumo pesado (HR=15,00; p<0,001), a abstinência de consumo pesado (OR=0,062; p<0,001), a abstinência de qualquer quantidade (OR=0,05; p<0,001), o tempo cumulativo de abstinência acima da média dos doentes (OR=0,08; p<0,05), o tempo máximo de recaída superior a 1 dia (OR=15,60; p<0,01) e ter pelo menos 1 problema ligado ao álcool aos 6 meses (OR=5,25; p<0,05), os doentes com indicação para Acamprosato tiveram pior prognóstico ao nível do tempo até à primeira recaída em consumo pesado (HR=2,60; p<0,05), os doentes que realizaram pelo menos 4 das 7 consultas previstas para os 6 meses tiveram melhor prognóstico relativamente à abstinência em consumo pesado (OR=9,10; p<0,001), abstinência de qualquer quantidade (OR=5,56; p<0,001), tempo cumulativo de abstinência acima da média (OR=177,50; p<0,001) e o doente ter pelo menos 1 problema ligado ao álcool aos 6 meses (OR=0,07; p<0,001), o doente ter pelo menos 2,5 de média nas fases da sua consulta (podendo variar as fases entre 1 e 4) têm melhor prognóstico ao nível do tempo até à primeira recaída em consumo pesado (HR=0,28; p<0,01), abstinência de consumo pesado (OR= 2,80; p<0,05), abstinência de qualquer quantidade (OR=3,24; p<0,05) e tempo máximo de recaída superior a 1 dia (OR=0,21; p<0,01), os doentes com indicação para ansiolíticos sejam eles Benzodiazepinas ou Buspirona tiveram pior prognóstico no tempo até à primeira recaída em consumo pesado (HR=2,12; p<0,05). Conclusões: em termos de políticas de saúde, este estudo permite concluir que durante o tratamento ambulatório devem ser valorizados o recurso farmacológico Dissulfiram com tempo de toma nunca inferior a 120 dias, a realização de um maior número de consultas previsto para o doente e a utilização de mais de duas fases nas consultas. Este estudo também revela que os prestadores de tratamento devem ter atenção aos doentes com indicação para a toma de ansiolíticos. Relativamente aos factores relevantes na admissão ao tratamento ambulatório, este estudo permite-nos concluir que deve haver maior preocupação dos prestadores de tratamento relativamente às mulheres alcoólicas, aos doentes com nível socioeconómico mais baixo e doentes sem emprego a tempo inteiro nem vínculo, pois são factores que se revelaram associados a pior prognóstico. Também, os prestadores de tratamento devem ter em especial atenção a história de consumo de outras substâncias, nomeadamente o consumo de cocaína, pois revelou-se associado a pior prognóstico. Em relação às variáveis da gravidade do consumo de álcool, os prestadores de tratamento devem tomar especial atenção que o prognóstico piora para os doentes que consomem álcool de modo excessivo pesado à mais de 20 anos, que tenham a avaliação laboratorial do GGT aumentada em relação ao normal e que revelem mais problemas ligados ao álcool no questionário Alcohol Related Problems Questionnaire. Este estudo também prova que se deve motivar o doente a iniciar o tratamento temporalmente o mais perto possível do início da abstinência. Mais concretamente, os doentes que iniciaram o tratamento até uma semana desde o início da abstinência tiveram melhor prognóstico. Curiosamente ainda uma informação útil para os prestadores de tratamento é que os doentes que consomem álcool pela manhã e/ou antes do almoço parecem estar mais motivados para recuperarem, tendo-se revelado um factor de bom prognóstico.

The locust foraging gene.

Our knowledge of how genes act on the nervous system in response to the environment to generate behavioral plasticity is limited. A number of recent advancements in this area concern food-related behaviors and a specific gene family called foraging (for), which encodes a cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG). The desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria) is notorious for its destructive feeding and long-term migratory behavior. Locust phase polyphenism is an extreme example of environmentally induced behavioral plasticity. In response to changes in population density, locusts dramatically alter their behavior, from solitary and relatively sedentary behavior to active aggregation and swarming. Very little is known about the molecular and genetic basis of this striking behavioral phenomenon. Here we initiated studies into the locust for gene by identifying, cloning, and studying expression of the gene in the locust brain. We determined the phylogenetic relationships between the locust PKG and other known PKG proteins in insects. FOR expression was found to be confined to neurons of the anterior midline of the brain, the pars intercerebralis. Our results suggest that differences in PKG enzyme activity are correlated to well-established phase-related behavioral differences. These results lay the groundwork for functional studies of the locust for gene and its possible relations to locust phase polyphenism.

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This chapter explores the progress and various approaches toward identifying genes important for an understanding of sleep and sleep-related traits in rodents. Until the functions of sleep are more clearly defined, it may be difficult to uncover the core genetic basis for sleep and the core molecular events that underlie this fundamental behavior in most, if not all, animal species. However, similar to other areas of medicine, an understanding of the underlying genetics will become increasingly important in sleep medicine. At this time, rodents represent the best animal models for such studies, especially the many genetically modified mouse lines that have been created and the mouse strains that form important genetic reference populations for a wide range of biomedical research. Given the similarities in physiology and genetics across eutherian mammals, it is likely that genes influencing sleep ...

Anxiety and Psychological Stress Before Prenatal Screening in First-Time Mothers Who Conceived Through IVF/ICSI or Spontaneously.

Mothers' general anxiety, anxiety about the well-being of the child and psychological stress before prenatal testing was studied by comparing women who conceived through in vitro fertilization (IVF) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) with women who conceived naturally. Before the first trimester screening test for Down's syndrome, a group of 51 women who conceived through IVF/ICSI and a group of 54 women who conceived spontaneously completed the State Scale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (S-Anxiety; Spielberger, 1983), the Fear of Bearing a Physically or Mentally Handicapped Child Subscale of the Pregnancy-related Anxiety Questionnaire (PRAQ-R; Huizink et al., 2004), the Psychological Stress Measure (PSM; Lemyre & Tessier, 1988), and the Prenatal Psychosocial Profile (PPP; Curry, Campbell, & Christian, 1994). Women who conceived through IVF/ICSI had more elevated levels of general anxiety and psychological stress than the women who conceived naturally; however, no difference was observed between the two groups for anxiety specifically related to the health of the child. These results underline the need to monitor women's emotional state after conception via IVF/ICSI-when counseling usually ends-and around the time of the first trimester screening. Counseling might thus be extended.

Supervised injection services : what has been demonstrated? : a systematic literature review

BACKGROUND: Supervised injection services (SISs) have been developed to promote safer drug injection practices, enhance health-related behaviors among people who inject drugs (PWID), and connect PWID with external health and social services. Nevertheless, SISs have also been accused of fostering drug use and drug trafficking. AIMS: To systematically collect and synthesize the currently available evidence regarding SIS-induced benefits and harm. METHODS: A systematic review was performed via the PubMed, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect databases using the keyword algorithm [("SUPERVISED" OR "SAFER") AND ("INJECTION" OR "INJECTING" OR "SHOOTING" OR "CONSUMPTION") AND ("FACILITY" OR "FACILITIES" OR "ROOM" OR "GALLERY" OR "CENTRE" OR "SITE")]. RESULTS: Seventy-five relevant articles were found. All studies converged to find that SISs were efficacious in attracting the most marginalized PWID, promoting safer injection conditions, enhancing access to primary health care, and reducing the overdose frequency. SISs were not found to increase drug injecting, drug trafficking or crime in the surrounding environments. SISs were found to be associated with reduced levels of public drug injections and dropped syringes. Of the articles, 85% originated from Vancouver or Sydney. CONCLUSION: SISs have largely fulfilled their initial objectives without enhancing drug use or drug trafficking. Almost all of the studies found in this review were performed in Canada or Australia, whereas the majority of SISs are located in Europe. The implementation of new SISs in places with high rates of injection drug use and associated harms appears to be supported by evidence.

Synaptic Plasticity at Intrathalamic Connections via CaV3.3 T-type Ca2+ Channels and GluN2B-Containing NMDA Receptors.

The T-type Ca(2+) channels encoded by the Ca(V)3 genes are well established electrogenic drivers for burst discharge. Here, using Ca(V)3.3(-/-) mice we found that Ca(V)3.3 channels trigger synaptic plasticity in reticular thalamic neurons. Burst discharge via Ca(V)3.3 channels induced long-term potentiation at thalamoreticular inputs when coactivated with GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors, which are the dominant subtype at these synapses. Notably, oscillatory burst discharge of reticular neurons is typical for sleep-related rhythms, suggesting that sleep contributes to strengthening intrathalamic circuits.

Unraveling dynamics of human physical activity patterns in chronic pain conditions.

Chronic pain is a complex disabling experience that negatively affects the cognitive, affective and physical functions as well as behavior. Although the interaction between chronic pain and physical functioning is a well-accepted paradigm in clinical research, the understanding of how pain affects individuals' daily life behavior remains a challenging task. Here we develop a methodological framework allowing to objectively document disruptive pain related interferences on real-life physical activity. The results reveal that meaningful information is contained in the temporal dynamics of activity patterns and an analytical model based on the theory of bivariate point processes can be used to describe physical activity behavior. The model parameters capture the dynamic interdependence between periods and events and determine a 'signature' of activity pattern. The study is likely to contribute to the clinical understanding of complex pain/disease-related behaviors and establish a unified mathematical framework to quantify the complex dynamics of various human activities.

Supervised injection services : what has been demonstrated? A systematic literature review

BACKGROUND: Supervised injection services (SISs) have been developed to promote safer drug injection practices, enhance health-related behaviors among people who inject drugs (PWID), and connect PWID with external health and social services. Nevertheless, SISs have also been accused of fostering drug use and drug trafficking. AIMS: To systematically collect and synthesize the currently available evidence regarding SIS-induced benefits and harm. METHODS: A systematic review was performed via the PubMed, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect databases using the keyword algorithm [("supervised" or "safer") and ("injection" or "injecting" or "shooting" or "consumption") and ("facility" or "facilities" or "room" or "gallery" or "centre" or "site")]. RESULTS: Seventy-five relevant articles were found. All studies converged to find that SISs were efficacious in attracting the most marginalized PWID, promoting safer injection conditions, enhancing access to primary health care, and reducing the overdose frequency. SISs were not found to increase drug injecting, drug trafficking or crime in the surrounding environments. SISs were found to be associated with reduced levels of public drug injections and dropped syringes. Of the articles, 85% originated from Vancouver or Sydney. CONCLUSION: SISs have largely fulfilled their initial objectives without enhancing drug use or drug trafficking. Almost all of the studies found in this review were performed in Canada or Australia, whereas the majority of SISs are located in Europe. The implementation of new SISs in places with high rates of injection drug use and associated harms appears to be supported by evidence.

A Survey of Traffic Safety Culture Among Iowa Adults, TS-1101, 2012

Iowa’s traffic safety culture is influenced by laws and policies, enforcement methods, driver education, roadway engineering, and drivers’ behaviors. The Center for Social and Behavioral Research at the University of Northern Iowa was contracted by the Iowa Department of Transportation to conduct a general population survey of adult Iowans. Telephone interviews were conducted with 1,088 adult Iowans from October to December 2011. A dual-frame (cell phone and landline) sampling design was used. The interview covered a wide range of traffic safety topics (e.g., traffic safety policies, enforcement techniques, and distracted driving). Most Iowans said driving in Iowa is about as safe now as it was 5 years ago; however, one-fourth said driving in Iowa is less safe now. There are a number of driving-related behaviors many adult Iowans consider serious threats to traffic safety and never acceptable to do while driving. Yet, many Iowans report often seeing other drivers engaging in these behaviors and admit engaging in some themselves. For example, nearly 1 in 5 adult Iowa drivers said they have sent or read a text message or email while driving in the past 30 days despite this being prohibited since July of 2011. A slight majority said they support using cameras on highways, interstates, and city streets to automatically ticket drivers for speeding, with even stronger support for red light cameras. A comprehensive approach to traffic safety in Iowa is required to encourage protective factors that enhance traffic safety and reduce the impact of detrimental factors.

Mice with chronic GSH deficit display phenotypical anomalies that resemble key aspects of schizophrenia

ABSTRACTSchizophrenia is a major psychiatric disorder occurring with a prevalence of 1% in the worldwide population. It develops progressively with psychosis onset in late adolescence or earlyadulthood. The disorder can take many different facets and has a highly diffuse anddistributed neuropathology including deficits in major neurotransmitter systems,myelination, stress regulation, and metabolism. The delayed onset and the heterogeneouspathology suggest that schizophrenia is a developmental disease that arises from interplayof genetic and environmental factors during sensitive periods. Redox dysregulation due to animbalance between pro-oxidants and antioxidant defence mechanisms is among the riskfactors for schizophrenia. Glutathione (GSH) is the major cellular redox regulator andantioxidant. Levels of GSH are decreased in cerebrospinal fluid, prefrontal cortex and postmortemstriatum of schizophrenia patients. Moreover, polymorphisms of the key GSHsynthesizingenzyme, glutamate-cysteine ligase, modifier (GCLM) subunit, are associatedwith the disease, suggesting that GSH deficit is of genetic origin. Here we used miceknockout (KO) for the GCLM gene, which display chronic GSH deficit (~70 to 80% decrease)to investigate the direct link between redox dysregulation and schizophrenia. Accordingly,we evaluated whether GCLM KO compared to normal wildtype mice display behavioralchanges that relate to schizophrenia symptoms and whether their brains showmorphological, functional or metabolic alterations that resemble those in patients.Moreover, we exposed pubertal GCLM mice to repeated mild stress and measured theirhormonal and behavioral stress reactivity. Our data show that chronic GSH deficit isassociated with altered emotion- and stress-related behaviors, deficient prepulse inhibition,pronounced amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion but normal spatial learning andworking memory. These changes represent important schizophrenia endophenotypes.Moreover, this particular pattern of change indicates impairment of the ventralhippocampus (VH) and related circuitry as opposed to the dorsal hippocampus (DH), which isimplicated in spatial information processing. This is consistent with a selective deficit ofparvalbumin positive interneurons and gamma oscillation in the VH but not DH. Increasedlevels of circulating stress hormones in KO mice following pubertal stress corroborate VHdysfunction as it is involved in negative feedback control of the stress response. VHstructural and functional deficits are frequently found in the schizophrenic brain. Metabolicevaluation of the developing GCLM KO anterior cortex using in vivo magnetic resonancespectroscopy revealed elevated glutamine (Gln), glutamate (Glu), Gln/Glu and N-acetylaspartate(NAA) during the pre-pubertal period. Similar changes are reported in earlyschizophrenia. Overall, we observe phenotypic anomalies in GSH deficient GCLM KO micethat correspond to major schizophrenia endophenotypes. This supports an important rolefor redox dysregulation in schizophrenia and validates the GCLM KO mouse as model for thedisease. Moreover, our results indicate that puberty may be a sensitive period for redoxsensitivechanges highliting the importance of early intervention. Gln, Gln/Glu, Glu and NAAmay qualify as early metabolic biomarkers to identify young at-risk individuals. Since chronictreatment with NAC normalized most metabolic changes in GCLM KO mice, NAC may be oneadjunct treatment of choice for early intervention in patients.RESUMELa schizophrénie est une maladie psychiatrique majeure avec une prévalence de 1% dans lapopulation. Son développement est progressif, les premières psychoses apparaissant àl'adolescence ou au début de l'âge adulte. La maladie a plusieurs présentations et uneneuropathologie étendue, qui inclut des déficits neurochimiques, métaboliques, de lamyélination et de la régulation du stress. L'émergence tardive et l'hétérogénéité de lapathologie suggèrent que la schizophrénie est une maladie développementale, favorisée pardes facteurs génétiques et environnementaux durant des périodes sensibles. La dérégulationrédox, due à un déséquilibre entre facteurs pro-oxidantes et défenses anti-oxidantes,constitue un facteur de risque. Le glutathion (GSH) est le principal régulateur rédox et antioxidantdes cellules, ses taux sont diminués dans le liquide céphalorachidien, le cortexpréfrontal et le striatum de patients. De plus, des variations du gène codant la sous-unitémodulatrice (GCLM) de la glutamate-cystéine ligase, enzyme de synthèse du GSH, sontassociés la maladie, suggérant que le déficit observé chez les patients est d'originegénétique. Nous avons donc utilisé des souris ayant une délétion du gène GCLM (KO), quiont un déficit chronique en GSH (70-80%), afin d'étudier le lien entre une dérégulation rédoxet la schizophrénie. Nous avons évalué si ces souris présentent des altérationscomportementales analogues aux symptômes de la maladie, et des modificationsstructurelles, fonctionnelles et métaboliques au niveau du cerveau, ressemblant à celles despatients. De plus, nous avons soumis les souris à des stresses modérés durant la puberté,puis mesuré les réponses hormonales et comportementales. Les animaux présentent undéficit pré-attentionnel du traitement des informations moto-sensorielles, un déficit pourcertains apprentissages, une réponse accrue à l'amphétamine, mais leurs mémoires spatialeet de travail sont préservées. Ces atteintes comportementales sont analogues à certainsendophénotypes de la schizophrénie. De plus, ces changements comportementaux sontlargement expliqués par une perturbation morphologique et fonctionnelle de l'hippocampeventral (HV). Ainsi, nous avons observé un déficit sélectif des interneurones immunoréactifsà la parvalbumine et une désynchronisation neuronale dans l'HV. L'hippocampe dorsal,impliqué dans l'orientation spatiale, demeure en revanche intact. L'augmentationd'hormones de stress dans le sang des souris KO suite à un stress prépubertal soutien aussil'hypothèse d'une dysfonction de l'HV, connu pour moduler ce type de réponse. Des déficitsstructurels et fonctionnels dans l'hippocampe antérieur (ventral) ont d'ailleurs été rapportéschez des patients schizophrènes. Par de résonance magnétique, nous avons également suivile profil métabolique du le cortex antérieur au cours du développement postnatal des sourisKO. Ces mesures ont révélé des taux élevés de glutamine (Gln), glutamate (Glu), du ratioGln/Glu, et de N-acétyl-aspartate (NAA) durant la période prépubertale. Des altérationssimilaires sont décrites chez les patients durant la phase précoce. Nous avons donc révélédes anomalies phénotypiques chez les souris GCLM KO qui reflètent certainsendophénotypes de la schizophrénie. Nos résultats appuient donc le rôle d'une dérégulationrédox dans l'émergence de la maladie et le potentiel des souris KO comme modèle. De plus,cette étude met en évidence la puberté comme période particulièrement sensible à unedérégulation rédox, renforçant l'importance d'une intervention thérapeutique précoce. Dansce cadre, Gln, Gln/Glu, Glu and NAA seraient des biomarqueurs clés pour identifier de jeunesindividus à risque. De part son efficacité dans notre modèle, NAC pourrait être unesubstance de choix dans le traitement précoce des patients.

Is Internet use unhealthy? A cross-sectional study of adolescent Internet overuse.

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether problematic internet use is associated with somatic complaints and whether this association remains when checking for internet activity among a random sample of adolescents living in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland. METHODS: Cross-sectional survey of 3,067 8th graders (50.3% females) divided into average (n = 2,708) and problematic (n = 359) Internet users and compared for somatic complaints (backache, overweight, headaches, musculoskeletal pain, sleep problems and sight problems) controlling for sociodemographic and internet-related variables. Logistic regressions were performed for each complaint and for all of them simultaneously controlling variables significant at the bivariate level. RESULTS: At the multivariate level, when taken separately, problematic internet users were more likely to have a chronic condition (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] with 95% CI: 1.58 [1.11:2.23]) and to report back pain (aOR: 1.46 [1.04:2.05]), overweight (aOR: 1.74 [1.03:2.93]), musculoskeletal pain (aOR: 1.36 [1.00:1.84]) and sleep problems (aOR: 2.16 [1.62:2.88]). When considered in the full model, only sleep problems remained significant (aOR: 2.03 [1.50:2.74]). CONCLUSIONS: Our results confirm that problematic internet users report health problems more frequently, with lack of sleep being the most strongly associated and seeming to act as mediator regarding the other ones. Clinicians should remember to screen for excessive internet use their patients complaining of sleep-related problems, back or musculoskeletal pain or overweight. Clinicians should advise parents to limit the amount of time their adolescent children can spend online for leisure activities. Furthermore, limiting the number of devices used to connect to the internet could help warrant enough sleeping time.

Health in Iowa Annual Report: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2013

The Iowa Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) is an ongoing telephone survey. It is financially and technically supported by the CDC with further financial support from public and private sources. The BRFSS is designed to collect information on the health conditions, health-related behaviors, attitudes, and awareness of residents age 18 and over. It also monitors the prevalence of these indicators over time. The indicators surveyed are major contributors to illness, disability, and premature death. This report focuses on the data collected during calendar year 2013. Some of the health-related issues discussed are general health status, health care access, cancer screening, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, body weight, physical activity, oral health, diabetes, respiratory conditions, immunizations, and HIV/AIDS awareness.

Health in Iowa Annual Report: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2014

The Iowa Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) is an ongoing telephone survey. It is financially and technically supported by the CDC with further financial support from public and private sources. The BRFSS is designed to collect information on the health conditions, health-related behaviors, attitudes, and awareness of residents age 18 and over. It also monitors the prevalence of these indicators over time. The indicators surveyed are major contributors to illness, disability, and premature death. This report focuses on the data collected during calendar year 2013. Some of the health-related issues discussed are general health status, health care access, cancer screening, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, body weight, physical activity, oral health, diabetes, respiratory conditions, immunizations, and HIV/AIDS awareness.

The 16p11.2 rearrangments genetic paradigms for obesity and neurodevelopmental disorders.

Recent discoveries of recurrent and reciprocal Copy Number Variants (CNVs) using genome- wide studies have led to a new understanding of the etiology of neuropsychiatric disorders. CNVs represent loss (deletion) or gain (duplication) of genomic material. This thesis work is focused on CNVs at the 16p11.2 BP4-BP5 locus, which are among the most frequent etiologies of neurodevelopmental disorders and have been associated with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), schizophrenia, cognitive impairment, alterations of brain size as well as obesity and underweight. Because deletion and duplication of the 16p11.2 locus occur frequently and recurrently (with the same breakpoints), CNVs at this locus represent a powerful paradigm to understand how a genomic region may modulate cognitive and behavioral traits as well as the relationship and shared mechanisms between distinct psychiatric diagnoses such as ASD and schizophrenia. The present dissertation includes three studies: 1) The first project aims at identifying structural brain-imaging endophenotypes in 16p11.2 CNVs carriers at risk for ASD and schizophrenia. The results show that gene dosage at the 16p11.2 locus modulates global brain volumes and neural circuitry, including the reward system, language and social cognition circuits. 2) The second investigates the neuropsychological profile in 16p11.2 deletion and duplication carriers. While deletion carriers show specific deficits in language and inhibition, the profile of duplication carriers is devoid of specific weaknesses and presents enhanced performance in a verbal memory task. 3) The third study on food-related behaviors in 16p11.2 deletion and duplication carriers shows that alterations of the reponse to satiety are present in CNV carriers before the onset of obesity, pointing toward a potential mechanism driving the Body Mass Index increase in deletion carriers. Dysfunctions in the reward system and dopaminergic circuitries could represent a common mechanism playing a role in the phenotype and could be investigated in future studies. Our data strongly suggest that complex cognitive traits correlate to gene dosage in humans. Larger studies including expression data would allow elucidating the contribution of specific genes to these different gene dosage effects. In conclusion, a systematic and careful investigation of cognitive, behavioral and intermediate phenotypes using a gene dosage paradigm has allowed us to advance our understanding of the 16p11.2 BP4-BP5 locus and its effects on neurodevelopment. -- La récente découverte de variations du nombre de copies (CNVs pour 'copy number variants') dans le génome humain a amélioré nos connaissances sur l'étiologie des troubles neuropsychiatriques. Un CNV représente une perte (délétion) ou un gain (duplication) de matériel génétique sur un segment chromosomique. Ce travail de thèse est focalisé sur les CNVs réciproques (délétion et duplication) dans la région 16p11.2 BP4-BP5. Ces CNVs sont une cause fréquente de troubles neurodéveloppementaux et ont été associés à des phénotypes « en miroir » tels que obésité/sous-poids ou macro/microcéphalie mais aussi aux troubles du spectre autistique (TSA), à la schizophrénie et au retard de développement/déficience intellectuelle. La fréquence et la récurrence de la délétion et de la duplication aux mêmes points de cassure font de ces CNVs un paradigme unique pour étudier la relation entre dosage génique et les traits cognitifs et comportementaux, ainsi que les mécanismes partagés par des troubles psychiatriques apparemment distincts tels que les TSA et la schizophrénie. Ce travail de thèse comporte trois études distinctes : 1) l'étude en neuroimagerie structurelle identifie les endophénotypes chez les porteurs de la délétion ou de la duplication. Les résultats montrent une influence du dosage génique sur le volume cérébral total et certaines structures dans les systèmes de récompense, du langage et de la cognition sociale. 2) L'étude des profils neuropsychologiques chez les porteurs de la délétion ou de la duplication montre que la délétion est associée à des troubles spécifiques du langage et de l'inhibition alors que les porteurs de la duplication ne montrent pas de faiblesse spécifique mais des performances mnésiques verbales supérieures à leur niveau cognitif global. 3) L'étude sur les comportements alimentaires met en évidence une altération de la réponse à la satiété qui est présente avant l'apparition de l'obésité. Un dysfonctionnement dans le système de récompense et les circuits dopaminergiques pourrait représenter un mécanisme commun aux différents phénotypes observés chez ces individus porteurs de CNVs au locus 16p11.2. En conclusion, l'utilisation du dosage génique comme outil d'investigation des phénotypes cliniques et endophénotypes nous a permis de mieux comprendre le rôle de la région 16p11.2 BP4-BP5 dans le neurodéveloppement.

Changes in motor behavior during pregnancy in rats: the basis for a possible animal model of restless legs syndrome

PURPOSE:Pregnant women have a 2-3 fold higher probability of developing restless legs syndrome (RLS – sleep-related movement disorders) than general population. This study aims to evaluate the behavior and locomotion of rats during pregnancy in order to verify if part of these animals exhibit some RLS-like features.METHODS:We used 14 female 80-day-old Wistar rats that weighed between 200 and 250 g. The rats were distributed into control (CTRL) and pregnant (PN) groups. After a baseline evaluation of their behavior and locomotor activity in an open-field environment, the PN group was inducted into pregnancy, and their behavior and locomotor activity were evaluated on days 3, 10 and 19 of pregnancy and in the post-lactation period in parallel with the CTRL group. The serum iron and transferrin levels in the CTRL and PN groups were analyzed in blood collected after euthanasia by decapitation.RESULTS:There were no significant differences in the total ambulation, grooming events, fecal boli or urine pools between the CTRL and PN groups. However, the PN group exhibited fewer rearing events, increased grooming time and reduced immobilization time than the CTRL group (ANOVA, p<0.05).CONCLUSION:These results suggest that pregnant rats show behavioral and locomotor alterations similar to those observed in animal models of RLS, demonstrating to be a possible animal model of this sleep disorder.