Health effects of occupational exposure in a dairy food industry, with a specific assessment of exposure to airborne lactic acid bacteria

OBJECTIVE:: Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are used in food industries as probiotic agents. The aim of this study is to assess the potential health effects of airborne exposure to a mix of preblend (LAB and carbohydrate) and milk powder in workers. METHODS:: A medical questionnaire, lung function tests, and immunologic tests were carried out on 50 workers. Occupational exposure to inhalable dust and airborne LAB was measured. RESULTS:: Workers not using respiratory masks reported more symptoms of irritation than workers using protection. Workers from areas with higher levels of airborne LAB reported the most health symptoms and the immune responses of workers to LAB was higher than the immune responses of a control population. CONCLUSIONS:: Measures to reduce exposure to airborne LAB and milk powder in food industries are recommended.

Factors affecting tightness of package

Työn tarkoituksena oli tutkia kartonkipohjaisten pakkausmateriaalien läpäisyominaisuuksia sekä pakkausten tiiveyteen vaikuttavia tekijöitä. Työssä verrattiin skaivatun ja skaivaamattoman raakareunan sekä tölkkien pohjaratkaisujen ominaisuuksia vesihöyryn- ja hapen läpäisevyydessä, kun käytetty kartonki oli molemmin puolin polymeeripäällystetty. Tiiveysominaisuuksia tutkittiin myös vuotomittauksin, värjäyksin ja elektronimikroskoopilla. Kuivan elintarvikkeen säilytystestillä ja kilpailijapakkausanalyyseillä oli tarkoituksena myös saada selville eri pakkausmateriaalien ja pakkauksien läpäisevyys- ja tiiveysominaisuuksia. Pakkauksen saumoilla oli yhtä suuri tai suurempi vaikutus vesihöyryn läpäisyssä kuin itse materiaalilla, kun pakkaus oli molemmin puolin polymeeripäällystetty kartonkikuppi. Skaivatun sauman vesihöyrynläpäisy oli vain 4-10 % pienempi kuin raakareunallisen sauman. Pakkauksen ulkopuolisten raakareunojen suojaaminen pienensi vesihöyrynläpäisevyyttä 30 %. Kun pakkauksen sisäpuolen raaka-reuna oli suojattu teipillä, saumoilla ei ollut niin suurta vaikutusta vesihöyryn läpäisyyn verrattuna materiaaliin. Raakareunan määrällä tölkin pohjassa tai pienillä vuodoilla tölkin saumoissa ei ollut merkitystä vesihöyryn läpäisyyn. Hapenläpäisyssä oli tärkeää ehyt barrierkerros. Polymeerisen barrierkerroksen reiät ja sauman skaivaus vaikuttivat enemmän kuin vesihöyryn läpäisyssä. Mitä enemmän tölkin pohjassa oli raakareunaa, sitä suurempi oli sen hapenläpäisy. Pakkauksen konvertointi, koneen säädöt ja lämmön kohdistus, ovat saattaneet aiheuttaa värjäyksellä havaitut barrierkerroksen mikroreiät. Kaupalliset kuiva-ainepakkaukset sisälsivät pääasiassa alumiinilaminaatin vesihöyryn, hapen ja valon suojana, kun tuotteena oli maitojauhetta ja rasvaa sisältävä elintarvike. Kuitenkin, jos pakkausmateriaali sisälsi vain ohuen sumutetun alumiinikerroksen, sen barrieriominaisuus ei ollut yhtä hyvä kuin alumiinilaminaatin. Äidinmaidonkorvikkeen säilytystestissä seurattiin eri analyysein tuotteen laatua kolmen kuukauden säilytyksen ajan. Pakkauksen vesihöyryn läpäisyominaisuus osoittautui tärkeimmäksi, sillä kosteuden vaikutus tuotteen laadun heikkenemisessä oli suurin. Hapen vaikutus on myös olennainen ja siten hyvä hapenestokerros sekä tiiveys ovat myös tärkeitä pakkauksen ominaisuuksia.

Determinação de resíduos de cloranfenicol em amostras de leite e mel industrializados utilizando a técnica de espectrometria de massas em "tandem" (CLAE-EM/EM)

The present work shows a method for the determination of chloramphenicol (CAP) antibiotic in milk, powder milk and honey. The solid phase extraction and liquid-liquid extraction were applied as a clean-up and pre-concentration strategies followed by LC-ESI/MS/MS analysis. The recovery was studied for different fortification levels from 0.05 to 1.00 µg L-1 in milk, showing values between 91 101% and RSD bellow 8.0%, while honey was spiked with a concentration of 0.20 µg kg-1 yelding a mean recovery of 83% and RSD of 6.5%. The quantification transition 321>152 showed a LOD of 0.52 ng kg-1 and LOQ of 1.85 ng kg-1.

The use of filter paper plasticized with polyvinyl alcohol-glutaraldehyde in ELISA

F1-antigen purified from Yersinia pestis was covalently linked to 5-mm diameter filter paper discs plasticized with polyvinyl alcohol-glutaraldehyde. These discs were used both for ELISA and dot-ELISA for the detection of anti-F1 IgG in rabbits. The best conditions were achieved using 1.25 µg of F1 antigen/disc, 3% w/v skim milk in PBS as blocking agent, anti-IgG peroxidase conjugate diluted 12,000 times, and serum from rabbits immunized or not against Y. pestis, diluted 6,400 times. The absorbance values obtained from the comparative study between this procedure and conventional ELISA were not significantly different but the low cost of the reagents employed in ELISA using the filter paper discs plasticized with polyvinyl alcohol-glutaraldehyde makes this method economically attractive.

Enhanced production and organic solvent stability of a protease fromBrevibacillus laterosporus strain PAP04

A bacterial strain (PAP04) isolated from cattle farm soil was shown to produce an extracellular, solvent-stable protease. Sequence analysis using 16S rRNA showed that this strain was highly homologous (99%) to Brevibacillus laterosporus. Growth conditions that optimize protease production in this strain were determined as maltose (carbon source), skim milk (nitrogen source), pH 7.0, 40°C temperature, and 48 h incubation. Overall, conditions were optimized to yield a 5.91-fold higher production of protease compared to standard conditions. Furthermore, the stability of the enzyme in organic solvents was assessed by incubation for 2 weeks in solutions containing 50% concentration of various organic solvents. The enzyme retained activity in all tested solvents except ethanol; however, the protease activity was stimulated in benzene (74%) followed by acetone (63%) and chloroform (54.8%). In addition, the plate assay and zymography results also confirmed the stability of the PAP04 protease in various organic solvents. The organic solvent stability of this protease at high (50%) concentrations of solvents makes it an alternative catalyst for peptide synthesis in non-aqueous media.

Chemical sanitizers to control biofilms formed by two Pseudomonas species on stainless steel surface

The biofilm formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas fluorescens on AISI 304 stainless steel in the presence of reconstituted skim milk under different temperatures was conducted, and the potential of three chemical sanitizers in removing the mono-species biofilms formed was compared. Pseudomonas aeruginosa cultivated in skim milk at 28 °C presented better growth rate (10.4 log CFU.mL-1) when compared with 3.7 and 4.2 log CFU.mL-1 for P. aeruginosa and P. fluorescens cultivated at 7 °C, respectively. Pseudomonas aeruginosa formed biofilm when cultivated at 28 °C. However, only the adhesion of P. aeruginosa and P. fluorescens was observed when incubated at 7 °C. The sodium dichloroisocyanurate was the most efficient sanitizer in the reduction of the adhered P. aeruginosa cells at 7 and 28 °C and those on the biofilm, respectively. The hydrogen peroxide was more effective in the reduction of adhered cells of P. fluorescens at 7 °C.

Étude du mécanisme de protection des spermatozoïdes de mammifères par le lait

Le lait écrémé est utilisé depuis plus d’un demi-siècle comme diluant protecteur des spermatozoïdes de mammifères. Depuis quelques années, il existe une demande grandissante pour des diluants exempts de produits d’origine animale. Toutefois, le mécanisme par lequel le lait protège les spermatozoïdes n’est pas connu, ce qui rend difficile de lui trouver un substitut. Les protéines majeures du plasma séminal de taureau, les protéines « Binder of SPerm » (BSP), sont néfastes lors de la conservation de la semence. Les spermatozoïdes sont en contact avec une grande concentration de protéines BSP qui stimulent une extraction continuelle de cholestérol/phospholipides de leur membrane plasmique. Les lipoprotéines de faible densité (LDL) du jaune d’oeuf, un autre composé utilisé dans les diluants, empêcheraient les protéines BSP de se lier à la membrane des spermatozoïdes de taureaux et de stimuler un efflux des lipides membranaires, ce qui les protégerait durant la conservation. Notre hypothèse était que les protéines du lait protègent les spermatozoïdes durant la conservation en séquestrant les protéines BSP. Premièrement, nous avons démontré par filtration sur gel qu’il y a une interaction entre les protéines BSP bovines et les protéines du lait. Le lait écrémé a été fractionné en trois fractions : F1 (alpha-lactalbumine, bêta-lactoglobuline et caséine kappa), F2 (toutes les protéines du lait) et F3 (sels, sucres et petits peptides). Les protéines BSP1 et BSP5 ont une affinité plus grande pour F1 que BSP3, tandis que toutes les protéines BSP ont une affinité pour F2. Le titrage calorimétrique isotherme a permis de confirmer l’interaction entre les protéines BSP et les protéines du lait. L’association entre la protéine BSP1 bovine et les micelles de caséines est caractérisée par une constante d’affinité (Ka) de 3.5 × 10^5 M-1 et un paramètre stoichiométrique (n) de 4,5 BSP1 pour une caséine. L’association entre la protéine BSP1 bovine et l’alpha-lactalbumine (une protéine du sérum principale), est caractérisée par un Ka de 2.4 × 10^5 M-1 et une valeur “n” de 0,8. Ces résultats indiquent que le lait protège les spermatozoïdes bovins en séquestrant les protéines BSP grâce à une interaction protéine : protéine, tandis que le jaune d’oeuf les protège grâce à une interaction protéine : lipoprotéine. Deuxièmement, nous avons démontré par filtration sur gel que les protéines homologues aux BSP bovines retrouvées dans le plasma séminal de porc, d’étalon et de bélier ont une affinité avec les protéines du lait, ce qui suggère que le mécanisme de protection des spermatozoïdes par le lait pourrait être le même chez ces espèces. Troisièmement, nous avons caractérisé l’interaction entre BSP1 bovine et les LDL du jaune d’oeuf qui a un Ka de 3.4 ± 0.4 × 10^6 M-1 et une valeur de « n » de 104 BSP1 pour une particule de LDL, indiquant qu’il existe des différences entre le mécanisme de protection des spermatozoïdes par le lait et le jaune d’oeuf. Nous croyons que les résultats présentés dans cette thèse aideront à créer de nouveaux diluants ne contenant pas de produits d’origine animale afin de cryoconserver les spermatozoïdes des mammifères.

Emulsifying, rheological and physicochemical properties of exopolysaccharide produced by Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis CCUG 52486 and Bifidobacterium infantis NCIMB 702205

The rheological, emulsification and certain physicochemical properties of purified exopolysaccharides (EPS) of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis CCUG 52486 and Bifidobacterium infantis NCIMB 702205 were studied and compared with those of guar gum and xanthan gum. The two strains were grown in skim milk supplemented with 1.5% (w/v) casein hydrolysate at 37 ◦C for 24 h; they both produced heteropolysaccharides with different molecular mass and composition. The carbohydrate content of both polymers was more than 92% and no protein was detected. The EPS of B. longum subsp. infantis CCUG 52486 showed highly branched entangled porous structure under scanning electron microscopy. Higher intrinsic viscosity was observed for the EPS of B. longum subsp. infantis CCUG 52486 compared to the EPS of B. infantis NCIMB 702205 and guar gum. Both polymers showed pseudoplastic non-Newtonian fluid behaviour in an aqueous solution. The EPS of B. infantis NCIMB 702205 and B. longum subsp. infantis CCUG 52486 produced more stable emulsions with orange oil, sunflower seed oil, coconut oil and xylene compared to guar and xanthan gum. The EPS of B. longum subsp. infantis CCUG 52486 is the most promising one for applications in the food industry, as it had higher intrinsic viscosity, higher apparent viscosity in aqueous solution, porous dense entangled structure and good emulsification activity.

Improving photoprotection of Beauveria bassiana conidia for biological control of the cactus pest Dactylopius opuntiae in the semiarid region northeast of Brazil

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Avaliação de níveis e fontes de proteína na alimentação de leitões na fase inicial de crescimento

Um experimento foi conduzido para comparar diversos níveis e fontes protéicas utilizados em rações sobre o desempenho, a morfometria intestinal e a relação peso de pâncreas/peso de carcaça de leitões de 36 a 70 dias de idade. Foram utilizados 96 leitões desmamados distribuídos em delineamento de blocos ao acaso com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições de quatro animais. Avaliaram-se seis fontes protéicas (tratamentos): leite em pó desnatado (8,80 e 12,00%); isolado protéico de soja (3,20 e 4,50%); farinha de peixe (5,00%); e levedura seca (10,00%). As dietas, isoenergéticas e isoprotéicas, não afetaram o ganho de peso e a conversão alimentar dos animais, contudo, os animais que receberam a dieta contendo leite em pó desnatado apresentaram maior consumo no período de 56 a 63 dias de idade. Não houve efeito significativo das fontes protéicas sobre a altura de vilos, a profundidade de cripta e a relação peso do pâncreas/peso corporal. As fontes protéicas estudadas e os níveis utilizados nas dietas não influenciaram o desempenho, a morfologia intestinal e a relação peso de pâncreas/peso de carcaça em leitões de 36 a 70 dias de idade

Níveis de substituição do leite em pó desnatado pelo isolado protéico de soja na dieta de leitões desmamados

Objetivou-se verificar o efeito da substituição do leite desnatado em pó pelo isolado protéico de soja em rações para leitões desmamados aos 21 dias de idade sobre o desempenho, a morfometria intestinal e relação peso de pâncreas/peso de carcaça. Foram utilizados 80 leitões desmamados, no período de 21 a 35 dias de idade, distribuídos em delineamento de blocos ao acaso com cinco tratamentos, quatro repetições e quatro animais por unidade experimental (dois machos e duas fêmeas), totalizando 16 leitões por tratamento. Os tratamentos consistiram na substituição protéica (0, 25, 50, 75 e 100%) do leite desnatado em pó pelo isolado protéico de soja. Todas as dietas apresentaram mesmo conteúdo protéico (20,00%), energético (3420 kcal ED/kg de dieta) e de lactose (8,16%). Foram analisados parâmetros de desempenho (ganho de peso, consumo e conversão alimentar) e relação entre peso de pâncreas/peso de carcaça. Realizou-se análise morfométrica do intestino delgado, abatendo-se seis animais/tratamento ao término do período experimental. Observou-se efeito quadrático dos tratamentos para ganho de peso e conversão alimentar e efeito linear negativo para consumo de ração. Não houve alterações morfométricas para altura de vilosidade, profundidade de criptas e para a relação entre peso de pâncreas/peso de carcaça. Concluiu-se que o isolado protéico de soja pode substituir a proteína do leite em pó desnatado em 34,25% para máximo ganho de peso e 51,00% para melhor conversão alimentar. A substituição total da proteína láctea pela proteína da soja não afetou a integridade do vilo e a relação entre peso de pâncreas/peso de carcaça.

Secagem de misturas de polpa de frutas tropicais em leito de jorro

Drying of fruit pulps in spouted beds of inert particles has been indicated as a viable technique to produce fruit powders. Most of the processes employed to produce dried fruit pulps and juices, such as Foam Mat, encapsulation by co-crystallization and spray drying utilize adjuvant and additives (such as thickeners, coating materials, emulsifiers, acidulants, flavors and dyes), which is not always desirable. The fruit pulp composition exerts an important effect on the fruit powder production using a spouted bed. In the study by Medeiros (2001) it was concluded that lipids, starch and pectin contents play an important role on the process performance, enhancing the powder production; however, the drying of fruit pulps containing high content of reducing sugars (glucose and fructose) is practically unviable. This work has the objective of expanding the studies on drying of fruit pulps in spouted bed with aid of adjuvant (lipids, starch and pectin) aiming to enhance the dryer performance without jeopardizing the sensorial quality of the product. The optimum composition obtained by Medeiros (2001) was the basis for preparing the mixtures of pulps. The mixture formulations included pulps of mango (Mangifera indica), umbu (Spondias tuberosa) and red mombin (Spondia purpurea) with addition of cornstarch, pectin and lipids. Different products were used as lipids source: olive and Brazil nut oils, coconut milk, heavy milk, powder of palm fat and palm olein. First of all, experiments were conducted to define the best formulation of the fruit pulps mixture. This definition was based on the drying performance obtained for each mixture and on the sensorial characteristics of the dry powder. The mixture formulations were submitted to drying at fixed operating conditions of drying and atomizing air flow rate, load of inert particles, temperature and flow rate of the mixture. The best results were obtained with the compositions having powder of palm fat and palm olein in terms of the drying performance and sensorial analysis. Physical and physicochemical characteristics were determined for the dry powders obtained from the mixtures formulations. Solubility and reconstitution time as well as the properties of the product after reconstitution were also evaluated. According to these analyses, the powder from the mixtures formulations presented similar characteristics and compatible quality to those produced in other types of dryers. Considering that the palm olein is produced in Brazil and that it has been used in the food industry substituting the palm fat powder, further studies on drying performance were conducted with the composition that included the palm olein. A complete factorial design of experiments 23, with three repetitions at the central point was conducted to evaluate the effects of the air temperature, feeding flow rate and intermittence time on the responses related to the process performance (powder collection efficiency, material retained in the bed and angle of repose of the inert particles after the process) and to the product quality (mean moisture content, loss of vitamin C and solubility). Powder production was uniform for the majority of the experiments and the higher efficiency with lower retention in the bed (59.2% and 1.8g, respectively) were obtained for the air temperature of 80°C, mixture feed rate of 5ml/min in intervals of 10 min. The statistical analysis of the results showed that the process variables had individual or combined significant influences on the powder collection efficiency, material retention in the bed, powder moisture content and loss of vitamin C. At the experimental ranges of this work, the angle of repose and solubility were not influenced by the operating variables. From the results of the experimental design, statistical models were obtained for the powder moisture content and loss of vitamin C

Ferramentas quimiométricas aplicadas a classificação de amostras de leite em pó e quantificação de proteínas

In this work we used chemometric tools to classify and quantify the protein content in samples of milk powder. We applied the NIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy combined with multivariate techniques. First, we carried out an exploratory method of samples by principal component analysis (PCA), then the classification of independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA). Thus it became possible to classify the samples that were grouped by similarities in their composition. Finally, the techniques of partial least squares regression (PLS) and principal components regression (PCR) allowed the quantification of protein content in samples of milk powder, compared with the Kjeldahl reference method. A total of 53 samples of milk powder sold in the metropolitan areas of Natal, Salvador and Rio de Janeiro were acquired for analysis, in which after pre-treatment data, there were four models, which were employed for classification and quantification of samples. The methods employed after being assessed and validated showed good performance, good accuracy and reliability of the results, showing that the NIR technique can be a non invasive technique, since it produces no waste and saves time in analyzing the samples

Secagem de misturas de polpa de frutas tropicais em leito de jorro

Drying of fruit pulps in spouted beds of inert particles has been indicated as a viable technique to produce fruit powders. Most of the processes employed to produce dried fruit pulps and juices, such as Foam Mat, encapsulation by co-crystallization and spray drying utilize adjuvant and additives (such as thickeners, coating materials, emulsifiers, acidulants, flavors and dyes), which is not always desirable. The fruit pulp composition exerts an important effect on the fruit powder production using a spouted bed. In the study by Medeiros (2001) it was concluded that lipids, starch and pectin contents play an important role on the process performance, enhancing the powder production; however, the drying of fruit pulps containing high content of reducing sugars (glucose and fructose) is practically unviable. This work has the objective of expanding the studies on drying of fruit pulps in spouted bed with aid of adjuvant (lipids, starch and pectin) aiming to enhance the dryer performance without jeopardizing the sensorial quality of the product. The optimum composition obtained by Medeiros (2001) was the basis for preparing the mixtures of pulps. The mixture formulations included pulps of mango (Mangifera indica), umbu (Spondias tuberosa) and red mombin (Spondia purpurea) with addition of cornstarch, pectin and lipids. Different products were used as lipids source: olive and Brazil nut oils, coconut milk, heavy milk, powder of palm fat and palm olein. First of all, experiments were conducted to define the best formulation of the fruit pulps mixture. This definition was based on the drying performance obtained for each mixture and on the sensorial characteristics of the dry powder. The mixture formulations were submitted to drying at fixed operating conditions of drying and atomizing air flow rate, load of inert particles, temperature and flow rate of the mixture. The best results were obtained with the compositions having powder of palm fat and palm olein in terms of the drying performance and sensorial analysis. Physical and physicochemical characteristics were determined for the dry powders obtained from the mixtures formulations. Solubility and reconstitution time as well as the properties of the product after reconstitution were also evaluated. According to these analyses, the powder from the mixtures formulations presented similar characteristics and compatible quality to those produced in other types of dryers. Considering that the palm olein is produced in Brazil and that it has been used in the food industry substituting the palm fat powder, further studies on drying performance were conducted with the composition that included the palm olein. A complete factorial design of experiments 23, with three repetitions at the central point was conducted to evaluate the effects of the air temperature, feeding flow rate and intermittence time on the responses related to the process performance (powder collection efficiency, material retained in the bed and angle of repose of the inert particles after the process) and to the product quality (mean moisture content, loss of vitamin C and solubility). Powder production was uniform for the majority of the experiments and the higher efficiency with lower retention in the bed (59.2% and 1.8g, respectively) were obtained for the air temperature of 80°C, mixture feed rate of 5ml/min in intervals of 10 min. The statistical analysis of the results showed that the process variables had individual or combined significant influences on the powder collection efficiency, material retention in the bed, powder moisture content and loss of vitamin C. At the experimental ranges of this work, the angle of repose and solubility were not influenced by the operating variables. From the results of the experimental design, statistical models were obtained for the powder moisture content and loss of vitamin C

Influence of Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs on Viability and Fertility of Equine Semen

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)