952 resultados para Single-gene
Resumo:
We describe 19 unrelated individuals with submicroscopic deletions involving 10p15.3 characterized by chromosomal microarray (CMA). Interestingly, to our knowledge, only two individuals with isolated, submicroscopic 10p15.3 deletion have been reported to date; however, only limited clinical information is available for these probands and the deleted region has not been molecularly mapped. Comprehensive clinical history was obtained for 12 of the 19 individuals described in this study. Common features among these 12 individuals include: cognitive/behavioral/developmental differences (11/11), speech delay/language disorder (10/10), motor delay (10/10), craniofacial dysmorphism (9/12), hypotonia (7/11), brain anomalies (4/6) and seizures (3/7). Parental studies were performed for nine of the 19 individuals; the 10p15.3 deletion was de novo in seven of the probands, not maternally inherited in one proband and inherited from an apparently affected mother in one proband. Molecular mapping of the 19 individuals reported in this study has identified two genes, ZMYND11 (OMIM 608668) and DIP2C (OMIM 611380; UCSC Genome Browser), mapping within 10p15.3 which are most commonly deleted. Although no single gene has been identified which is deleted in all 19 individuals studied, the deleted region in all but one individual includes ZMYND11 and the deleted region in all but one other individual includes DIP2C. There is not a clearly identifiable phenotypic difference between these two individuals and the size of the deleted region does not generally predict clinical features. Little is currently known about these genes complicating a direct genotype/phenotype correlation at this time. These data however, suggest that ZMYND11 and/or DIP2C haploinsufficiency contributes to the clinical features associated with 10p15 deletions in probands described in this study.
Resumo:
Metabolic homeostasis is achieved by complex molecular and cellular networks that differ significantly among individuals and are difficult to model with genetically engineered lines of mice optimized to study single gene function. Here, we systematically acquired metabolic phenotypes by using the EUMODIC EMPReSS protocols across a large panel of isogenic but diverse strains of mice (BXD type) to study the genetic control of metabolism. We generated and analyzed 140 classical phenotypes and deposited these in an open-access web service for systems genetics (www.genenetwork.org). Heritability, influence of sex, and genetic modifiers of traits were examined singly and jointly by using quantitative-trait locus (QTL) and expression QTL-mapping methods. Traits and networks were linked to loci encompassing both known variants and novel candidate genes, including alkaline phosphatase (ALPL), here linked to hypophosphatasia. The assembled and curated phenotypes provide key resources and exemplars that can be used to dissect complex metabolic traits and disorders.
Resumo:
The neuropeptide Th1RFamide with the sequence Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-amide was originally isolated in the clam Macrocallista nimbosa (price and Greenberg, 1977). Since its discovery, a large family ofFl\1RFamide-related peptides termed FaRPs have been found to be present in all major animal phyla with functions ranging from modulation of neuronal activity to alteration of muscular contractions. However, little is known about the genetics encoding these peptides, especially in invertebrates. As FaRP-encoding genes have yet to be investigated in the invertebrate Malacostracean subphylum, the isolation and characterization ofFaRP-encoding DNA and mRNA was pursued in this project. The immediate aims of this thesis were: (1) to amplify mRNA sequences of Procambarus clarkii using a degenerate oligonucleotide primer deduced from the common amino acid sequence ofisolated Procambarus FaRPS, (2) to determine if these amplification products encode FaRP gene sequences, and (3) to create a selective cDNA library of sequences recognized by the degenerate oligonucleotide primer. The polymerase chain reaction - rapid amplification of cDNA ends (PCR-RACE) is a procedure in which a single gene-specific primer is used in conjunction with a generalized 3' or 5' primer to amplify copies ofthe region between a single point in the transcript and the 3' or 5' end of cDNA of interest (Frohman et aI., 1988). PCRRACE reactions were optimized with respect to primers used, buffer composition, cycle number, nature ofgenetic substrate to be amplified, annealing, extension and denaturation temperatures and times, and use of reamplification procedures. Amplification products were cloned into plasmid vectors and recombinant products were isolated, as were the recombinant plaques formed in the selective cDNA library. Labeled amplification products were hybridized to recombinant bacteriophage to determine ligated amplification product presence. When sequenced, the five isolated PCR-RACE amplification products were determined not to possess FaRP-encoding sequences. The 200bp, 450bp, and 1500bp sequences showed homology to the Caenorhabditis elegans cosmid K09A11, which encodes for cytochrome P450; transfer-RNA; transposase; and tRNA-Tyr, while the 500bp and 750bp sequences showed homology with the complete genome of the Vaccinia virus. Under the employed amplification conditions the degenerate oligonucleotide primer was observed to bind to and to amplify sequences with either 9 or 10bp of 17bp identity. The selective cDNA library was obselVed to be of extremely low titre. When library titre was increased, white. plaques were isolated. Amplification analysis of eight isolated Agt11 sequences from these plaques indicated an absence of an insertion sequence. The degenerate 17 base oligonucleotide primer synthesized from the common amino acid sequence ofisolated Procambarus FaRPs was thus determined to be non-specific in its binding under the conditions required for its use, and to be insufficient for the isolation and identification ofFaRP-encoding sequences. A more specific primer oflonger sequence, lower degeneracy, and higher melting temperature (TJ is recommended for further investigation into the FaRP-encoding genes of Procambarlls clarkii.
Chemical, biochemical, and molecular characterization of a low vindoline Catharanthus roseus mutant.
Resumo:
The Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) is the sole source of the anticancer drug vinblastine, which is formed via the coupling of monoterpenoid indole alkaloids (MIAs) catharanthine and vindoline. A mutant line of C. roseus (M2-1865) with an altered MIA profile was identified in a screen of 4000 M2 lines generated by ethylmethanesulfonate (EMS) chemical mutagenesis. While this line did not accumulate vinblastine due to reduced levels of vindoline within the leaves, significant levels of 2,3-epoxide derivatives of tabersonine accumulated on the leaf surface. Detailed nucleotide, amino acid, and enzyme activity analyses of tabersonine 3-reductase in the M2-1865 line showed that a single amino acid substitution (H189Y) diminished the biochemical activity of T3R by 95%. Genetic crosses showed the phenotype to be recessive, exhibiting standard Mendelian single-gene inheritance. The usefulness of EMS mutagenesis in elucidating MIA biosynthesis is highlighted by the results of this study.
Resumo:
[Français] Une fraction importante des génomes eucaryotes est constituée de Gènes Répétés en Tandem (GRT). Un mécanisme fondamental dans l’évolution des GRT est la recombinaison inégale durant la méiose, entrainant la duplication locale (en tandem) de segments chromosomiques contenant un ou plusieurs gènes adjacents. Différents algorithmes ont été proposés pour inférer une histoire de duplication en tandem pour un cluster de GRT. Cependant, leur utilisation est limitée dans la pratique, car ils ne tiennent pas compte d’autres événements évolutifs pourtant fréquents, comme les inversions, les duplications inversées et les délétions. Cette thèse propose différentes approches algorithmiques permettant d’intégrer ces événements dans le modèle de duplication en tandem classique. Nos contributions sont les suivantes: • Intégrer les inversions dans un modèle de duplication en tandem simple (duplication d’un gène à la fois) et proposer un algorithme exact permettant de calculer le nombre minimal d’inversions s’étant produites dans l’évolution d’un cluster de GRT. • Généraliser ce modèle pour l’étude d’un ensemble de clusters orthologues dans plusieurs espèces. • Proposer un algorithme permettant d’inférer l’histoire évolutive d’un cluster de GRT en tenant compte des duplications en tandem, duplications inversées, inversions et délétions de segments chromosomiques contenant un ou plusieurs gènes adjacents.
Resumo:
L’explosion du nombre de séquences permet à la phylogénomique, c’est-à-dire l’étude des liens de parenté entre espèces à partir de grands alignements multi-gènes, de prendre son essor. C’est incontestablement un moyen de pallier aux erreurs stochastiques des phylogénies simple gène, mais de nombreux problèmes demeurent malgré les progrès réalisés dans la modélisation du processus évolutif. Dans cette thèse, nous nous attachons à caractériser certains aspects du mauvais ajustement du modèle aux données, et à étudier leur impact sur l’exactitude de l’inférence. Contrairement à l’hétérotachie, la variation au cours du temps du processus de substitution en acides aminés a reçu peu d’attention jusqu’alors. Non seulement nous montrons que cette hétérogénéité est largement répandue chez les animaux, mais aussi que son existence peut nuire à la qualité de l’inférence phylogénomique. Ainsi en l’absence d’un modèle adéquat, la suppression des colonnes hétérogènes, mal gérées par le modèle, peut faire disparaître un artéfact de reconstruction. Dans un cadre phylogénomique, les techniques de séquençage utilisées impliquent souvent que tous les gènes ne sont pas présents pour toutes les espèces. La controverse sur l’impact de la quantité de cellules vides a récemment été réactualisée, mais la majorité des études sur les données manquantes sont faites sur de petits jeux de séquences simulées. Nous nous sommes donc intéressés à quantifier cet impact dans le cas d’un large alignement de données réelles. Pour un taux raisonnable de données manquantes, il appert que l’incomplétude de l’alignement affecte moins l’exactitude de l’inférence que le choix du modèle. Au contraire, l’ajout d’une séquence incomplète mais qui casse une longue branche peut restaurer, au moins partiellement, une phylogénie erronée. Comme les violations de modèle constituent toujours la limitation majeure dans l’exactitude de l’inférence phylogénétique, l’amélioration de l’échantillonnage des espèces et des gènes reste une alternative utile en l’absence d’un modèle adéquat. Nous avons donc développé un logiciel de sélection de séquences qui construit des jeux de données reproductibles, en se basant sur la quantité de données présentes, la vitesse d’évolution et les biais de composition. Lors de cette étude nous avons montré que l’expertise humaine apporte pour l’instant encore un savoir incontournable. Les différentes analyses réalisées pour cette thèse concluent à l’importance primordiale du modèle évolutif.
Resumo:
Les traits quantitatifs complexes sont des caractéristiques mesurables d’organismes vivants qui résultent de l’interaction entre plusieurs gènes et facteurs environnementaux. Les locus génétiques liés à un caractère complexe sont appelés «locus de traits quantitatifs » (QTL). Récemment, en considérant les niveaux d’expression tissulaire de milliers de gènes comme des traits quantitatifs, il est devenu possible de détecter des «QTLs d’expression» (eQTL). Alors que ces derniers ont été considérés comme des phénotypes intermédiaires permettant de mieux comprendre l’architecture biologique des traits complexes, la majorité des études visent encore à identifier une mutation causale dans un seul gène. Cette approche ne peut remporter du succès que dans les situations où le gène incriminé a un effet majeur sur le trait complexe, et ne permet donc pas d’élucider les situations où les traits complexes résultent d’interactions entre divers gènes. Cette thèse propose une approche plus globale pour : 1) tenir compte des multiples interactions possibles entre gènes pour la détection de eQTLs et 2) considérer comment des polymorphismes affectant l’expression de plusieurs gènes au sein de groupes de co-expression pourraient contribuer à des caractères quantitatifs complexes. Nos contributions sont les suivantes : Nous avons développé un outil informatique utilisant des méthodes d’analyse multivariées pour détecter des eQTLs et avons montré que cet outil augmente la sensibilité de détection d’une classe particulière de eQTLs. Sur la base d’analyses de données d’expression de gènes dans des tissus de souris recombinantes consanguines, nous avons montré que certains polymorphismes peuvent affecter l’expression de plusieurs gènes au sein de domaines géniques de co-expression. En combinant des études de détection de eQTLs avec des techniques d’analyse de réseaux de co-expression de gènes dans des souches de souris recombinantes consanguines, nous avons montré qu’un locus génétique pouvait être lié à la fois à l’expression de plusieurs gènes au niveau d’un domaine génique de co-expression et à un trait complexe particulier (c.-à-d. la masse du ventricule cardiaque gauche). Au total, nos études nous ont permis de détecter plusieurs mécanismes par lesquels des polymorphismes génétiques peuvent être liés à l’expression de plusieurs gènes, ces derniers pouvant eux-mêmes être liés à des traits quantitatifs complexes.
Resumo:
Chez les humains, un large pourcentage de leucémies myéloïdes et lymphoïdes exprime des gènes Homéobox (Hox) de façon aberrante, principalement ceux du groupe des gènes Hoxa. Cette dérégulation de l’expression des gènes Hox peut provenir directement des translocations impliquant des gènes Hox ou indirectement par d’autres protéines ayant un potentiel oncogénique. De plus, plusieurs études indiquent que les gènes Hox jouent un rôle essentiel dans l'initiation de diverses leucémies. Comprendre le fonctionnement des gènes Hox dans l'hématopoïèse normale est donc une condition préalable pour élucider leurs fonctions dans les leucémies, ce qui pourrait éventuellement conduire à l’élaboration de nouveaux traitements contre cette maladie. Plusieurs études ont tenté d’élucider les rôles exacts des gènes Hox dans l'hématopoïèse via l’utilisation de souris mutantes pour un seul gène Hox. Or, en raison du phénomène de redondance fonctionnelle chez cette famille de gènes, ces études ont été peu concluantes. Il a été précédemment démontré que dans une population de cellules enrichies en cellules souches hématopoïétiques (CSH), les gènes du cluster Hoxa sont plus exprimés que les gènes Hox des autres clusters. Aussi, il a été établi que les gènes du cluster Hoxb sont non essentiels à l’hématopoïèse définitive puisque les CSH mutantes pour les gènes Hoxb1-9 conservent leur potentiel de reconstitution à long terme. En nous basant sur ces données, nous avons émis l'hypothèse suivante : les gènes Hoxa sont essentiels pour l'hématopoïèse normale adulte. Pour tester notre hypothèse, nous avons choisi d’utiliser un modèle de souris comportant une délétion pour l’ensemble des gènes Hoxa. Dans le cadre de cette recherche, nous avons démontré que les CSH, les progéniteurs primitifs et les progéniteurs des cellules B sont particulièrement sensibles au niveau d'expression des gènes Hoxa. Plus particulièrement, une baisse de la survie et une différenciation prématurée semblent être à l’origine de la perte des CSH Hoxa-/- dans la moelle osseuse. L’analyse du profil transcriptionnel des CSH par séquençage de l'ARN a révélé que les gènes Hoxa sont capables de réguler un vaste réseau de gènes impliqués dans divers processus biologiques. En effet, les gènes Hoxa régulent l’expression de plusieurs gènes codant pour des récepteurs de cytokine. De plus, les gènes Hoxa influencent l’expression de gènes jouant une fonction dans l’architecture de la niche hématopoïétique. L’expression de plusieurs molécules d’adhésion est aussi modulée par les gènes Hoxa, ce qui peut affecter la relation des CSH avec la niche hématopoïétique. L’ensemble de ces résultats démontre que les gènes Hoxa sont d'importants régulateurs de l'hématopoïèse adulte puisqu’ils sont nécessaires au maintien des CSH et des progéniteurs grâce à leurs effets sur plusieurs processus biologiques comme l'apoptose, le cycle cellulaire et les interactions avec la niche.
Resumo:
The identification and characterization of differential gene expression from tissues subjected to stress has gained much attention in plant research. The recognition of elements involved in the response to a particular stress enhances the possibility of promoting crop improvement through direct genetic modification. However, the performance of some of the 'first generation' of transgenic plants with the incorporation of a single gene has not always been as expected. These results have stimulated the development of new transgenic constructions introducing more than one gene and capable of modifying complex pathways. Several techniques are available to conduct the analysis of gene regulation, with such information providing the basis for novel constructs specifically designed to modify metabolism. This review deals with techniques that allow the identification and characterization of differentially-expressed genes and the use of molecular pathway information to produce transgenic plants.
Resumo:
Transgenic crops are now grown commercially on several million hectares, principally in North America. To date, the predominant crops are maize (corn), soybean, cotton, and potatoes. In addition, there have been field trials of transgenics from at least 52 species including all the major field crops, vegetables, and several herbaceous and woody species. This review summarizes recent data relating to such trials, particularly in terms of the trends away from simple, single gene traits such as herbicide and insect resistance towards more complex agronomic traits such as growth rate and increased photosynthetic efficiency. Much of the recent information is derived from inspection of patent databases, a useful source of information on commercial priorities. The review also discusses the time scale for the introduction of these transgenes into breeding populations and their eventual release as new varieties.
Resumo:
Flower and inflorescence reversion involve a switch from floral development back to vegetative development, thus rendering flowering a phase in an ongoing growth pattern rather than a terminal act of the meristem. Although it can be considered an unusual event, reversion raises questions about the nature and function of flowering. It is linked to environmental conditions and is most often a response to conditions opposite to those that induce flowering. Research on molecular genetic mechanisms underlying plant development over the last 15 years has pinpointed some of the key genes involved in the transition to flowering and flower development. Such investigations have also uncovered mutations which reduce floral maintenance or alter the balance between vegetative and floral features of the plant. How this information contributes to an understanding of floral reversion is assessed here. One issue that arises is whether floral commitment (defined as the ability to continue flowering when inductive conditions no longer exist) is a developmental switch affecting the whole plant or is a mechanism which assigns autonomy to individual meristems. A related question is whether floral or vegetative development is the underlying default pathway of the plant. This review begins by considering how studies of flowering in Arabidopsis thaliana have aided understanding of mechanisms of floral maintenance. Arabidopsis has not been found to revert to leaf production in any of the conditions or genetic backgrounds analysed to date. A clear-cut reversion to leaf production has, however, been described in Impatiens balsamina. It is proposed that a single gene controls whether Impatiens reverts or can maintain flowering when inductive conditions are removed, and it is inferred that this gene functions to control the synthesis or transport of a leaf-generated signal. But it is also argued that the susceptibility of Impatiens to reversion is a consequence of the meristem-based mechanisms controlling development of the flower in this species. Thus, in Impatiens, a leaf-derived signal is critical for completion of flowering and can be considered to be the basis of a plant-wide floral commitment that is achieved without accompanying meristem autonomy. The evidence, derived from in vitro and other studies, that similar mechanisms operate in other species is assessed. It is concluded that most species (including Arabidopsis) are less prone to reversion because signals from the leaf are less ephemeral, and the pathways driving flower development have a high level of redundancy that generates meristem autonomy even when leaf-derived signals are weak. This gives stability to the flowering process, even where its initiation is dependent on environmental cues. On this interpretation, Impatiens reversion appears as an anomaly resulting from an unusual combination of leaf signalling and meristem regulation. Nevertheless, it is shown that the ability to revert can serve a function in the life history strategy (perenniality) or reproductive habit (pseudovivipary) of many plants. In these instances reversion has been assimilated into regular plant development and plays a crucial role there.
Resumo:
Fragaria vesca is a short-lived perennial with a seasonal-flowering habit. Seasonality of flowering is widespread in the Rosaceae and is also found in the majority of temperate polycarpic perennials. Genetic analysis has shown that seasonal flowering is controlled by a single gene in F. vesca, the SEASONAL FLOWERING LOCUS (SFL). Here, we report progress towards the marker-assisted selection and positional cloning of SFL, in which three ISSR markers linked to SFL were converted to locus-specific sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR1–SCAR3) markers to allow large-scale screening of mapping progenies. We believe this is the first study describing the development of SCAR markers from ISSR profiles. The work also provides useful insight into the nature of polymorphisms generated by the ISSR marker system. Our results indicate that the ISSR polymorphisms originally detected were probably caused by point mutations in the positions targeted by primer anchors (causing differential PCR failure), by indels within the amplicon (leading to variation in amplicon size) and by internal sequence differences (leading to variation in DNA folding and so in band mobility). The cause of the original ISSR polymorphism was important in the selection of appropriate strategies for SCAR-marker development. The SCAR markers produced were mapped using a F. vesca f. vesca × F. vesca f. semperflorens testcross population. Marker SCAR2 was inseparable from the SFL, whereas SCAR1 mapped 3.0 cM to the north of the gene and SCAR3 1.7 cM to its south.
Resumo:
Resolving the relationships between Metazoa and other eukaryotic groups as well as between metazoan phyla is central to the understanding of the origin and evolution of animals. The current view is based on limited data sets, either a single gene with many species (e.g., ribosomal RNA) or many genes but with only a few species. Because a reliable phylogenetic inference simultaneously requires numerous genes and numerous species, we assembled a very large data set containing 129 orthologous proteins (similar to30,000 aligned amino acid positions) for 36 eukaryotic species. Included in the alignments are data from the choanoflagellate Monosiga ovata, obtained through the sequencing of about 1,000 cDNAs. We provide conclusive support for choanoflagellates as the closest relative of animals and for fungi as the second closest. The monophyly of Plantae and chromalveolates was recovered but without strong statistical support. Within animals, in contrast to the monophyly of Coelomata observed in several recent large-scale analyses, we recovered a paraphyletic Coelamata, with nematodes and platyhelminths nested within. To include a diverse sample of organisms, data from EST projects were used for several species, resulting in a large amount of missing data in our alignment (about 25%). By using different approaches, we verify that the inferred phylogeny is not sensitive to these missing data. Therefore, this large data set provides a reliable phylogenetic framework for studying eukaryotic and animal evolution and will be easily extendable when large amounts of sequence information become available from a broader taxonomic range.
Resumo:
Personalised, genotype-based nutrition is a concept that links genotyping with specific nutritional advice in order to improve the prevention of nutrition-associated, chronic diseases. This review describes the current scientific basis of the concept and discusses its problems. There is convincing evidence that variant genes may indeed determine the biological response to nutrients. The effects of single-gene variants on risk or risk factor levels of a complex disease are, however, usually small and sometimes inconsistent. Thus, information on the effects of combinations of relevant gene variants appears to be required in order to improve the predictive precision of the genetic information. Furthermore, very few associations between genotype and response have been tested for causality in human intervention studies, and little is known about potential adverse effects of a genotype-derived intervention. These issues need to be addressed before genotyping can become an acceptable method to guide nutritional recommendations.
Resumo:
To maintain the sustainability of agriculture, it is imperative that the reliance of crops on inorganic phosphorus (P) fertilizers is reduced. One approach is to improve the ability of crop plants to acquire P from organic sources. Transgenic plants that produce microbial phytases have been suggested as a possible means to achieve this goal. However, neither the impact of heterologous expression of phytase on the ecology of microorganisms in the rhizosphere nor the impact of rhizosphere microorganisms on the efficacy of phytases in the rhizosphere of transgenic plants has been tested. In this paper, we demonstrate that the presence of rhizosphere microorganisms reduced the dependence of plants oil extracellular secretion of phytase from roots when grown in a P-deficient soil. Despite this, the expression of phytase in transgenic plants had little or no impact on the microbial community structure as compared with control plant lines, whereas soil treatments, such as the addition of inorganic P, had large effects. The results demonstrate that soil microorganisms are explicitly involved in the availability of P to plants and that the microbial community in the rhizosphere appears to be resistant to the impacts of single-gene changes in plants designed to alter rhizosphere biochemistry and nutrient cycling.