Genotoxicity biomarkers in occupational exposure to formaldehyde: the case of histopathology laboratories

Formaldehyde, classified by the IARC as carcinogenic in humans and experimental animals, is a chemical agent that is widely used in histopathology laboratories. The exposure to this substance is epidemiologically linked to cancer and to nuclear changes detected by the cytokinesis-block micronucleus test (CBMN). This method is extensively used in molecular epidemiology, since it provides information on several biomarkers of genotoxicity, such as micronuclei (MN), which are biomarkers of chromosomes breakage or loss, nucleoplasmic bridges (NPB), common biomarkers of chromosome rearrangement, poor repair and/or telomere fusion, and nuclear buds (NBUD), biomarkers of elimination of amplified DNA. The aim of this study is to compare the frequency of genotoxicity biomarkers, provided by the CBMN assay in peripheral lymphocytes and the MN test in buccal cells, between individuals occupationally exposed and non-exposed to formaldehyde and other environmental factors, namely tobacco and alcohol consumption. The sample comprised two groups: 56 individuals occupationally exposed to formaldehyde (cases) and 85 unexposed individuals (controls), from whom both peripheral blood and exfoliated epithelial cells of the oral mucosa were collected in order to measure the genetic endpoints proposed in this study. The mean level of TWA8h was 0.16±0.11ppm (

Assessment of fungal contamination in a group of Lisbon's gymnasiums with a swimming pool

The study’s main purpose was the assessment of the environmental fungal contamination, the exploration of possible associations between related environmental variables and the study of the relationship between fungal contamination of air and surfaces. A descriptive study was developed based upon air and surfaces monitoring for fungal contamination in ten indoor gymnasiums with a swimming pool located in Lisbon’s urban area. Fifty 200 litres air samples and 120 surface swabs were collected. Surfaces samples were collected before and after cleaning and disinfection and temperature and relative humidity values were registered during the collection period. Twenty five different species of fungi were identified in the air samples, being the three most commonly isolated genera the following: Cladosporium (36.6%), Penicillium (19.0%) and Aspergillus (10.2%). Thirty-seven different species of fungi were identified in the surface samples. Fusarium sp. was the most frequent genera before (19.1%) and after (17.2%) cleaning and disinfection. There was a significant association between the numbers of visitors and the fungal contamination determined in the surface samples (p<0.05). There was no significant association (p>0.05) between the contamination encountered in the air samples and the one registered in the surface samples and between the fungal contamination and the temperature or relative humidity measured on location. The data obtained enabled the assessment of the establishment’s fungal contamination and led the authors to conclude, consequently, that physical activity, which generally promotes health, can in fact be challenged by this factor.

Produção de argamassas de cimento com incorporação de um resíduo da refinação de petróleo

A indústria cimenteira é um dos sectores que mais contribui para um elevado impacto ambiental. O processo de produção de cimento requer a utilização de grandes quantidades de recursos naturais, é energeticamente intensivo e emite elevadas taxas de dióxido de carbono para a atmosfera. Com o presente estudo pretendeu-se contribuir para a mitigação do impacto ambiental provocado pelo processo de fabrico do cimento estudando a viabilidade da substituição parcial de cimento por um material com propriedades cimentícias. O material cimentício estudado foi um resíduo da indústria da refinação de petróleo, em concreto, o catalisador exausto produzido na unidade de “craking” catalítico (FCC) da refinaria da Petrogal, em Sines. Na prossecução do objectivo deste trabalho prepararam-se misturas de cimento com teores de incorporação catalisador exausto de FCC de 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 e 30%, em massa, para avaliar o efeito do teor do resíduo incorporado em propriedades reológicas e mecânicas de argamassas, em função do tempo de hidratação. Pretendeu-se, ainda, avaliar se as misturas de cimento com incorporação do resíduo correspondem às especificações requeridas pela norma europeia em vigor (NP EN 19 -1:2001). Numa segunda fase do trabalho estudou-se ternária composta por cimento, resíduo de catalisador exausto de FCC e resíduo de pedra natural. Em função da sua composição, foram produzidas quatro séries diferentes de argamassas: - Argamassas de referência que incluem na sua composição cimento, areia e água (de acordo com a NP EN 196-1:2006); - Argamassas com substituição parcial de cimento por resíduo de catalisador exausto de FCC tal como foi recebido da refinaria (misturas binárias); - Argamassas com substituição parcial de cimento por resíduo de catalisador exausto de FCC moído (misturas binárias); e, - Argamassas com substituição parcial de cimento por catalisador exausto de FCC e resíduo de pedra natural (misturas ternárias). Todas estas argamassas foram elaboradas adoptando um procedimento experimental que se baseia no descrito na norma NP EN 196-1:2006. Ao longo da campanha experimental, as argamassas foram sujeitas a ensaios no estado fresco e ensaios no estado endurecido, em diferentes tempos de hidratação, para determinar algumas propriedades físicas e mecânicas, respectivamente. As argamassas de referência e as misturas binárias foram ensaiadas aos 2, 7, 28, 56 e 90 dias e as misturas binárias foram ensaiadas aos 2, 7 e 28 dias. No estado fresco realizaram-se ensaios de determinação da consistência por espalhamento, determinação da massa volúmica e ensaios de teor em ar. No estado endurecido foram determinadas as resistências à flexão e à flexão. Da análise dos resultados pod inferir que o resíduo de catalisador exausto de FCC apresenta actividade pozolânica, de tal forma que, argamassas conteores de substituição de cimento por este resíduo até 15% (com adição de superplastificante) estão conforme a norma NP EN 197-1:2001 no que respeita à resistência à compressão, em todos os tempos de hidratação especificados. Relativamente às misturas ternárias, verificou-se que conforme a norma NP EN 197-1:2001, o cimento pode ser substituído pelos dois resíduos em simultâneo até 20%. Verificou-se ainda que utilizando qualquer um dos resíduos com superplastificante, este teor poderia aumentar até 30%.

The surplus value of Azorean macroalgae as health-promoting food. Protein, fiber, carbohydrates, lipids and vitamins determination

AICMA 2012 (BIT's 1st Annual International Congress of Marine Algae), World Expo Center, Dalian, China, 20-23 de Setembro.

A new species of Malacoctenus from the Cape Verde Islands, eastern Atlantic (Pisces Teleostei, Labrisomidae)

Malacoctenus carrowi is described on the basis of three specimens from the Cape Verde Islands. The species is most similar to the only other eastern Atlantic species of the same genus, Malacoctenus africanus Cadenat, 1951. M. carrowi differs in colouration, a more elongated body, longer snout length, lower lateral line scale count and the absence of scales on the breast and is probably endemic to the Cape Verde Islands. A key to the Atlantic species of Malacoctenus is provided.

Bionomics of Culex quinquefasciatus within urban areas of Rio de Janeiro, Southeastern Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate density, parity rates, daily survival and longevity of natural populations of Culex quinquefasciatus in three neighborhoods with distinct socio-economic and infrastructure profiles. METHODS: Mosquito collections of the Culex quinquefasciatus species were performed weekly during two four month periods, from August to November 2008 (spring) and March to June 2009 (fall), in a favela (slum), a suburban area and a middle class area of Rio de Janeiro, Southeastern Brazil. Collections were performed with backpack aspirators, in 20 randomly selected houses in each area per week, during 15-20 minutes per house. Ovaries were removed from captured females and classified as initial, intermediary or final stage. Furthermore, females were dissected for determination of parity based on the condition of the tracheal system. Mosquito survival rate and longevity were estimated on a per month basis for each neighborhood. RESULTS: We collected a total of 2,062 Culex quinquefasciatus, but monthly vector density was not correlated with temperature and rainfall. We dissected the ovaries of 625 Culex quinquefasciatus, and overall, there was a higher proportion of nulliparous females during the dryer months, while gravid females were more frequent in rainy months. In the middle class neighborhood, the parity rate reached up to 93.75% with survivorship of 0.979. Lower parity and survival rates were obtained in the suburban area (as low as 36.4% parity and 0.711 daily survival). Up to 84.7% of Culex quinquefasciatus females could survive the eight day period needed to complete West Nile Virus incubation. CONCLUSIONS: The survival rate of Culex quinquefasciatus varied significantly between the neighborhoods. This suggests that vectorial capacity and disease transmission risk may vary greatly between different urban areas, which is potentially useful information for vector control programs.

Maintaining image quality for paediatric chest CTs while lowering dose: FBP versus SAFIRE

Objectives: Children have a greater risk from radiation, per unit dose, due to increased radiosensitivity and longer life expectancies. It is of paramount importance to reduce the radiation dose received by children. This research concerns chest CT examinations on paediatric patients. The purpose of this study was to compare the image quality and the dose received from imaging with images reconstructed with filtered back projection (FBP) and five strengths of Sinogram-Affirmed Iterative Reconstruction (SAFIRE). Methods: Using a multi-slice CT scanner, six series of images were taken of a paediatric phantom. Two kVp values (80 and 110), 3 mAs values (25, 50 and 100) and 2 slice thicknesses (1 mm and 3 mm) were used. All images were reconstructed with FBP and five strengths of SAFIRE. Ten observers evaluated visual image quality. Dose was measured using CT-Expo. Results: FBP required a higher dose than all SAFIRE strengths to obtain the same image quality for sharpness and noise. For sharpness and contrast image quality ratings of 4, FBP required doses of 6.4 and 6.8 mSv respectively. SAFIRE 5 required doses of 3.4 and 4.3 mSv respectively. Clinical acceptance rate was improved by the higher voltage (110 kV) for all images in comparison to 80 kV, which required a higher dose for acceptable image quality. 3 mm images were typically better quality than 1 mm images. Conclusion: SAFIRE 5 was optimal for dose reduction and image quality.

Eficácia terapêutica da oxamniquine oral no tratamento da salmonelose septicêmica prolongada

Trinta e cinco pacientes com salmonelose septicêmica prolongada (SSP) foram selecionados para o estudo. Vinte (Grupo 1), foram tratados com a oxamniquine oral (15-20mg/kg de peso, dose única) e 15 (Grupo 2) com o cloranfenicol (50mg/kg de peso/15-20 dias). Realizaram-se exames clínico, laboratorial e radiológico antes e após o tratamento. Oito pacientes do Grupo 1 (40%) exibiram uma ou mais queixas após o tratamento. Exceção feita a um paciente que apresentou crise convulsiva, uma hora após a ingestão do medicamento, os demais efeitos colaterais foram de pouca importância. Não se observou efeito tóxico da oxamniquine à luz dos exames complementares realizados após o tratamento. Os pacientes do Grupo 2, não apresentaram qualquer manifestação que pudesse ser imputada ao cloranfenicol. No Grupo 1, 90% dos pacientes foram considerados curados e no Grupo 2, 93% também o foram. Os Autores concluem pela boa eficácia e baixa toxicidade da oxamniquine no tratamento da SSP.

Estimation of vegetation carbon stock in Portugal using land use/ land cover data

Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Geospatial Technologies

Durabilidade de argamassas poliméricas de agregados leves

Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil, na especialidade de Estruturas e Geotecnia

Development of a high-throughput monitoring technique of bacteria photodynamic inactivation

Summary form only given. Bacterial infections and the fight against them have been one of the major concerns of mankind since the dawn of time. During the `golden years' of antibiotic discovery, during the 1940-90s, it was thought that the war against infectious diseases had been won. However currently, due to the drug resistance increase, associated with the inefficiency of discovering new antibiotic classes, infectious diseases are again a major public health concern. A potential alternative to antibiotic treatments may be the antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (PDI) therapy. To date no indication of antimicrobial PDI resistance development has been reported. However the PDI protocol depends on the bacteria species [1], and in some cases on the bacteria strains, for instance Staphylococcus aureus [2]. Therefore the development of PDI monitoring techniques for diverse bacteria strains is critical in pursuing further understanding of such promising alternative therapy. The present works aims to evaluate Fourier-Transformed-Infra-Red (FT-IR) spectroscopy to monitor the PDI of two model bacteria, a gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and a gram-positive (S. aureus) bacteria. For that a high-throughput FTIR spectroscopic method was implemented as generally described in Scholz et al. [3], using short incubation periods and microliter quantities of the incubation mixture containing the bacteria and the PDI-drug model the known bactericidal tetracationic porphyrin 5,10,15,20-tetrakis (4-N, N, Ntrimethylammoniumphenyl)-porphyrin p-tosylate (TTAP4+). In both bacteria models it was possible to detect, by FTIR-spectroscopy, the drugs effect on the cellular composition either directly on the spectra or on score plots of principal component analysis. Furthermore the technique enabled to infer the effect of PDI on the major cellular biomolecules and metabolic status, for example the turn-over metabolism. In summary bacteria PDI was monitored in an economic, rapid (in minutes- , high-throughput (using microplates with 96 wells) and highly sensitive mode resourcing to FTIR spectroscopy, which could serve has a technological basis for the evaluation of antimicrobial PDI therapies efficiency.

VALIDATION OF 14C-UREA BREATH TEST FOR DIAGNOSIS OF Helicobacter pylori

The aim of this study was to validate the 14C-urea breath test for use in diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection. Thirty H. pylori positive patients, based on histologic test and thirty H. pylori negative patients by histology and anti-H. pylori IgG entered the study. Fasting patients drank 5 uCi of 14C-urea in 20 ml of water. Breath samples were collected at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 min. The difference of cpm values between the two groups was significant at all the time intervals, besides time 0 (p<0.0001). At 20 min, the test gave 100% sensitivity and specificity with a cut-off value of 562 cpm. Females were higher expirers than males (p=0.005). 14C-urea breath test is highly accurate for Helicobacter pylori diagnosis. It is fast, simple and should be the non-invasive test used after treating Helicobacter pylori infection.

Outbreaks of human-herpes virus 6 (HHV-6) infection in day-care centers in Belém, Pará, Brazil

A total of 730 children aged less than 7 years, attending 8 day-care centers (DCCs) in Belém, Brazil were followed-up from January to December 1997 to investigate the occurrence of human-herpes virus 6 (HHV-6) infection in these institutional settings. Between October and December 1997 there have been outbreaks of a febrile- and -exanthematous disease, affecting at least 15-20% of children in each of the DCCs. Both serum- and- plasma samples were obtained from 401 (55%) of the 730 participating children for the detection of HHV-6 antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and viral DNA amplification through the nested-PCR. Recent HHV-6 infection was diagnosed in 63.8% (256/401) of them, as defined by the presence of both IgM and IgG-specific antibodies (IgM+/IgG+); of these, 114 (44.5%) were symptomatic and 142 (55.5%) had no symptoms (p = 0.03). A subgroup of 123 (30.7%) children were found to be IgM-/IgG+, whereas the remaining 22 (5.5%) children had neither IgM nor IgG HHV-6- antibodies (IgM-/IgG-). Of the 118 children reacting strongly IgM-positive ( > or = 30 PANBIO units), 26 (22.0%) were found to harbour the HHV-6 DNA, as demonstrated by nested-PCR. Taken the ELISA-IgM- and- nested PCR-positive results together, HHV-6 infection was shown to have occurred in 5 of the 8 DCCs under follow-up. Serological evidence of recent infections by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and parvovirus B19 were identified in 2.0% (8/401) and 1.5% (6/401) of the children, respectively. Our data provide strong evidence that HHV-6 is a common cause of outbreaks of febrile/exanthematous diseases among children attending DCCs in the Belém area.

Tentativas de Suicídio em Adolescentes Internados na Unidade de Internamento de Pedopsiquiatria do Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central.

Os Comportamentos Auto-Destrutivos (CAD) designam todos os comportamentos que põem em causa a integridade física de um indivíduo. Quando associados a uma intenção de morrer fala-se de Tentativa de Suicídio (TS), sendo esta o factor preditor mais importante de risco de suicídio, que nos EUA é a 3ª causa de morte entre os adolescentes. Na adolescência, as TS são mais frequentes no género feminino e os suicídios no masculino, concorrendo para tal uma série de factores biopsicossociais. O presente estudo retrospectivo observacional pretende, assim, caracterizar a população de adolescentes internados no Internamento de Pedopsiquiatria do CHCL por TS, entre Janeiro de 2006 e Fevereiro de 2009, através da recolha de dados demográficos, clínicos e psicopatológicos presentes nos processos clínicos.

Revalorization of spent coffee residues by a direct agronomic approach

Spent coffee grounds (SCG) represent a high-volume food waste worldwide, and several reuse approaches have been attempted. Herein, a greenhouse field experiment was carried out by cultivating Batavia lettuce with 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 30% (v/v) espresso SCG directly composted in the soil. Healthy vegetables were obtained for all treatments, without yield loss for up to 10% SCG. A progressive increment of green color intensity with increasing SCG content was observed, corroborated by the increase of their photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylls and carotenoids). Furthermore, total ascorbic acid and tocopherols showed statistical significant increases (p < 0.001) between control and all tested groups. Marked variations of nutritionally relevant minerals, particularly potassium, phosphorous and sodium were also revealed at higher percentage treatments (20% and 30%). This approach constitutes a clean, direct, simple and cost-effective measure to produce value-added vegetables, while reducing food waste disposal.