Estimativas de parâmetros genéticos para a germinação de sementes de guaraná (Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis (Mart.) Ducke).

As sementes de guaraná (Paullinia cupana var.sorbilis (Mart.)Ducke) perdem a viabilidade de germinação rapidamente após a colheita, e apresentam um processo de germinação lento e desuniforme, contribuindo para uma baixa eficácia para produção de mudas. Por isto, há interesse na obtenção de cultivares com germinação mais rápida e uniforme. Neste trabalho estimaram-se parâmetros genéticos para a capacidade e velocidade de emergência em progênies do banco de germoplasma da Embrapa Amazônia Oriental. Tomaram-se 100 sementes de cada 28 progênies de polinização livre e instalou-se um experimento em blocos ao acaso com duas repetições em condições naturais de canteiro. Com os dados de germinação, estimaram-se a percentagem e o índice médio de velocidade de mergência (IVE). As estimativas de variâncias genéticas e ambientais, herdabilidade e índice b mostraram que a maior parte da variabilidade presente entre as progênies foi devido aos efeitos genéticos. Pelas estimativas de ganho genético esperado entre progênies, é possível obter-se ganho de seleção para capacidade e velocidade de emergência, sendo que o ganho foi mais expressivo quando se considerou o Índice de Velocidade de Emergência.

Caracterização morfológica de frutos de acessos de cupuaçuzeiro procedentes do banco ativo de germoplasma Belém.

Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo realizar a caracterização morfológica de frutos de acessos de cupuaçuzeiro procedentes da coleção Belém com vistas a conhecer sua variabilidade e identificar materiais para aproveitamento no programa de melhoramento genético do cupuaçuzeiro. O experimento da coleção Belém foi instalado na base física da Embrapa Amazônia Oriental. Os materiais são compostos de 31 clones, cujos acessos foram coletados no Amazonas, Pará e Amapá. Foi utilizado o delineamento experimental em blocos inteiramente casualizados, com 10 repetições e analisados cinco frutos por planta em cada safra utilizando os dados fenotípicos dos anos agrícolas de 1997 à 2015. O perfil dos acessos demonstrou baixa variabilidade dentro dessa população para grande parte dos descritores estudados quando classificados nas categorias propostas para cada descritor analisado. Foi possível obter o perfil de cada clone para os descritores empregados. Os componentes centesimais quando associados à produção de frutos permitirão identificar clones promissores para o programa de melhoramento e recursos genéticos do cupuaçuzeiro.

Banco ativo de germoplasma de tomate mantido na Embrapa Hortaliças.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo relatar as principais atividades realizadas no BAG tomate (enriquecimento, multiplicação, caracterização e conservação) e sua aplicação dentro dos programas de melhoramento genético.

Diversidade genética entre acessos do banco ativo de germoplasma de batata-doce mantido na Embrapa Hortaliças.

2015

Resistência de germoplasma do gênero Manihot quanto ao ácaro-rajado (Tetranychus urticae).

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar acessos do gênero Manihot quanto à resistência ao ácaro-rajado. Foram utilizados 58 tratamentos, constituídos de 13 cultivares de mandioca utilizadas na alimentação humana, 30 acessos do BAG de mandioca da Embrapa Semiárido e 13 acessos de espécies silvestres de Manihot, da coleção de Manihot da Embrapa Semiárido, e dois prováveis híbridos naturais (Pornunça e Manipeba). A avaliação da resistência dos acessos ao ácaro-rajado foi realizada aos 6 meses após o plantio, quando a infestação era visível. Foi utilizada uma escala de danos que variou de 1 a 5. Houve diferenças significativas para reação ao ácaro (P?0,01). No teste de médias, as notas variaram de 1 a 3. De acordo com estes dados há variabilidade para resistência a ácaro-rajado entre os acessos avaliados, com possíveis fontes de resistência. No entanto, novas avaliações devem ser realizadas para comprovar os resultados obtidos

Recursos genéticos e pré-melhoramento do murucizeiro.

Em razão do potencial do murucizeiro, torna-se necessário um estudo mais amplo do seu Banco Ativo de Germoplasma (BAG), localizado na Embrapa Amazônia Oriental (Belém, PA) e onde estão conservados materiais representativos dos locais em que essa espécie é originária. Esse BAG está devidamente legalizado junto ao MMA, com credenciamento 037/2010-SECEX-CGEN, e foi implantado no ano de 2010, com 17 acessos (Figura 2). Os acessos do BAG foram provenientes de coletas de ponteiras (ramos que serviram como enxertos) realizadas em áreas de populações naturais localizadas em municípios do Estado do Pará.

Eficiência do processo de recobrimento de sementes de brócolos recobertas com polímero em leito de jorro

Broccoli seeds were coated in a conical-cylindrical spouted bed with an aqueous suspension of hydroxy ethyl cellulose aiming to improve the seeds coating technique using a fluid-dynamic process. An experimental design was applied to investigate the effects of the operating variables: gas temperature, atomizing air pressure and suspension flow rate on the germination of the seeds and on the process efficiency. Results indicated that the operating variables affect both the coating process efficiency and the germination ability. However, the analysis didn t identify differences between the germination potential of coated and uncoated seeds. Coated seeds absorbed up to 10 percent less moisture than the uncoated ones, when the environment temperature and humidity were controlled over a period of time.

Caracterização morfológica das sementes e plântulas de seis espécies invasoras do gênero Solanum L

Morphological caracterization of the seeds and seedlings of six weed especies of the genus Solanum L. The seeds of the genus Solanum are very similar, however, the association of their external characteristics with the anatomical features, such as hilum shape, the texture and the type of the seed coat sculptures, as well as the curved (circulated or coiled) shape of the embryo, are parameters of great importance in the taxonomical identification at the species level. It is are presented the morphological descriptions of the genus Solanum and a more detailed description of each studied species in terms of seed and seedling structures, including illustrations and taxonomical keys for the identification of Solanum aculeatissimum Jacq., S. americanum Mill., S. ciliatum Lam., S. sisymbriifolium Lam., S. sordidum Sendt. e S. viarum Dunal. There are also indications of the common names, the type of reproduction and dispersion, the crops in which the species is considered as a weed and the agricultural seeds in which it is found as a weed seed.

Dispersão de sementes de Vismia cayennensis (Jacq.) Pers. (Guttiferae) por morcegos na região de Manaus, Amazonas

We studied the feeding behavior of bats and their role in the seed dispersal of Vismia cayennensis in Manaus region, Amazonas State, northern Brazil. The characteristics of the plant and its fruits fit the chiropterocory syndrome. Five species of phyllostomid bats fed on Vismia fruits: Sturnira lilium, Sturnira tildae, Artibeus concolor, Carollia perspicillata and Rhinophylla pumilio. Apparently there is a relationship between flock foraging behavior and fruit availability in early night. The feeding behavior was similar for all bat species, varying with the presentation mode of the fruits. Seed germination tests and the distributional patterns of the plants indicate that bats are the dispersers of V. cayennensis.

Formação das substâncias de reserva durante o desenvolvimento de sementes de urucum (Bixa orellana L. - Bixaceae)

Annatto seeds do not germinate during early stages of their development because of insufficient reserve substances. In situ analysis showed that the principal reserves are proteins and starch, deposited in endosperm cells. During the early stages of development, the starch grains were elliptic, because amylose was the minor component. During development, these grains became more spherical due to an increase in amylose relative to amylopectin. Endosperm cells do not contain protein bodies, but they accumulate proteins dispersed in the cytoplasm. At the final stage of development the proteins became compacted due to the dehydration of the seeds wich is part of the global process of orthodox seeds maturation. Natural fluorescence revealed aromatic amino acids, principally tryptophan and tyrosine in the proteins. The seeds reached their maximum dry weight after moisture contents had declined to around 60%. At this point the seeds presented maximum germination capacity.

Abundância de ramos reprodutivos e produção de sementes em populações de Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R. Br. na Ilha de Santa Catarina, Brasil

The variation in the proportion of reproductive branches, fruit, and seed production of Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R. Br. (Convolvulaceae) were evaluated at ten beaches on Santa Catarina Island, state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Three patches per beach of Ipomoea pes-caprae were monitored, involving two reproductive cycles. Ipomoea pes-caprae presented initially an average length of patches of 14 m, with 9.6 branches/m² and 39% of reproductive branches. The proportion of reproductive branches varied between the cycles, but there was not noticed an alternation of reproductive effort between the subsequent cycles. There was a reduction in the percentage of reproductive branches at six localities. In four beaches where Ipomoea pes-caprae populations declined, occurred reduction in the reproductive vigor, and in the seed production, being these declines associated to strong sea erosion. In another hand, in one beach with population increase, there were little reproductive branches due to the occurrence of young stolons. Four patches never maturated fruits, being three of these located at small beaches. The fruit and seed productions in the patches showed values up to 40 fruits/m² and up to 140 seeds/m², respectively. Populations with great seed production were localized in areas adjacent to great coastal plains, which may represent potential seed sources for areas with small seed production in the island.

Fluidodinâmica de sementes de brócolos em leito fluizado e leito de jorro

The spouted and fluidized bed technologies are usually employed in operations of drying, coating and granulation of particles by the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. The use of these techniques in agronomy is limited to the treatment of some species of seeds. In this work, the objective was to analyse the fluid-dynamics of fluidized and spouted beds when broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. Italica) seeds are used and also to verify the influence on seed germination after 60 min of seed exposition to spouting or fluidization, at room temperature. The fluid-dynamics was defined by the measurements of the bed pressure drop as a function of the air flow rate for different seeds loads. The experimental conditions were based on the physical properties of the seeds and were limited by the apparatus dimensions. The cone-cylindrical bed was constructed in plexyglass to permit flow visualization. The values of the parameters: maximum pressure drop, minimum spouting flow rate and pressure drop, and stable spout pressure drop were experimentally obtained from the fluid-dynamic analysis and were compared with the values calculated by empirical equations found in the literature. The same procedure was carried out with the fluidized bed and the important parameters for this regime were the air velocity and the bed pressure drop at minimum fluidization. The analysis of seed germination indicated that no damage was caused to the seeds by the spout or fluidization processes.

Avaliação e conduta em escolares portadores de visão subnormal atendidos em sala de recursos

Purpose: To identify improvement in visual performance of low vision students after assessment and management conducted at the Low Vision Service of State University of Campinas (UNICAMP). Method: Fourteen low vision students aged six to 30 years, attended in a room with resources for visual deficiency in Americana and Santa Bárbara d'Oeste -- SP during 1998 received complete ophthalmologic examination, specialized low vision assessment and educational intervention. Results: The most prevalent cause of vision loss was operated congenital cataract with four cases (28.6%), followed by congenital bilateral toxoplasmic macular scars and eye malformation, both with two cases (14.3%) cases each. Eight students (57.2%) had acuity classified as severe vision loss, four (28.6%) profound, one (7.1%) moderate and one (7.1%) nearly normal vision. Twelve (85.7%) were behind expected school grade. Optical aids were prescribed for 12 (85.8%) students but only 7 (58.3%) acquired the aids thus improving significantly their school performance. Conclusion: All students improved school performance even considering that 12 (85.7%) had severe to profound vision loss. As a group their performance could even be better if the optical aid prescriptions were acquired by all. This indicates the need of a social work to support such needs. For good results at school and effective student inclusion a partnership between school, family and specialized education is necessary. We recommend to promote the benefits of the resource room.

Utilização de recursos ópticos e equipamentos por escolares com deficiência visual

PURPOSE: To verify perceptions and conduct of students with visual impairment regarding devices and equipment utilized in schooling process. METHODS: A transversal descriptive study on a population of 12-year-old or older students in schooling process, affected by congenital or acquired visual impairment, inserted in the government teaching system of Campinas during the year 2000. An interview quiz, created based on an exploratory study was applied. RESULTS: A group of 26 students, 46% of them with low vision and 53.8% affected by blindness was obtained. Most of the students were from fundamental teaching courses (65.4%), studying in schools with classrooms provided with devices (73.1%). Among the resources used in reading and writing activities, 94.1% of the students reported they used the Braille system and 81.8% reported that the reading subject was dictated by a colleague. Most of the students with low vision wore glasses (91.7%), and 33.3% utilized a magnifying glass as optical devices. Among the non-optical devices, the most common were the environmental ones, getting closer to the blackboard (75.0%) and to the window (66.7%) for better lighting. CONCLUSIONS: It became evident that students with low vision eye-sight made use of devices meant for bearers of blindness, such as applying the Braille system. A reduced number of low vision students making use of optical and non-optical devices applicable to their problems were observed, indicating a probable unawareness of their visual potential and the appropriate devices to improve efficiency.

Massa das sementes de Tecoma stans L. Juss. ex Kunth (Bignoniaceae): efeitos na emergência e desenvolvimento de suas plântulas no sol e na sombra

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Tecoma stans L. Juss. ex Kunth seeds mass on initial emergence, growth and, seedling development under different light conditions. The seeds were separated in four mass classes and sowed in four replicates of 24 seeds for each class, under full sun and canopy shade. Under sun environment was observed a greater percentage of emergence. Heavy seeds presented the greater percentage of emergence under both environments, but a greater rate was observed under canopy shade. One month after the start of experiments, the seedlings at the shade environment presented 100% of mortality. The growth and development seedlings under full sun were noticed for five months. In this period, only in the first three months was possible to observe the effects of Tecoma stans seeds mass on capacity of seedlings to acquire dry mass. The seedlings biomass partitions were similar among the tested mass class. The seedlings of smaller mass tended to a high specific leaf area in relation to the seedlings from large seeds, mainly in the first three months, resulting in a great acquisition of dry mass by these seedlings. In the fourth month, the specific leaf area did not present any tendency. Because the biggest seeds to give rise seedlings with best initial development than smallest seeds can be considered as species reproductive strategy. To produce seeds of different sizes also can be considered as way of species to spread in many microhabitats.