Desenvolvimento de uma metodologia para caracterização de amostras de sedimento: Rio Jundiaí RN

The study of sediment in water bodies presents great environmental importance, because of its ability to adsorb the pollutants, they may facilitate the understanding of the history of the current quality of the water system. Depending on how it is done the collection, analysis can show both a recent contamination as old. The detailed characterization of the sediment may reveal details that can understand how each type of pollutant interacts with the material given its composition. In this work it has developed a systematic methodology to characterize samples of sediment, with the aim to understand how a series of metal is distributed in different size fractions of the sediment. This study was conducted in five samples of sediment (P1, P2, P3a, P3B and P3c) collected in Jundiaí river, one of the most important tributaries of the river Potengi in the region of Macaíba, RN. The characterization was made with the samples previously sieved into meshes with different granulometries (+8#, -8+16#, -16+65# - 65+100#,-100+200#,-200+250# and -250#), using the following techniques: Analysis of specific surface area by BET method, determining the levels of organic matter (OM%) and humidity through the gravimetry and Analysis Thermogravimetric (TG), Infrared Spectroscopy in a Fourier transform (FTIR ), Analysis of X ray diffraction (XRD), analysis of heavy metals by optical emission spectrometry with the Argon Plasma (ICP-OES). The analyzed elements were Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Zn and P. In addition to the techniques of characterization above, was also made the rebuilding of the samples P1, P2 and P3B in relation to the levels of organic matter and concentration of heavy metals. Then, the results of the recomposed samples were compared with those obtained in crude samples, showing great consistency. The gravimetry, used in determining the levels of organic matter, was not considered an appropriate method because the clay minerals present in the sediment samples analyzed fall apart in the same range of temperature (550-600 0C) used in roasting (600 0C). The results also showed the trend of organic matter and heavy metals to focus on the thin fractions, although the largest concentrations of metals are in intermediate fractions

Análise de sedimento de fundo: uma amostragem representativa do estuário Potengi/RN

The aim of this study is to quantify the presence of major and minor elements in the sediments of estuary Potengi. Four georeferenced sampling points were used in the study, at which sediment samples were collected in the channel of the river and on the right and left banks. In addition, dissolved oxygen, salinity and water conductivity were taken in situ at the time of sample collection. The percentage of organic matter, determined by gravimetry, and granulometric analysis of the sediment samples were conducted in the laboratory. To quantify the major and minor elements a prior test to open the sample was conducted with standard NIST 1646ª estuarine sediment to choose the best methodology to be adopted. The sediment samples were dissolved in microwaves with nitric acid and chloridric acid, according to methodology proposed by US EPA 3051ª. Quantitative analyses of the elements Al, Fe, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn were conducted by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICPOES). The results showed that the partial concentrations of the elements analyzed are below average worldwide shale levels, the standard described by Turekian and Wedepohl (1961)

Avaliação da influência da matéria orgânica, na determinação quantitativa de metais em amostras de sedimento, por espectrometria de absorção atômica e análise de metais traços por fluorescência de raios-X

The proposal of this work is to evaluate the influence of the organic matter on the results of the analyses of the metals (Zn, Pb, Al, Cu, Cr, Fe, Cd e Ni) for Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS), so much in the extraction stage as in the reading using for that the chemometrics. They were used for this study sample of bottom sediment collected in river Jundiaí in the vicinity of the city of Macaíba-RN, commercial humus and water of the station of treatment of sewer of UFRN. Through the analyses accomplished by EAA it was verified that the interference of the organic matter happens in the extraction stage and not in the reading. With relationship to the technique of X Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRFS), the present work has as intended to evaluate the viability of this technique for quantitative analysis of trace metals (Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr and Pb) in having leached obtained starting from the extraction with acqua regia for an aqueous solution. The used samples constitute the fine fraction (<0.063 mm) of sediments of swamp of the river Jundiaí. The preparation of tablets pressed starting from the dry residue of those leached it allowed your analysis in the solid form. This preliminary study shows that, in the case of the digestion chemistry partially of the fine fractions of bottom sediments used for environmental studies, the technique of applied EFRX to the analysis of dry residues starting from having leached with acqua regia, compared her it analyzes of the leached with ICP-OES, it presents relative mistakes for Cu, Pb, Sr and Zn below 10%

Estudo da digestão de sedimento de curtume visando a extração do cromo por microemulsão

Leather tanneries generate effluents with high content of heavy metals, especially chromium, which is used in the mineral tanning process. Microemulsions have been studied in the extraction of heavy metals from aqueous solutions. Considering the problems related with the sediment resulting from the tanning process, due to its high content in chromium, in this work this sediment was characterized and microemulsion systems were applied for chromium removal. The extraction process consists in the removal of heavy metal ions present in an aqueous feeding solution (acid digestion solution) by a microemulsion system. First three different solid sludge digestion methods were evaluated, being chosen the method with higher digestion capacity. For this digestion method, seeking its optimization, was evaluated the influence of granule size, temperature and digestion time. Experimental results showed that the method proposed by USEPA (Method A) was the most efficient one, being obtained 95.77% of sample digestion. Regarding to the evaluated parameters, the best results were achieved at 95°C, 14 Mesh granule size, and 60 minutes digestion time. For chromium removal, three microemulsion extraction methods were evaluated: Method 1, in a Winsor II region, using as aqueous phase the acid digestion solution; Method 2, in a Winsor IV region, being obtained by the addition of the acid digestion solution to a microemulsion phase, whose aqueous phase is distilled water, until the formation of Winsor II system; and Method 3, in a Winsor III region, consisting in the formation of a Winsor III region using as aqueous phase the acid digestion solution, diluted in NaOH 0.01N. Seeking to optimize the extraction process only Method 1 (Systems I, II, and VIII) and Method 2 (System IX) were evaluated, being chosen points inside the interest regions (studied domains) to study the influence of contact time and pH in the extraction percentiles. The studied systems present the following compositions: System I: Surfactant Saponified coconut oil, Cosurfactant 1-Butanol, Oil phase Kerosene, Aqueous phase 2% NaCl solution; System II: Aqueous phase Acid digestion solution with pH adjusted using KOH (pH 3.5); System VIII: Aqueous phase - Acid digestion solution (pH 0.06); and System IX Aqueous phase Distilled water (pH 10.24), the other phases of Systems II, VIII and IX are similar to System I. Method 2 showed to be the more efficient one regarding chromium extraction percentile (up to 96.59% - pH 3.5). Considering that with Method 2 the microemulsion region only appears in the Winsor II region, it was studied Method 3 (System X) for the evaluation and characterization of a triphasic system, seeking to compare with a biphases system. System X is composed by: Surfactant Saponified coconut oil, Cosurfactant 1-Butanol, Oil phase Kerosene, Aqueous phase Acid digestion solution diluted with water and with its pH adjusted using 0.01N NaOH solution. The biphasic and triphasic microemulsion systems were analyzed regarding its viscosity, extraction efficiency and drop effective diameter. The experimental results showed that for viscosity studies the obtained values were low for all studied systems, the diameter of the drop is smaller in the Winsor II region, with 15.5 nm, reaching 46.0 nm in Winsor III region, being this difference attributed to variations in system compositions and micelle geometry. In chromium extraction, these points showed similar results, being achieved 99.76% for Winsor II system and 99.62% for Winsor III system. Winsor III system showed to be more efficient due to the obtaining of a icroemulsion with smaller volume, with the possibility to recover the oil phase in excess, and the use of a smaller proportion of surfactant and cosurfactant (C/S)

Resultado perinatal de fetos com malformações do trato urinário

PURPOSE: to evaluate the perinatal outcome of fetuses with congenital anomalies of the urinary tract. METHODS: we reviewed the perinatal outcome of 35 fetuses with congenital anomalies of the urinary tract. The following characteristics related to the uropathy were analyzed: type (hydronephrosis, dysplasia and renal agenesis), side of lesion (bilateral or unilateral), and level of the obstruction (high or low, in hydronephrosis). The perinatal outcome was evaluated according to these characteristics. The data were analyzed by the c² test and by the exact Fisher test. The level of significance was 0.05. RESULTS: the incidence of hydronephrosis was 68.6%. Half of the fetuses had unilateral hydronephrosis. Renal dysplasia occurred in 17.1% of the cases; 83.3% of these were bilateral and 16.7%, unilateral. The incidence of renal agenesis was 14.3%, all bilateral. The fetuses with dysplasia/agenesis had a 91% incidence of oligohydramnios, preterm birth, low birth weight, and death. In the group with bilateral disease the presence of oligohydramnios, preterm birth, low birth weight, death, urinary tract infections, and the need of hospitalization for a period greater than 7 days was significant when compared to the group with unilateral disease. The need of hospitalization for a period greater than 7 days in patients with low obstruction was significantly higher when compared to the patients with high obstruction. CONCLUSIONS: hydronephrosis, bilateral disease, and lower obstruction were the most frequent uropathies. The dysplasia/agenesis group had a worse prognosis when compared with the hydronephrosis group. Bilateral disease had a worse prognosis when compared with the unilateral disease group. In the low obstruction group, the need for a period of hospitalization greater than seven days was higher than in the high obstruction group.

Fatores associados à recorrência da infecção do trato urinário em crianças

OBJETIVOS: verificar a freqüência de infecção urinária recorrente (ITU) e avaliar os fatores associados à recorrência da ITU em crianças. MÉTODOS: estudo retrospectivo de 95 pacientes com seguimento de um ano (68 meninas e 27 meninos, mediana de idade três anos). As variáveis estudadas foram: sexo, idade, febre, constipação, tipo de bactéria, refluxo vésico-ureteral (RVU), anormalidades na cintilografia renal com ácido dimercaptosuccínico (DMSA). RESULTADOS: infecção urinária recorrente ocorreu em 49,5% crianças (19 com trato urinário normal, 19 com RVU e 9 com estenose da junção pielocalicial). Comparando o grupo com ITU recorrente com o grupo sem ITU recorrente não se encontrou diferença significativa entre sexos, presença de febre, constipação e anormalidades na cintilografia renal com DMSA. A ITU recorrente foi significativamente maior nas crianças com um ano ou menos, naquelas menores de dois anos com RVU, nas com bactéria diferente da Escherichia coli e sem profilaxia antibacteriana. Os fatores de risco significativos para a recorrência ITU foram idade < 2 anos (OR = 3,83) e refluxo vésico-ureteral (OR = 4,95). CONCLUSÕES: por causa da elevada freqüência de ITU recorrente é importante o seguimento regular de grupo de crianças com fatores de risco para ITU recorrente.

Perfil de sensibilidade e multirresistência em linhagens de Escherichia coli isoladas de infecção do trato urinário, de piometra e de fezes de cães

Susceptibility profile and multiple drug resistance in 158 E. coli strains isolated from urinary tract infection (UTI), pyometra, and feces of dogs were studied. Norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and enrofloxacin were the most-effective drugs (>60%) for E. coli strains. High rates of resistance to antimicrobials were observed in 60% or more of the isolated strains using sulfametoxazole/trimetoprim. Multiple drug resistance for three or more antimicrobials was observed in two (47.1%) strains isolated from UTI, seven (13.5%) from pyometra, and four (7.3%) from feces. From these, 17 (33.3%), one (1.9%), and three (5.5%), respectively, showed multiple resistance to five or more drugs.

Avaliação ultra-sonográfica do sistema urinário, figado e útero do macaco-prego, Cebus apella

O macaco-prego, Cebus apella, é muito difundido no norte e sul da Amazônia Legal Brasileira e no Cerrado. Estes animais encontram-se rotineiramente submetidos à caça predatória, aumentando assim a necessidade de preservação desta espécie silvestre. Realizou-se um estudo ultra-sonográfico de 10 macacos-prego como forma de descrever a anatomia ultra-sonográfica normal de sua cavidade abdominal. A vesícula urinária apresentou parede com espessura média 0,2cm e em posição anatômica cuja topografia permitiu contato com as paredes do corpo do útero e cólon descendente. À varredura abdominal caudal foi visualizada a aorta, veia cava caudal e veia ilíaca direita. O fígado foi visto em varredura sagital e transversal, possibilitando a observação da vesícula biliar e vasos hepáticos. A varredura renal demonstrou com precisão a pelve, seio renal e relação cortico-medular. O comprimento médio de ambos os rins foi de 6,24±0,31cm, não existindo diferença estatística entre o rim direito e esquerdo (Teste t de Student e ANOVA). O volume renal foi 2,37±0,18cm³. Os coeficientes de Correlação de Pearson entre os comprimentos renais direito e esquerdo e entre volumes renais direito e esquerdo foram dispostos como r = 0,74 e 0,51. As espessuras médias para a região cortical e medular foram 0,75±0,11cm e 0,39±0,06cm, respectivamente. O coeficiente de correlação para a relação cortico-medular entre os rins direito e esquerdo foi de r = 0,19. O exame ultrasonográfico mostrou-se como uma técnica eficiente, nãoinvasiva, rápida e reprodutível, que provê dados importantes aos profissionais da área de clínica e cirurgia de animais silvestres.

Inter-relação entre o balanço cátion-aniônico do alimento e o ph urinário de gatos

Studies for the food development of formulations for pets, look for key components to maintaining healthy way of life and safety of products, including these, elements capable of preventing the risk of certain metabolic disorders associated with diet. Feline urinarytract disorders, highlights the urolithiasis, have high incidence in clinical series. Studies linking dietary factors such as ingredients, digestibility and chemical composition, changing the volume, density and pH of urine and consequent induction training for urolithiasis. A highly significant correlation between the mineral composition of the diet and urine pH of cats began to be studied, using the association between the cation-anion balance of the diet (DCAB) and regulation of acid-base balance of the body. The DCAB can be defined as the difference between the total fixed anions and cations present in the diet, important tool for estimating the urinary pH and to determine the range of pH that favors the food used, thereby linking the trigger and the prevention of struvite and calcium oxalate urolithiasis in the urinary tract of cats. Thus, this review aims to clarify the effects of the nutritional composition of diet on urine pH in cats.

Toxicidade aguda e risco ambiental do diflubenzuron para Daphnia magna, Poecilia reticulata e Lemna minor na ausência e presença de sedimento

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Relação entre o excesso de bases da dieta, sua manipulação mediante adição de cátions e anions e o pH urinário e equilíbrio ácido-básico de cães

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Relação entre o excesso de bases do alimento e o PH urinário de gatos

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Avaliação de métodos de identificação e determinação do perfil de sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos em staphylococcus spp. isolados de pacientes com infecção do trato urinário (ITU)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Caracterização do aporte de poluentes oriundos da atividade sucroalcooleira para a atmosfera, água, solo e sedimento

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)