Olpe, Perseus slaying Medusa

Pottery, Greek, Black Figure, Amasis Painter; 10 3/64 in.x 5 45/64 in.; black figure, painted and incised

Ensaios de reprodução da medusa Phyllorhiza punctata para fins ornamentais

Ao longo das últimas décadas verificou-se um aumento do mercado de organismos ornamentais, tornando-se num mercado bastante lucrativo. Os cnidários são um dos grupos com maior interesse e valorização dentro dos organismos ornamentais, dentro destes as medusas têm captado a atenção como organismos ornamentais, apresentando uma grande margem de progressão, sendo atualmente consideradas como uma espécie emergente na indústria da aquariofilia. Embora existam muitas espécies de medusa com potencial ornamental, a seleção de uma espécie alvo para o uso em aquários domésticos obriga a que sejam eleitos alguns critérios de adequabilidade, nomeadamente não ser letal ou perigosa para o Homem. A espécie Phyllorhiza punctata é uma das espécies com muita procura no mercado ornamental. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar as condições ideais para obter medusas a partir da fase de pólipo. Neste sentido foram realizados vários ensaios de forma a otimizar cada fase do processo. Durante todo o processo de produção de medusas é necessário retirar os pólipos de um lugar para outro, colocando-os em novos substratos e esperar que se fixem. Neste sentido é importante que os pólipos se fixem aos substratos, para que ao serem manipulados não se soltem. Assim, foi realizado um estudo relativo à fixação de pólipos em diferentes substratos, nomeadamente: placa de 6 poços, caixa de petri, gobelet de vidro e de plástico. Verificou-se que os pólipos desta espécie não apresentam preferência por nenhum dos substratos em estudo, apresentando ao final de 7 dias uma taxa de fixação superior a 90% independentemente dos substratos usados. Definido o substrato a utilizar nos ensaios, procedeu-se ao estudo das condições ótimas de temperatura e alimentação na reprodução assexuada por gemulação, tendo sido estudadas três temperaturas (20, 24 e 26ºC), combinadas com duas condições de alimento (com e sem alimentação). Verificou-se que a produção de novos pólipos por gemulação obtém-se fornecendo alimento aos pólipos e mantendo-os a 24 ou 26ºC. Do ponto de vista de desenvolvimento de éfiras em pequenas medusas, testaram-se diferentes alimentações ((A) náuplios de artémia (10 Ind/ml), (B) rotíferos (20 Ind/ml), (C) náuplios de artémia (5 Ind/ml) + rotíferos (10 Ind/ml), (D) Microalga (Nannochloropsis sp., 5x105células/ml), (E) Microalga (Nannochloropsis sp., 5x105células/ml) + náuplios de artémia (10 Ind/ml), (F) Microalga (Nannochloropsis sp., 5x105células/ml) + rotíferos (20Ind/ml)), verificando-se que a utilização de Microalgas + Rotíferos, maximiza o crescimento e a sobrevivência, comparativamente com as restantes dietas em estudo. O presente trabalho permitiu aumentar o conhecimento sobre a reprodução assexuada de pólipos e crescimento de éfiras de P. punctata. Ao longo do trabalho foi possível observar que existem condições chave que permitem otimizar o processo de produção desta espécie em aquacultura. Especialmente a importância da alimentação dos pólipos durante o processo de reprodução assexuada por gemulação, bem como da alimentação das éfiras com microalga e rotíferos conjuntamente.

Plankton associated with medusae of the freshwater jellyfish Craspedacusta sowerbyi (Lankester) in a Thames backwater

Samples of plankton were taken from Broom Water in August 1997 after a sighting of medusae on 11th August. Broom Water is about 8 m wide, and extends 250 m from the main channel of the Thames, above the weir at Teddington. On 11th August medusae were so abundant that it was possible to collect 20 in ten minutes. They were rising to the surface in bright sunlight, then sinking slowly down through the water. Examination of a medusa's tentacles under a microscope revealed the presence of a commensal protozoan, a ciliate Trichodina pediculus. Over 20 species of phytoplankton were found in Broom Water. Most of the species are common and widespread, but it was a surprise to find Errerella bornhemiensis with its characteristic pyramidal colonies, which is a relatively rare species. Zooplankters in Broom Water consisted of Rotifera and Crustacea. Zooplankton is the main food of Craspedacusta and it was found that the crustaceans but not the rotifers did undergo significant changes during the period 11-19th August. The major changes were a big increase in the percentage of cyclopoids, and a marked decrease in Bosmina. This could be because the delicate cuticle of Bosmina is much more susceptible to the stinging cells of the medusae compared with the tougher exoskeleton of the cyclopoid.

Sobresaturación y nucleación primaria en fluidos biológicos respecto a la hidroxiapatita.

Aunque en las últimas décadas se han producido considerables progresos en el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de la litiasis renal, la compresión de su patogenia no ha ido en paralelo con estos avances. De hecho, a pesar de los grandes esfuerzos en investigación y de un considerable número de teorías, aún se desconoce la secuencia exacta de acontecimientos que llevan a la formación de los cálculos renales. En este trabajo se realiza un estudio de los principales tipos de cálculos renales y sus posibles causas. Se estudia, concretamente, la formación de la hidroxiapatita, un cálculo renal inorgánico relativamente frecuente. Se utiliza, para tal fin, el software comercial Medusa.

水母雪莲高产细胞系的筛选及黄酮类化合物合成的调控

水母雪莲属菊科植物，为名贵中药材其主要活性成分为黄酮类化合物。为解决雪莲资源其中匮乏，本文开展了利用水母雪莲细胞培养生产黄酮类活性成分的可行性研究。 采用目视法从水母雪莲原始愈伤组织中筛选得到白色、黄色和红色3种细胞系，其中黄色系的黄酮含量最高。利用γ射线辐射处理从红色系得高产黄酮细胞系。 证明了多种理化因子对水母雪莲培养细胞中黄酮类合成的调控作用。研究发现，温度和光照对水母雪莲愈伤组织黄酮合成影响较大。25℃是最佳培养温度;红光促进愈伤组织生长，蓝光促进黄酮的合成;进一步研究表明：光调节黄酮代谢途径第一步所需酶苯丙氨酸裂解酶（PAL）活性，PAL活性被红光所抑制，被蓝光所促进。碳源、氮源、植物激素对愈伤组织生长和黄酮形成影响较为显著。对MS培养基成分进行调整得到M－13培养基，在M－13培养基上培养的愈伤组织生长量和黄酮产量比MS培养基分别提高33％和82％。 首次建立水母雪莲细胞悬浮培养体系。确定了水母雪莲细胞悬浮培养的最适培养条件和最适培养基成分组成。摇床转速 90～120 r/min、接种量 2.5～4.0gDW／L、接种物种龄 8～10 d 对黄酮合成有利。调整MS培养基成分得到适合于培养水母雪莲悬浮细胞的生长培养基G和黄酮合成培养基MP，从而使细胞生长量与黄酮产量分别长比MS培养基提高32％和70％。 应用2－L搅拌式生物反应器对水母雪莲细胞进行了悬浮培养。TLC和HPLC分析表明，水母雪莲细胞培养物能够形成2种黄酮活性成分金合欢素和高车前素。本论文对水母雪莲细胞培养生产药用活性成分作了基础性工作。

四种药用植物的化学成分及芍药苷的微生物转化研究

本学位论文共有5章。第一章报道白芍的化学成分及芍药苷的微生物转化研究成果；第二章报道天山雪莲的化学成分研究；第三章报道两面针的化学成分研究；第四章报道通关藤的化学成分研究成果；第五章概述了花椒属植物中最近十年报道的新化合物及药理研究情况。 在第1章的第一部分报道了白芍（Paeonia lactiflora Pall.）的化学成分。我们采用正、反相硅胶柱层析等各种分离方法，从白芍的干燥根中共分离出14个化合物，其中1个为新化合物，其结构通过波谱分析证实为没食子酰白芍苷，另外还有2个为首次从该植物中分离得到。第二部分报道了芍药苷的微生物转化生产芍药苷代谢素-I的研究，从15株厌氧菌中筛选出10株有转化活性的菌株，其中短乳杆菌Lactobacillus brevis AS1.12的转化活性最好，对其转化条件进行了初步的筛选，确定了相对合理的转化工艺。 在第2章报道了天山雪莲（Saussurea involucrate Kar.et Kir.）全草乙醇提取物化学成分的分离纯化和结构鉴定。通过正、反相硅胶柱层析等分离纯化和MS、NMR等波谱解析，共分离鉴定了28个化合物，结构类型分属于黄酮、倍半萜和木脂素等，其中2个新倍半萜化合物的结构分别表征为6α-羟基云木香酸6-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷和11βH-11,13-二氢去氢云木香内酯8α-O-(6′-乙酰)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷。 第3章报道了两面针（Zanthoxylum nitidum （Roxb.）DC.）干燥根的乙醇提取物化学成分的分离纯化和结构鉴定。通过正、反相硅胶柱层析等分离纯化和MS、NMR等波谱解析以及X-射线单晶衍射，共分离鉴定了16个生物碱，结构类型分属于苯并啡啶类、喹啉类和阿朴啡类等，其中2个新苯并啡啶类生物碱的结构分别表征为二聚双氢两面针碱和丙酮基双氢崖定椒碱。 第4章报道了通关藤（Marsdenia tenacissima (Roxb.) Wight et Arn.）水提取物化学成分的分离纯化和结构鉴定。通过正、反相硅胶柱层析等分离纯化和MS、NMR等波谱解析以及X-射线单晶衍射，共分离鉴定了14个化合物，结构类型均属于C21多羟基甾醇，其中4个新化合物tenacigenoside A, tenacigenoside B, tenacigenoside C和tenacigenoside D的结构分别表征为3-O-6-deoxy-3-O-methyl-β-D-allopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-oleandropyranosyl-17β-tenacigenin B (62), 3-O-2,6- dideoxy-4-O-methyl-D-lyxo-hexopyranosly-11α-O- methylbutyryl-12β-O-acetyl-tenacigenin B (63), 3-O-6-deoxy-3-O-methyl-β-D- allopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-oleandropyranosyl-11α-O-tigloyl-tenacigenin C (64)和3-O-6-deoxy-3-O-methyl-β-D-allopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-oleandropyranosyl-11α-O-2- methylbutyryl-tenacigenin C (65)。 第5章概述了花椒属植物的化学成分及药理活性研究进展。 This dissertation consists of 5 chapters. The first chapter elaborate the phytochemical investigation of Paeonia lactiflora Pall., and microbial transformation of paeoniforin. The second, third and four chapters elaborate the phytochemical investigation of Saussurea involucrate Kar.et Kir., Zanthoxylum nitidum (Roxb.) DC. and Marsdenia tenacissima (Roxb.) Wight et Arn., respectively. Chapter 5 is a review on chemical constituents and bioactivities of Zanthoxylum species. The part one of chapter 1 focus on the isolation and identification of chemical constituents from P. lactiflora. Fourteen compounds were isolated from the roots of P. lactiflora by repeat column chromatography over normal and reversed phase silica gel. Among them, one is a new compound and the structure was suggested as galloyl-albiflorin by spectral evidence. In addition, two compounds were firstly reported in this plant. The part 2 is about microbial transformation of paeoniforin. Chapters 2, 3 and 4 were isolations and identifications of chemical constituents from S. involucrate, Z. nitidum and M. tenacissima, respectively. From the aerial parts of S. involucrate, 28 compounds including 7 flavonoids and 13 sesquiterpenoids were isolated and identified. Among them, 2 new compounds were characterized as 6α-hydroxycostic acid 6-β-D-glucoside and 11βH-11,13-dihydrodehydro- costuslactone 8α-O-(6'-acetyl)-β-D-glucoside, respectively, by means of spectroscopic analysis. Otherwise, 11 ones were firstly reported from this plant. The third chapter is about the phytochemical investigation of Z. nitidum. Sixteen compounds were isolated and identified. Among them, 2 new benzophenanthridine alkaloids were characterized as 8-acetonyldihydrofagaridine and 1,3-bis(8-dihydronitidinyl)-acetone by spectroscopic analysis. The fourth chapter is about the phytochemical investigation of M. tenacissima. Fourteen compounds were isolated and identified. Among them, 4 new compounds, tenacigenosides A~D, were characterized as 3-O-6-deoxy-3-O-methyl-β-D-allopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-oleandropyranosyl-17β- tenacigenin B, 3-O-2,6-dideoxy-4-O-methyl-D-lyxo-hexopyranosly-11α-O-methyl butyryl-12β-O-acetyl-tenacigenin B, 3-O-6-deoxy-3-O-methyl-β-D-allopyranosyl- (1→4)-β-D-oleandropyranosyl-11α-O-tigloyl-tenacigenin C, and 3-O-6-deoxy-3-O- methyl-β-D-allopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-oleandropyranosyl-11α-O-2-methylbutyryl- tenacigenin C. Chapter 5 is a review on recent progress in bioactive constituents from plants of Zanthoxylum species.

九寨沟景区旅游活动扰动形成的退化地段植被恢复试验初报

日益增强的旅游活动干扰已成为九寨沟世界自然遗产的有效保护与持续管理不可回避的问题，也已成为当前区域生态保护与经济发展的焦点问题之一。评估乡土植物种的基本特征、质量、种子休眠程度以及萌发能力；筛选适宜的植被恢复乡土物种并选择有效植被恢复技术措施是开展植被恢复试验的重要前提和保障。本文以九寨沟世界自然遗产为例,通过对景区乡土植物种子基本特征的测定以及采用乡土物种作为植被恢复技术试验与恢复技术筛选的试验物种，在景区旅游干扰区的三种生境类型：原始针叶林、混交林和边坡，根据不同的影响因素设计试验，从而探索适宜的恢复措施和植被恢复物种。初步结论如下： 1． 本文研究的28种乡土植物中，17种测定的物种活力较高(>72%)，均具有作为恢复物种的潜力。但28种种子中75%的发芽率为0%。大部分种子存在一定程度的休眠，包括甘肃山楂、称花藤、疏花槭、陇东海棠、球花荚迷、巴东小檗、蔷薇、宝兴栒子、光泽栒子、光枝柳叶忍冬、甘青铁线莲、毛果铁线莲、宽叶旌节花、糙叶五加和独活。因而种子存在深度休眠是乡土物种自然更新和植被恢复的主要障碍，需要根据种子的形态生理特征，寻求打破乡土植物种子休眠的有效方法，提高种子发芽率。 2．低温层积只显著提高了蔷薇、毛果铁线莲、宽叶旌节花和假升麻3种种子的发芽率，也相对较早地提高了陇东海棠、鲜黄小檗和独活的萌发。对于其它物种的种子，低温层积没能有效打破休眠提高发芽率。综合分析结果表明九寨沟28种林下或林缘乡土植物中窄叶鲜卑花、毛果铁线莲、宽叶旌节花、假升麻、陇东海棠、鲜黄小檗和独活等12种可直播或通过低温层积处理后直播用于旅游干扰退化地段的植被恢复中，而其它的种类尚需进一步寻求打破休眠的措施以提高种子发芽能力。 3．在原始林生境下，七筋菇、巴东小檗、耳叶风毛菊、长叶毛花忍冬及独活5种乡土植物种子的出苗能力不高，因此目前急需提出有关提高种子出苗的方法措施。在相同的处理条件下，不同物种出苗数存在着较大的差异，相比而言，巴东小檗、耳叶风毛菊和长叶毛花忍冬种子出苗与幼苗存活较高，对于其环境适应能力较强，因此它们更适宜采用播种的方式应用于九寨沟原始林践踏地段地表的植被恢复实践；而七筋菇和独活在室内和自然气候条件下萌发都很困难，在植被恢复过程中，可考虑采用其它播种方式。而在边坡和混交林生境试验结果表明，供试物种无萌发和出苗现象，这可能跟外界环境条件、干扰和种子命运有关。 4． 本研究中腐殖质、松土和苔藓覆盖处理措施均未能提高物种出苗，且对样方内植被结构以及物种丰富度也无显著影响，其中的影响因素也是多方面的，因此还需进一步研究探索。但腐殖质对幼苗存活能力方面有一定的积极作用。 The increasing tourism disturbance is an unavoidable issue to effective conservation and sustaind tourist management of Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve. It has become one of the focal problems of regional ecological protect and economic development. Assessing the traits, quality, seed dormancy and germination of native seed and choosing the suitable species and ways for vegetation restoration were the important precondition and guarantee before vegetation restoration. In this paper, as an example to Jiuzhaigou world nature heritage, through the estimation to the basic characteristics of native seeds and the use of native species for the test of vegetation restoration and the choosing of vegetation restoration techniques, in three different habitats being disturbed, including the primitive forest, mixed forest and side slope. According to different factors, designing experiments in order to explore the appropriate measures and species of vegetation restoration . Our results are as follows: 1． There are 77% seeds of the 28 species with high viability(>72%), which had the potential possibility of being restoration species. The germination of 75% of the seed was 0%.Most of the seed was dormant, So dormancy of seed was the barrier for natural regeneration and vegetation restoration, Further research is needed on investigating the other more effective methods to release seed dormancy of these native species in the future. 2． Cold stratification did not release seed dormancy of most species. In our study, there are only 3 species including Clematis peterae var. trichocarpa, Stachyurus chinensis and Aruncus sylvester (P<0.05) with germination percentage increased by cold stratification. By comprehensive analysis, the result shows: In 28 undergrowth native seeds, Sibiraea angustata, Clematis peterae var. trichocarpa, Stachyurus chinensis, Aruncus Sylvester, Malus kansuensis, Berberis diaphana,and Heracleum hemsleyanum could be used to vegetation restoration by sowing directly or sowing after cold stratification in degenerate gland being disturbed by turism, and othes seed of 28 were needed to search other methods to release seed dormancy for advancing the ability of germination. 3．In the habitat of primitive forest, the ability of emergence of the native species Clintonia udensis, Berberis henryana, Saussurea neofranchetii, Lonicera trichosantha var.xerocalyx and Heracleum hemsleyanum was low, so it is urgently needed to search about the methods of advancing emergence. In the sametreatment, the number of emergence of different species was very different. Relatively speaking, the emergence and seedling survival of the species Berberis henryana, Saussurea neofranchetii and Lonicera trichosantha var.xerocalyx was higher, and the adaptability of the species was better, so they were more suitable for vegetation restoration on trampling-induced degraded patches of primitive forest in Jiuzhaigou; But the germination of Clintonia udensis and Heracleum hemsleyanum was both difficult in laboratory and natural conditions, so it could be considered to apply other sowing methods. However, the result showed that: applied species didn’t germinate or emergent in the habitat of side slope and mixed forest, which could be related to external environment conditions, interference and the fate of the seed. 4．In this study, humus, scatification and bryophyte cover measures didn’t advance the emergence of the species or the structure of vegetation and richness in plot significantly, the impact factors of which were many, therefore further research is needed . However, humus had a certain positive effect on the ability of seedling survival.

围封对退化矮嵩草草甸群落结构和主要种群空间分布格局的影响

通过研究围栏封育1年后中度退化的矮嵩草草甸（夏季牧场）群落结构的变化,探讨主要植物种群在小尺度（50 cm×50 cm）上的空间分布格局,并从生活史特征和生态适应对策等角度探讨产生和维持这些格局的机理。结果表明,围封1年显著降低了群落中主要种群矮嵩草（Kobresia humilis）、高山唐松草（Thalictrum alpinum）和雪白委陵菜（Potentilla nivea）的重要值,而增加了线叶龙胆（Gentiana farreri）的重要值;显著增加了群落的地上生物量和总生物量,但对地下生物量和群落多样性的影响不显著。围封使退化矮嵩草草甸主要种群矮嵩草、高山唐松草、珠芽蓼（Polygonum viviparum）、线叶嵩草（Kobresia capillifolia）和金露梅（Potentilla fruticosa）等空间分布格局从放牧后的随机分布向聚集分布发展,而雪白委陵菜、重齿风毛菊（S.katochaeteMaxim）、矮火绒草（Leonto-podium nanum）和美丽风毛菊（Saussurea pulchra）等种群的空间分布格局没有发生改变;但黑褐苔草（Carex atro-fusca）的空间格局从放牧后的聚集分布转向随机分布。因此,退化的矮嵩草草甸在围封的初始阶段,由于避免了家畜的选择性采食及其践踏作用,首先可能是使主要种群的空间分布格局有从随机分布向聚集分布变化的趋势,从而使小尺度的种间隔离来降低种间的竞争强度,从而改变了不同物种对资源和空间的竞争能力,进而推动群落物种组成和结构的恢复演替。

青海湖地区盐地凤毛菊群落优势种群分布格局研究

以青海省三角城种羊场地区典型的盐地凤毛菊(Saussurea salsa)盐碱草甸为研究对象,采用相邻格子样方法取样,应用方差/均值比率法、负二项参数K、扩散系数C、Cassie指标、丛生指标Ⅰ、平均拥挤度与聚块性指标等方法,研究了青海湖地区盐地凤毛菊群落优势种群的空间分布格局.结果表明,盐地凤毛菊群落优势种群的空间格局均为集群分布,这主要与物种本身的生态和生物学特性有关.