Fatores genéticos e de meio no intervalo de partos de caprinos leiteiros

The kidding intervals (IDP) of dairy goats raised in Southeastern Brazil were studied to quantify the influence of environmental factors and to estimate genetic parameters by means of least squares (MMQ) and restricted maximum likelihood (REML). The data analyzed were obtained from five farms and three breeds (Alpine, Saanen, and Toggenburg). The overall mean and standard error of IDP, as estimated by MMQ, were 339 +/- 12.70 days. The interaction of year x season of parturition influenced IDP. In two of the years studied, goats kidding at the end of the kidding season showed a shorter IDP when compared to those that were kidding after the end of the season. A quadratic trend of IDP over years was observed across the three kidding periods. For the three seasons. IDP increased from 1986 until mid-1989 and decreased thereafter. The heritability and repeatability of IDP, as estimated by MMQ and REML, were: 0.046 +/- 0.071 and 0.103 +/- 0.043, and 0.00026 and 0.08411, respectively. These estimates indicate that little genetic gain can be expected from selection for this trait.

Valor nutritivo do feno de Brachiaria decumbens Stapf cv. Basilisk submetido a tratamento com amônia anidra ou uréia

The effects of the ammoniation of Brachiaria decumbens hay was evaluated. The hay bales were distributed into a complete randomized block design, with four replications and they were submitted to the treatments: untreated or treated with anhydrous ammonia (NH3)(2,0 and 3,0% of the DM) or with urea (3,6 and 5,4% of the DM). All the hays bales remained under plastic cover for 45 days. After three days of aeration, samples were collected for the determination of the chemical composition, nitrogenous compounds fraction and the in vitro dry matter (IVDDM) and organic matter (IVDOM) digestibility. In the metabolic study, Saanen goats breed was used in a 5x5 Latin squares design, where the apparent digestibility, the voluntary intake and the nutritive value index were evaluated. The ammoniation increased the contents of the total N, N ammonia (N-NH3) and non-protein N, with high effect on the levels of 3,0% of NH3 and 5,4% of urea. There were no differences between the level of 3,0% of NH3 and 5,4% of urea for the total N, N-NH3 and NPN. However, the treatment with 3,0% of NH3 allowed a larger fixation of N in ADIN and NDIN forms. The ammoniation increased the IVDMD and IVDMO and reduced the contents of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), hemicellulose, acid detergent fiber (ADF) and lignin, but it did not alter the cellulose and gross energy contents. The ammoniation increased the DM, OM, CP, NDF, ADF, hemicellulose, cellulose and gross energy apparent digestibility and as well as the voluntary intake of DM, digestible DM, digestible OM, digestible protein, digestible energy and the nutritive value index. The ammoniation increased the hay nutritive value index, but there were no differences between the levels of NH3 and urea.

Energy and protein requirements for maintenance and growth of Boer crossbred kids

Meat production by goats has become an important livestock enterprise in several parts of the world. Nonetheless, energy and protein requirements of meat goats have not been defined thoroughly. The objective of this study was to determine the energy and protein requirements for maintenance and growth of 34 3/4 Boer x 1/4 Saanen crossbred, intact male kids (20.5 +/- 0.24 kg of initial BW). The baseline group was 7 randomly selected kids, averaging 21.2 +/- 0.36 kg of BW. An intermediate group consisted of 6 randomly selected kids, fed for ad libitum intake, that were slaughtered when they reached an average BW of 28.2 +/- 0.39 kg. The remaining kids (n = 21) were allocated randomly on d 0 to 3 levels of DMI (treatments were ad libitum or restricted to 70 or 40% of the ad libitum intake) within 7 slaughter groups. A slaughter group contained 1 kid from each treatment, and kids were slaughtered when the ad libitum treatment kid reached 35 kg of BW. Individual body components (head plus feet, hide, internal organs plus blood, and carcass) were weighed, ground, mixed, and subsampled for chemical analyses. Initial body composition was determined using equations developed from the composition of the baseline kids. The calculated daily maintenance requirement for NE was 77.3 +/- 1.05 kcal/kg(0.75) of empty BW (EBW) or 67.4 +/- 1.04 kcal/kg(0.75) of shrunk BW. The daily ME requirement for maintenance (118.1 kcal/g(0.75) of EBW or 103.0 kcal/kg(0.75) of shrunk BW) was calculated by iteration, assuming that the heat produced was equal to the ME intake at maintenance. The partial efficiency of use of ME for NE below maintenance was 0.65. A value of 2.44 +/- 0.4 g of net protein/kg(0.75) of EBW for daily maintenance was determined. Net energy requirements for growth ranged from 2.55 to 3.0 Mcal/kg of EBW gain at 20 and 35 kg of BW, and net protein requirements for growth ranged from 178.8 to 185.2 g/kg of EBW gain. These results suggest that NE and net protein requirements for growing meat goats exceed the requirements previously published for dairy goats. Moreover, results from this study suggest that the N requirement for maintenance for growing goats is greater than the established recommendations.

Fatores de riscos associados à ocorrência de helmintos gastrintestinais em cabras leiteiras mantidas em sistema de pastejo

Infection due to the gastrointestinal nematodes can negatively interact with the productive performance of dairy goats, and in some cases can induce mortality in the flocks. The objective was to study the influence of season, parturition order, postpartum, lactation and breed standard on the population of helminths in dairy goats. 31 goats were used, with 15 Saanen and 16 F1 (1/2 Boer + 1/2 Saanen). of these, 13 were from the 1st lactation and 18 from the 2nd or more lactations. The highest fecal egg counts occurred during the summer and spring, with FEC in Saanen higher (p < 0.01) than in F1 animals (1/2 Boer + 1/2 Saanen). The animals with 1st lactation showed higher FEC (p < 0.004) than the animals in 2nd or more lactation. During the peripartum the largest FEC for both breeds standards were in the week of the birth (p < 0.05), followed by post-partum and pre-partum. In peripartum the Saanen goats showed higher FEC (p < 0.02) than the F1 and primiparous (p < 0.008) in relation to pluriparous. F1 animals are resistant to helminthes when compared to Saanen animals, demonstrating that crossing of resistant breeds with high production breeds is a viable alternative to increase productivity without compromising the parasitary stability of the herd. The peripartum period is a risk factor associated to the occurrence of gastrointestinal helminths, especially in Saanen goats from first lactation.

A kinetic model of phosphorus metabolism in growing goats

The effect of increasing phosphorus (P) intake on P utilization was investigated in balance experiments using 12 Saanen goats, 4 to 5 mo of age and weighing 20 to 30 kg. The goats were given similar diets with various concentrations of P, and 32P was injected to trace the movement of P in the body. A P metabolism model with four pools was developed to compute P exchanges in the system. The results showed that P absorption, bone resorption, and excretion of urinary P and endogenous and fecal P all play a part in the homeostatic control of P. Endogenous fecal output was positively correlated to P intake (P < .01). Bone resorption of P was not influenced by intake of P, and P recycling from tissues to the blood pool was lesser for low P intake. Endogenous P loss occurred even in animals fed an inadequate P diet, resulting in a negative P balance. The extrapolated minimum endogenous loss in feces was .067 g of P/d. The minimum P intake for maintenance in Saanen goats was calculated to be .61 g of P/ d or .055 g of P/(kg.75·d) at 25 kg BW. Model outputs indicate greater P flow from the blood pool to the gut and vice versa as P intake increased. Intake of P did not significantly affect P flow from bone and soft tissue to blood. The kinetic model and regressions could be used to estimate P requirement and the fate of P in goats and could also be extrapolated to both sheep and cattle.

Espécies do gênero Eimeria Schneider, 1875 (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) em caprinos leitros mantidos em sistema intensivo na região de São Jose do Rio Preto, estado de São Paulo, Brasil.

Were examined 58 dairy goats, 41 kids and 17 adults, Saanen and Alpine breeds, males and females, in intensive system, in the São José do Rio Preto region, São Paulo state, for detection and identification of Eimeria spp. oocysts. The 58 feces samples analyzed by the Centrifugal-flotation technique, were positive for, at least, one Eimeria species. The Eimeria species found in this research were: E. ninakohlyakimovae (77,6%), E. jolchijevi (72,4%), E. alijevi (63,8%), E. christenseni (63,8%), E. arloingi (62,1%), E. caprovina (56,9%), E. hirci (50,0%) and E. caprina (48,3%). It follows that the high rate of the positive animals and the high frequency of the Eimeria species among the animals demonstrated that the disease is common in dairy goats, kids and adults, in intensive system.

Dairy goat health management and milk production on organic and conventional system in Brazil

The aimed of this article is to measure risk factors on health and milk production on organic and conventional dairy goats in Brazil. Two experimental groups (organic and conventional) were evaluated simultaneously. The study design was completely randomized. The organic herd consisted of 25 goats and 15 kids. In the conventional production system, a dairy herd comprising 40 goats and 20 kids participated in the study. Data on milk production and health management were available from January 2007 to December 2009. The abortion rate in the conventional system was 5% (2/40) whereas in organic system no abortion was diagnosed (0/25). The mortality rate at weaning in the conventional system was 5% (2/40) and in the organic system was 8% (2/25). Milk production was lower (2.20 kg/day) in organic than conventional system (2.66 kg/day). Goats and kids in organic farm had a higher FEC (386±104 and 900±204, respectively) (p<0.05) than those in conventional farm (245±132 and 634±212, respectively). In addition, Saanen kids had higher FEC (p<0.001) than goats. Treatment with antiparasitic drugs was higher in conventional system (50%) than organic system (1.3%).

Proteínas, enzimas e minerais na secreção láctea de cabras e vacas, nos primeiros 30 dias pós-parto, congelada ou não

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Valores sanguíneos de pH, pCO2, pO2, e HCO3 e proteinograma sérico de cabritos de raça Saanem do nascimento aos quatro meses de idade

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Uso do inibidor de tripsina do leite de soja na imunização passiva de cabritos neonatos

Pós-graduação em Zootecnia - FCAV

Mobilização de nutrientes em cabras em diferentes estágios de gestação

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Impacto negativo da restrição alimentar sobre o bem-estar de cabritos alojados em gaiolas metabólicas

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Efeito do manejo alimentar nos Parâmetros nutricionais e comportamento ingestivo em cabras leiteiras

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Efeito de diferentes resíduos pós-pastejo de capim tanzânia (Panicum maximum cv Tanzânia Jacq.) pastejado por caprinos sobre a estrutura do pasto

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Parasitismo gastrintestinal em diferentes intensidades de pastejo no capim Tânzania, em caprinos

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)