Middle India as revealed by Chetan Bhagat

The middle classes form the bulk of Indian migrants who head for Australian shores today. Yet, within Australia, general knowledge of the conditions that drive Indians’ determined search for opportunities overseas is limited to the few who have contact with international students and migrants from the sub-continent, and the skewed, melodramatic antics of Bollywood. It is my suggestion that a broader understanding of the underlying reasons that push Indians to migrate to societies like Australia can be had through readings of Chetan’s Bhagat’s four hugely popular novels: Five Point Someone, One night @the Call Center, The 3 mistakes of My life and Two States. Bhagat is a graduate of India’s famed Indian Institute of Technology and a former Non-Resident Indian investment banker who has since returned to live in Delhi. His experiences make him the perfect mouthpiece for middle India and his paperbacks depict that stratum of Indian society’s obsessions with social mobility, marriage, regional and religious divides with great sympathy and conviction. Drawing on observations made during a recent visit to India, I illustrate what an exploration of Bhagat’s paperbacks reveals about everyday, contemporary India and what it adds to Australian understandings of Indians and India today.

“To educate you to be smart”: disaffected students and the purpose of school in the (not so clever) “lucky country”

This paper contributes to conversations about school, post-compulsory and further education policy by reporting findings from a three-year study with disaffected students who have been referred to special “behaviour” schools. Contrary to popular opinion, our research finds that these “ignorant yobs” (Tomlinson, 2012) do value education and know what it is for. They also have aspirations for a secure, productive and fulfilled life, although it may not involve university level study. Importantly, we found that students who responded negatively with regard to the importance of schooling tended to envision future lives and occupations for which they believed school knowledge was unnecessary. The implications of this research for school, post-compulsory and further education policy are discussed.

Cosmopatriatism in Indonesian pop music imagings

In this article, cosmopatriotism is seen to describe an effect of transnational capitalism’s need to “settle down” in particular localities. The self-imaging of female singer Krisdayanti and punk band Superman is Dead serve as agentive forces in the working out of novel, post-New Order modernities. The body, in particular, is an important site to inscribe a sense of authenticity and social mobility, as well as to work out a sense of post-Suharto Indonesian-ness.

Murtuva säätyvalta, kestävä eliitti : Senaattori Lennart Gripenbergin sukupiiri ja sääty-yhteiskunnan muodonmuutos

This study examines the transformation of the society of estates in the Finnish Grand Duchy through the case study of Senator Lennart Gripenberg and his family circle. While national borders and state structures changed, the connections between old ruling elite families remained intact as invisible family networks, ownership relations, economic collaboration and power of military families. These were the cornerstones of trust, which helped to strengthen positions gained in society. Also, these connections often had a central if unperceivable impact on social development and modernization. Broadly speaking, the intergenerational social reproduction made it possible for this network of connections to remain in power and, as an imperceptible factor, also influenced short-term developments in the long run. Decisions which in the short term appeared unproductive, would in the long run produce cumulative immaterial and material capital across generations as long-term investments. Social mobility, then, is a process which clearly takes several generations to become manifest. The study explores long-term strategies of reproducing and transferring the capital accumulated in multinational elite networks. Also, what was the relationship of these strategies to social change? For the representatives of the military estate the nobility and for those men of the highest estates who had benefited from military training, this very education of a technical-military nature was the key to steering, controlling and dealing with the challenges following the industrial breakthrough. The disintegration of the society of estates and the rising educational standards also increased the influence of those professionals previously excluded, which served to intensify competition for positions of power. The family connections highlighted in this study overlapped in many ways, working side by side and in tandem to manage the economic and political life in Finland, Russia and Sweden. The analysis of these ties has opened up a new angle to economic co-operation, for example, as seen in the position of such family networks not only in Finnish, but also Swedish and Russian corporations and in the long historical background of the collaboration. This also highlights in a new way the role of women in transferring the cumulative social capital and as silent business partners. The marriage strategies evident in business life clearly had an impact on the economic life. The collaborative networks which transcended generations, national boundaries and structures also uncover, as far as the elites are concerned, serious problems in comparative studies conducted from purely national premises. As the same influential families and persons in effect held several leading positions in society, the line would blur between public and invisible uses of power. The power networks thus aimed to build monopolies to secure their key positions at the helm. This study therefore examines the roles of Lennart Gripenberg senator, business executive, superintendent of the Department of Industry, factory inspector, and founding member of industrial interest groups as part of the reproduction strategies of the elite. The family and other networks of the powerful leaders of society, distinguished by social, economic and cultural capital, provided a solid backdrop for the so-called old elites in their quest for strategies to reproducing power in a changing world. Crucially, it was easier for the elites to gain expertise to steer the modernization process and thereby secure for the next generation a leading position in society, something that they traditionally, too, had had the greatest interest in.

Perhetaustan ja sukupuolen yhteys koulunkäyntiin

Finnish education policy has aimed at providing equal educational pathways that level educational opportunities and aims at the equity of participation. Combined with the Finnish welfare state it has succeeded in sustaining social mobility. Yet the adolescents do not necessarily have equal possibilities to achieve these educational positions. Socio-economic differences in Finland are persistent and both education and poverty are still partly inherited. This thesis concentrated on prevailing socio-economic differences on school attendance and on studying the associations between family backgrounds, gender and school attendance. The key question for this thesis was formulated as: What kind of differences in school attendance there can be found among 9th graders from Helsinki according to their family background and their gender? The core data was a school-based survey carried on in Helsinki in 2004. There were two thirds of the schools of Helsinki and 2381 respondents. The questionnaire included questions on young people s school-related experiences, school attendance, school performance and their family. The analysis had three steps: after describing the respondents the associations between school attendance and family background were analyzed using MCA (Multiple Classification Analysis). Finally the associations between school attendance, family and school environment were studied using logistic regression analysis. The results showed that schooling (school attendance) was a variety of attitudes and experiences. The analysis showed also that all the family background factors had an effect on school attendance. From the family background measurements, it seems that the perceived parental support varied most with school attendance. Apart from the school environment factors, each family-related factor is statistically significantly related to two or more school attendance factors, even when adjusted with the school environment factors. There was also a gender-related difference in school attendance. Girls seem to like school attendance more than boys; they do better at school, but are also more worried about school work. Especially the expected associations with the parental educational level, but also with perceived parental support, gender and school attendance, are important results. When they are combined with the support pupils get from firm family structure and employment status it is possible to point out some factors that are relevant when discussing the ways educational achievements are moved to next generations in good and worse.

Smoking from Adolescence to Adulthood : A 15-year Follow-up of the North Karelia Youth Project

The aim of the study was to examine the effects of a smoking prevention program and smoking from early adolescence to early adulthood by using longitudinal data. In addition, predictors of smoking, smoking cessation, and associations of smoking with socio-economic factors and other health behaviours were assessed. The data was gathered in connection with the North Karelia Youth Project follow-up study during 15 years. A two-year cardiovascular disease risk factor prevention program was carried out among students from grades seven to nine in four schools in North Karelia. Two schools were selected from Kuopio province for the control schools. The North Karelia Project, a community-based cardiovascular disease prevention program, was implemented in the same area. At the baseline in 1978 the subjects were 13-year-olds (n=903) and in the following surveys 15-, 16-, 17-, 21- and 28-year-olds. The parents of the subjects were studied twice, in 1978 and 1980. A two-year intervention based on social influence approach prevented the onset of smoking for several years. The continuity of smoking from adolescence to adulthood was strong: most adolescent smokers were still smoking in adulthood. Moreover, approximately half of the 28-year-old smokers had started smoking after the age of 15. Previous smoking status and smoking by friends were the most important predictors of smoking. One third of all adolescent smokers had stopped smoking before the age of 28, averaging at 2.3 % annual decline. The socioeconomic status of the subject and, especially, education were strongly related to smoking, the lower socioeconomic groups smoking the most. Parental socioeconomic status and intergenerational social mobility were not significantly related to the smoking of the subject in adolescence or adulthood. Smoking was associated positively with the use of alcohol and negatively with physical activity from adolescence to adulthood. The results support the feasibility of a school-based social influence program with a community-based program in smoking prevention among adolescents. Strong continuity of smoking from adolescence to adulthood supports the importance of preventing the onset of smoking in adolescence. It would be useful to continue prevention programs also after the comprehensive school, since so many young start smoking after that. It would likewise be important to develop cessation programs tailor-made for adolescents and young adults. Additionally, the results support the importance of using methods based on social influence in smoking prevention and cessation programs, targeting especially such risk groups as those with low socioeconomic status as well as those with other unhealthy behaviours.

Luz, câmera, ação: Cidade de Deus entre histórias e memórias

A tese intitulada Luz, Câmera, Ação: Cidade de Deus, entre histórias e memórias tem por objetivo analisar os processos de segregação e de construção identitária no contexto específico do bairro Cidade de Deus, localizado na Baixada de Jacarepaguá, Zona Oeste do Município do Rio de Janeiro. A pesquisa refere-se à compreensão das dinâmicas sócio-espaciais que envolveram ou estão a envolver a construção de modalidades de segregação e de produção identitária em Cidade de Deus. A tese focaliza também as trajetórias de determinados moradores que, através de estratégias associadas ao uso da linguagem audiovisual e a apropriação das imagens produzidas sobre o bairro, elaboram biografias bem sucedidas. A coleta de material para tese consistiu na realização de trabalho de campo, que incluiu a observação participante, entrevistas, pesquisas em acervos públicos e privados, no período que compreende trinta meses, entre os anos de 2006 a 2009. As noções de projeto, campo de possibilidades e memória são utilizadas como categorias analíticas na compreensão de ações individuais em interação com o contexto social em que se encontram. Ao final, foi possível compreender interações, percursos, alternativas e processos de mobilidade social em espaços periféricos no contexto da sociedade brasileira contemporaneamente.

Os negros ascendentes na região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro: trajetórias e perspectivas

O presente trabalho tem como objeto de estudo homens e mulheres negros que estavam inseridos nos estratos médio e alto da sociedade fluminense. O interesse que fundamenta a pesquisa é compreender a trajetória social destas pessoas. Entender os caminhos que possibilitaram que elas estivessem presentes em níveis sociais pouco acessíveis para a população brasileira em geral, e para a população preta e parda, em especial, é um dos elementos centrais na perspectiva de mapear esta população e os mecanismos sociais que possibilitaram romper com a histórica sobreposição entre cor e estrato social, característica duradoura que as transformações sociais e econômicas não foram capazes de alterar plenamente. Focado na compreensão das trajetórias neste grupo, compreendendo a origem de sua família e o percurso feito para a inserção em uma posição de classe privilegiada ou reprodução desta posição herdada, o presente trabalho reconstrói, através de entrevistas, a trajetória dessas pessoas, dá acesso também ao conjunto das limitações que, eventualmente, possam ter se colocado frente a eles. Ou, quando possível, destaca os elementos importantes de uma configuração social que possibilitou esta inserção privilegiada.

Protagonistas impensáveis; muralha do quase; prestígio subalterno: uma trilogia inspirada por mulheres negras, visibilidades midiáticas, territórios do Rio

No presente estudo, proponho-me a mostrar narrativas de/sobre mulheres negras nascidas e/ou radicadas na cidade do Rio de Janeiro que, por se manifestarem publicamente por intermédio do exercício de práticas artístico-culturais, são contempladas pela visibilidade midiática. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa situada nos campos dos estudos pós-coloniais e dos estudos do cotidiano. Nega Gizza e Tati Quebra Barraco protagonizam a investigação. As narrativas foram coletadas em artefatos culturais midiatizados disponibilizados ao público em geral cotidianamente, ao longo do século XXI. Achados apontam que a cidade do Rio de Janeiro, o lugar do estudo, é um centro propulsor de narrativas, discursos e dispositivos atuantes nacionalmente sobre mulheres negras, os quais mantêm aspectos essencializantes e subalternizantes que sobrepujam supostos fatores positivos que seriam decorrentes de visibilidades, bem como limitam processos de ressignificações identitárias e processos empoderadores. Destacam-se: 1) o discurso sobre a feiura, que se contrapõe ao discurso estético corporal hegemônico; 2) o discurso do corpo negro suspeito. Sendo assim, o dispositivo de transformar negra/o em branca/o embranquecimento continua operando com muita potência na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, em especial tendo em vista aquilo que se espera das mulheres. Tais achados inspiraram a construção da seguinte trilogia: protagonistas impensáveis; muralha do quase; prestígio subalterno. O prestígio subalterno se manifesta por intermédio da mobilidade social restrita a lugares marcados racializados. A muralha do quase é a responsável pela ausência de redes de poder com as quais a população negra possa contar para galgar a mobilidade social. As protagonistas impensáveis são as sujeitas que, por não disporem de atributos ditados pelo discurso da legitimidade estética que merece ser representada, estão interditadas para ocupar o papel principal do espetáculo. Paradoxalmente, no entanto, em algum momento inusitado, elas levantam e falam.

Estudar à noite e trabalhar de dia: desafios de quem deseja prosseguir com os estudos no Instituto Multidisciplinar da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro em Nova Iguaçu.

É urgente a necessidade da maior inclusão social dos estudantes que articulam a rotina de trabalho diurno e a educação formal noturna, objetivando melhorar as condições de vida através de aumentar oportunidades no mercado de trabalho. Por ser tema de extrema relevância social, a presente pesquisa busca compreender os desafios de alunos matriculados em cursos de Ensino Superior noturno no Instituto Multidisciplinar da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, destacando o processo de democratização do acesso e a permanência de jovens de camadas populares em quatro cursos de graduação. Descrevemos políticas públicas de acesso e de permanência dos estudantes nos cursos superiores noturnos de Pedagogia, História, Matemática e Administração, tendo em vista contribuir com a discussão da real efetividade destes cursos para a democratização da educação superior. O procedimento metodológico é a investigação qualitativa em estudo de caso. Nesta pesquisa, foram contatadas pessoas chave da universidade, aplicados 361 questionários e entrevistados 39 alunos de quatro cursos escolhidos. Os resultados relacionados aos fatores sociais que impõem o caráter compulsório do trabalho ao estudante universitário confirmaram que o jovem, dos cursos noturnos estudados deste Instituto Multidisciplinar, em geral, tem dificuldades de gerenciar sua vida para contemplar as diversas demandas, isto é, as sociais, familiares, educacionais e laborais. O jovem estudado costuma ter um perfil de vulnerabilidade socioeconômica. Os resultados também mostram em alguns discursos dos entrevistados alguns desafios de conciliar o curso noturno com a vida de trabalho. Assim, os resultados também revelam a necessidade de que mais recursos sejam destinados a programas com alunos com o perfil de vulnerabilidade socioeconômica. Apesar do perfil heterogêneo dos alunos desta pesquisa, os resultados apontam também que muitos aproveitam a oportunidade de continuidade de escolarização conciliando o trabalho diurno com a educação noturna. A opção destes por cursos de licenciaturas, como os de Matemática, História e Pedagogia, é atrativa pela maior facilidade de acesso devido a serem carreiras menos disputadas no ingresso à universidade pública. Embora a profissão docente em nossa sociedade não ofereça elevado prestígio social, ter a formação e o diploma de Ensino Superior ainda é para muitos jovens, uma possível trajetória que pode levar a mobilidade social. Assim, as políticas públicas precisam melhor atender os jovens deste segmento populacional que deseja estudar e trabalhar com educação.

Tão longe, tão perto: pretos e pardos e o enigma racial brasileiro

Até meados da década de 1970 buscou-se decifrar o lugar social ocupado pelo pardo na sociedade brasileira. Contudo, os estudos mais recentes se caracterizaram, com algumas exceções, pelo silenciamento em torno das especificidades desse grupo. Pretos e pardos têm sido agrupados em uma mesma categoria para fins de análise de desigualdades e discriminação racial. No entanto, se os pardos estão extremamente próximos dos pretos no que toca os seus índices socioeconômicos, chances de mobilidade social e vitimização pela discriminação, eles estão muito distantes dos pretos em sua percepção do preconceito e da discriminação de que são vítimas. Para esse grupo, o nexo entre a cor e a discriminação não parece nem um pouco evidente. A presente tese retoma os pardos como tema de reflexão e investiga as razões pelas quais eles parecem ser discriminados em intensidade próxima à dos pretos, mas não reportam a discriminação no mesmo grau. A partir da produção de análises originais de dados quantitativos e surveys sobre racismo, encontro respaldo para algumas explicações não mutuamente excludentes para esse fenômeno: (1) o binarismo das linguagens racista e antirracista no Brasil, que exclui os pardos do debate público, (2) os problemas metodológicos dos surveys sobre discriminação racial, (3) a presença ideário da morenidade na identidade e autoimagem dos brasileiros pardos, (4) as peculiaridades da sociabilidade entre pretos, pardos e brancos, (5) o caráter ambivalente dos estereótipos que incidem sobre os pardos e, finalmente, (6) uma porosidade maior das elites brancas em relação a esses indivíduos. A partir da elaboração de um modelo alternativo de mensuração da percepção da discriminação, baseado na Escala de Discriminação Cotidiana, demonstro que pretos e pardos de classes mais baixas têm percepções mais parecidas de atitudes discriminatórias, enquanto aqueles que atingem as classes médias e elites passam a divergir: os pretos passam a reportar mais intensamente a discriminação, enquanto os pardos praticamente cessam de senti-la. Sustento que o racismo ambivalente brasileiro funciona de modo a barrar a mobilidade social tanto de pretos como de pardos, mas que os estereótipos e atitudes a que ele está relacionado penalizam mais severamente os pretos que ascendem socialmente do que os pardos.

O movimento da discórdia

De forma breve, o autor analisa a abrangência do conceito de mobilidade social, à luz de um corpo teórico multivariado e, igualmente, com base na percepção empírica decorrente das suas próprias investigações sobre a "avaliação" que os naturais fazem aos emigrantes na terra de origem. Briefly, the author analises the social mobility concept´s broadness, using as suport several theoretical approaches and his own work on the local inhabitants´"evaluation" of the emigrants.

Nations' income inequality predicts ambivalence in stereotype content: How societies mind the gap

Income inequality undermines societies: The more inequality, the more health problems, social tensions, and the lower social mobility, trust, life expectancy. Given people's tendency to legitimate existing social arrangements, the stereotype content model (SCM) argues that ambivalence-perceiving many groups as either warm or competent, but not both-may help maintain socio-economic disparities. The association between stereotype ambivalence and income inequality in 37 cross-national samples from Europe, the Americas, Oceania, Asia, and Africa investigates how groups' overall warmth-competence, status-competence, and competition-warmth correlations vary across societies, and whether these variations associate with income inequality (Gini index). More unequal societies report more ambivalent stereotypes, whereas more equal ones dislike competitive groups and do not necessarily respect them as competent. Unequal societies may need ambivalence for system stability: Income inequality compensates groups with partially positive social images. © 2012 The British Psychological Society.

Anti-Semitism in France: Past and present

This article discusses the so-called newness of today's antisemitism through the historical and social specificities of antisemitism in French society. It casts light on the continuities of antisemitic discourse in France, but also its transformation in relation to the French colonial heritage and the recent ‘communitarianisation’ of France's social life. This analysis of antisemitism is furthered by the presentation of two case-studies: the controversial discourses of comedian Dieudonné and Kémi Séba, leader of a black supremacist movement called Tribu KA which stirred controversies in the 2000s. These two examples emphasise the fact that antisemitic discourse is better understood as a narrative about downward social mobility and status, which hardly makes antisemitism new.

Poverty, ethnicity and international migrants to Northern Ireland: New opportunities or new vulnerabilities?

This briefing provides a brief overview of recent patterns and processes of migration to Northern Ireland and to identify the major challenges arising for society. It is based on primary research conducted by the author during 2013 that consisted mainly of focus groups and interviews with individual migrants. This briefing paper proceeds as follows: it identifies the key features of recent migration to Northern Ireland before presenting evidence from the research to show the experiences of migrants in the labour market. The key policy questions to be considered will be the role of the state and civil society for building positive inter-group relations and the opportunities that exist for migrants to achieve economic and social mobility.