Stressor categorization : acute physical and psychological stressors elicit distinctive recruitment patterns in the amygdala and in medullary noradrenergic cell groups

It has been hypothesized that the brain categorizes stressors and utilizes neural response pathways that vary in accordance with the assigned category. If this is true, stressors should elicit patterns of neuronal activation within the brain that are category-specific. Data from previous immediate–early gene expression mapping studies have hinted that this is the case, but interstudy differences in methodology render conclusions tenuous. In the present study, immunolabelling for the expression of c-fos was used as a marker of neuronal activity elicited in the rat brain by haemorrhage, immune challenge, noise, restraint and forced swim. All stressors elicited c-fos expression in 25–30% of hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus corticotrophin-releasing-factor cells, suggesting that these stimuli were of comparable strength, at least with regard to their ability to activate the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. In the amygdala, haemorrhage and immune challenge both elicited c-fos expression in a large number of neurons in the central nucleus of the amygdala, whereas noise, restraint and forced swim primarily elicited recruitment of cells within the medial nucleus of the amygdala. In the medulla, all stressors recruited similar numbers of noradrenergic (A1 and A2) and adrenergic (C1 and C2) cells. However, haemorrhage and immune challenge elicited c-fos expression in subpopulations of A1 and A2 noradrenergic cells that were significantly more rostral than those recruited by noise, restraint or forced swim. The present data support the suggestion that the brain recognizes at least two major categories of stressor, which we have referred to as ‘physical’ and ‘psychological’. Moreover, the present data suggest that the neural activation footprint that is left in the brain by stressors can be used to determine the category to which they have been assigned by the brain.

Estudo da distribuição e dos territórios das artérias cerebrais rostral, média e caudal e cerebelares rostral, média e caudal na superfície do encéfalo em Didelphis albiventris (Gambá).

Estudaram-se as artérias cerebrais e cerebelares rostral, média e caudal na superfície do encéfalo de 30 Didelphis albiventris, 14 machos e 16 fêmeas, com o sistema arterial preenchido com Látex 603 pigmentado, e fixados em formol 20%. Sistematizaram-se as artérias e seus principais ramos, determinando a área territorial de irrigação, e as principais variações. A artéria cerebral rostral apresentou-se, à direita em 100% das peças e à esquerda esteve presente em 96,7% e ausente em 3,3% dos casos. Dividiu-se em ramo medial, tronco hemisférico rostral, e ramo lateral, artéria lateral do bulbo olfatório, presentes em 100% das amostras, bilateralmente. O tronco hemisférico rostral bifurcou-se em ramo rostral, artéria medial do bulbo olfatório, presente em todas as peças em ambos os antímeros, e ramo caudal, artéria inter-hemisférica rostral. Esta originou-se conforme o padrão em 90% dos casos à direita e em 86,7% à esquerda, nas amostras restantes teve origem de um ramo emitido pelo antímero oposto. A artéria cerebral média, presente em todos os casos nos dois antímeros, apresentou os seguintes ramos colaterais: ramos ventrorostrais presentes em 66,7% preparações; ramo ventrocaudal medial para o lobo piriforme, presente em 100% das amostras à direita e em 83,3% à esquerda; ramo ventrocaudal lateral para o lobo piriforme, presente em 100% das peças nos dois antímeros; Iº ramo hemisférico dorsolateral presente em 93,3% dos encéfalos à direita, e em 90% à esquerda; IIº ramo hemisférico dorsolateral presente em 36,6% das peças bilateralmente; ramo dorso-rostral presente à direita em 56,7% das amostras e à esquerda em 80% das preparações. A artéria cerebral média continua-se como ramo terminal em todos os casos, bilateralmente. A artéria cerebral caudal, presente bilateralmente em todas as peças, originou: ramo hemisférico tentorial em 83,3% dos casos à direita e em 80% à esquerda, este ramo originou-se da artéria comunicante caudal em 10% das peças nos dois antímeros ou ainda originou-se do tronco cerebral médio-rostral em 6,7% à direita e em 10% das preparações à esquerda; artéria tectal rostral à direita ímpar em 96,7% e dupla em 3,3% dos casos e à esquerda ímpar em 100% das peças. O ramo terminal da artéria cerebral caudal originou a artéria inter-hemisférica caudal em 93,3% das amostras à direita e em 86,7% à esquerda. A artéria cerebelar rostral originou-se como continuação natural do ramo terminal da artéria basilar em 93,3% dos casos, bilateralmente, percorrendo as faces rostral e dorsal dos hemisférios cerebelares , formando por sobre estes uma alça. Em 6,7% das amostras não formou uma alça. A artéria tectal caudal apresentou-se à direita ímpar em 83,3% e dupla em 16,7% das peças, à esquerda ímpar em 86,7%, dupla em 10% e ausente em 3,3% das amostras. A artéria cerebelar média à direita mostrou-se dupla em 70% e ímpar em 30% das peças, à esquerda, dupla em 56,7% e ímpar em 43,3% dos achados. A artéria cerebelar caudal apresentou-se à direita ímpar em 93,3% e dupla em 6,7% das peças e à esquerda ímpar em 86,7% e dupla em 13,3% das amostras.

Sistematização das artérias da base do encéfalo, rede admirável epidural rostral e caudal e suas fontes de suprimento em javali (Sus scrofa scrofa)

A. basilar ímpar e com diminuição de calibre, na altura da ponte (100%); A. cerebelar caudal D e E, ímpar (100%); A. cerebelar média D e E, ímpar (96,7%) e dupla (3,3%). Observou-se que o círculo arterial cerebral do javali foi fechado tanto rostral como caudalmente (100%). O encéfalo foi suprido principalmente pelas Aa. carótidas internas e seus ramos as Aa. occipitais e condilares, via RAER e RAEC, com uma pequena contribuição através de ramos das Aa. vertebral e espinhal ventral, especialmente para o rombencéfalo.

Ionotropic glutamatergic receptors in the rostral medullary raphe modulate hypoxia and hypercapnia-induced hyperpnea

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Opioid mu-receptors in the rostral medullary raphe modulate hypoxia-induced hyperpnea in unanesthetized rats

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF PROBABLE INTRAVASCULAR HEMATOPOIESIS IN THE VASA RECTAE OF THE RENAL MEDULLA IN ACUTE TUBULAR-NECROSIS

Immunohistochemistry was applied to identify the nature of the nucleated cells that accumulate in the vasa rectae of the corticomedullary junction in acute tubular necrosis. In all 6 cases studied, there were intravascular cells that reacted with monoclonal antibodies to erythroblast, macrophages, myeloid cells, T and B lymphocytes and rave megakaryocytes. The findings are consistent with the occurrence of intravascular haematopoiesis in the renal medulla in acute tubular necrosis.

Ventrolateral periaqueductal gray lesion attenuates nociception but does not change anxiety-like indices or fear-induced antinociception in mice

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Immunohistochemical characterisation of probable intravascular haematopoiesis in the vasa rectae of the renal medulla in acute tubular necrosis

Immunohistochemistry was applied to identify the nature of the nucleated cells that accumulate in the vasa rectae of the corticomedullary junction in acute tubular necrosis. In all 6 cases studied, there were intravascular cells that reacted with monoclonal antibodies to erythroblast, macrophages, myeloid cells, T and B lymphocytes and rare megakaryocytes. The findings are consistent with the occurrence of intravascular haematopoiesis in the renal medulia in acute tubular necrosis.

A precautionary tale when describing species in a world of invaders: Morphology, coloration and genetics demonstrate that Lysmata rauli is not a new species endemic to Brazil but a junior synonym of the Indo-Pacific L. vittata

The objective of this study was to investigate morphological variation in traits of systematic relevance and the phylogenetic position, ecology, and reproductive biology of the shrimp Lysmata rauli Laubenheimer and Rhyne, 2010 (Caridea: Hippolytidae), described based only on a single specimen collected in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. We analyzed a total of 89 specimens from Camamu Bay, Bahia (n = 88) and from S3o Vicente estuary, São Paulo (n = 1). Considerable morphological variation was detected in the rostral spine series, number of segments on the carpus and merus of pereiopod 2, number of spiniform setae on the ventrolateral margin of merus and on the ventral margin of propodus of pereiopods 3-5. Importantly, L rauli can be distinguished neither using morphology, nor coloration from the Indo-Pacific L. vittata (Stimpson, 1860). Furthermore, molecular phylogenetic analyses (using the 16S mt DNA fragment) did not reveal any considerable genetic dissimilarities between L rauli and L vittata. Thus, our results clearly indicate that L rauli is not a new species but a junior synonym of L vittata. The high density observed within the structures of oyster farming indicates that the invasive L vittata lives in crowds in Brazil. The studied population was composed of males, hermaphrodites, and transitional individuals (having characteristics of males and hermaphrodites). The above information suggests that L rauli is a protandric simultaneous hermaphrodite, as it has been observed in all species of Lysmata that have been investigated. Lysmata vittata has invaded the southwestern Atlantic and is present in Bahia, Rio de Janeiro and S3o Paulo, Brazil. © The Crustacean Society, 2013. Published by Brill NV, Leiden.

Ameloblastoma mandibular rostral em um cão

Odontogenics tumors are uncommon in the dog. Ameloblastoma is considered a benign, aggressive and non-inductive odontogenic neoplasia commonly located in the incisor teeth. Its conclusive diagnosis is obtained by histopathological examination. Due to the expansive nature of this neoplasia, its resection needs to have an adequate surgical margin so it will have excellent prognostics. A canine, male, Pekingese, 8 years old had an increased volume in the rostral region of the mandible, adhered, consistency moderately firm. Radiography revealed extensive mandibular bone lysis caused by the neoplasia. Biopsy identified the tumor as ameloblastoma. Combining data from the clinical, radiographic and histopatological study and after explain to the owner regarding the postoperative esthetic it was held a bilateral rostral mandibulectomy. The fragment removed was assessed radiographically and histopathologically for evidence of tumor at its edges. The patient is active and healthy without evidence of metastasis or recurrence. The radiographic and histopathologic evaluation of edges of the fragment showed no tumor evidence. The patient is active and healthy without evidence of metastasis or recurrence since January 2010 when mandibulectomy was performed.

Ultrassonografia transcraniana em cães adultos hígidos: padronização da técnica, aspectos anatômicos e biométricos

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Effects of lithium on the proliferation and migration of neuroblasts in the rostral migratory stream in adult mice

The discovery of neurogenesis in adult brains opened the possibility of cellular therapy strategies for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease. Neurogenesis in the adult brain occurs in two areas: subgranular zone of the hippocampus and subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles. Neurons that originate from the SVZ migrate to the olfactory bulb (OB) through the rostral migratory stream (RMS). In Alzheimer’s disease, there is a progressive neuronal dysfunction and degeneration, resulting in brain atrophy and cognitive impairments including olfactory dysfunction. Several studies have demonstrated that pharmacological treatment with lithium exerts positive effects on adult neurogenesis, and one pathway seems to be the modulation of factors that regulate the migration of neuroblasts. The objective of this study was to investigate whether treatment with lithium promotes the increase of migratory neuroblasts using as parameter the RMS. Adult male C57BL/6 mice were divided into control and lithium-treated groups. The animals were treated for 6 weeks and, at four different time points, i.e., 10 days, 7 days, 3 days and 1 day before the end of treatments, they received an injection of BrdU (cell proliferation marker). The animals were sacrificed by perfusion fixation and the brains were immunohistochemically labeled for BrdU for analysis of migrating neuroblasts in the RMS. The results showed that the number of BrdU+ cells in the RMS was not significantly different between the two groups, suggesting that lithium, alone, is not capable of increasing the number of neuroblasts migrating from the SVZ to the OB