An approach to verifying and debugging simulation models governed by ordinary differential equations: Part 1. Methodology for residual generation

For dynamic simulations to be credible, verification of the computer code must be an integral part of the modelling process. This two-part paper describes a novel approach to verification through program testing and debugging. In Part 1, a methodology is presented for detecting and isolating coding errors using back-to-back testing. Residuals are generated by comparing the output of two independent implementations, in response to identical inputs. The key feature of the methodology is that a specially modified observer is created using one of the implementations, so as to impose an error-dependent structure on these residuals. Each error can be associated with a fixed and known subspace, permitting errors to be isolated to specific equations in the code. It is shown that the geometric properties extend to multiple errors in either one of the two implementations. Copyright (C) 2003 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.

Os ‘intrusos’ e os ‘outros’ quebrando o aquário e mudando os horizontes: as relações de raça e classe na implementação das cotas sociais no processo seletivo para cursos de graduação da UFES

A pesquisa desta tese investiga as mediações das categorias de raça e de classe social no processo de implementação do modelo de cotas sociais da Ufes para ingresso nos cursos de graduação, entre 2006 a 2012, como parte das ações afirmativas dessa universidade. Tal modelo, para incluir a população afro-brasileira no ensino superior do Espírito Santo, respeitou estritamente os critérios de renda e de origem escolar pública, não adotando o critério étnico-racial que contemplaria especificamente os negros e os indígenas. Diante disso, o autor busca sustentar a tese de que, considerando o padrão das relações raciais brasileiras produtor de assimetrias entre grupos com marcas raciais distintas, no caso de negros e brancos, as desigualdades raciais têm na operacionalização do racismo seu mote ofensivo e poderoso, ao mesmo tempo em que a classe social isolada é insuficiente na compreensão e superação do problema racial do Brasil. Portanto, na adoção de políticas de combate às desigualdades raciais no ensino superior, caberia também a utilização de medidas etnicamente referenciadas. Autores como Hall (2008) e Fraser (2006), ao trazerem a dimensão articulada e bifocal das injustiças simbólicas e das injustiças econômicas, permitem entender a complementaridade e as dinâmicas entre ambas, deslocando-se de determinismos classistas que invisibilizam o racismo como instrumento opressor nas relações sociais. Como objetivos específicos, considera: compreender o processo de construção do modelo de cotas da Ufes, para ingresso nos cursos de graduação implementado em 2008, sob a perspectiva do debate da relação entre raça e classe; examinar as políticas de ações afirmativas como respostas às demandas históricas dos afro-brasileiros no contexto da sociedade brasileira; avaliar a posição de professores e alunos de cursos de graduação da Ufes diante do ingresso de alunos cotistas, sobretudo afro-brasileiros e pobres; e investigar a relação das políticas classistas, no caso específico das cotas sociais, na superação das assimetrias raciais. Adota como procedimentos metodológicos a metodologia dialética de pesquisa considerando todas as contradições entre raça e classe no processo de implementação de ações afirmativas na Ufes. Como instrumentos de pesquisa, utiliza entrevistas de professores e alunos cotistas e não cotistas de cursos variados da universidade, assim como documentos referentes à temática. Os resultados apontam para uma “oxigenação” da universidade depois de uma entrada maior de negros e pobres, principalmente nos cursos mais elitizados, pois as cotas operam uma dimensão pedagógica de ampliar a diversidade social na academia, trazendo outras demandas, outras 10 afetividades, outras lógicas de mundo e concepções de sociedade para a única universidade pública do Espírito Santo. Indica que os mecanismos discriminatórios e estigmatizantes interpessoais e institucionais, vividos no contexto das cotas sociais e explícitos na pesquisa, não inviabilizam a importância das ações afirmativas, pois apontam para a universidade repensar e ressignificar seus currículos e ações pedagógicas homogeneizantes no sentido de ampliar a ideia de inclusão e de democratização de seus espaços. Reitera que a raça, em seu viés político e cultural, é operante de forma relacional e independente com a classe social no contexto da produção das assimetrias raciais brasileiras, de maneira que a ação de uma não nega a ação da outra, mesmo na relação entre ambas. Enfatiza a importância do entendimento e da materialidade das ações afirmativas como políticas de reconhecimento que combateriam as desigualdades simbólicas na Ufes. Aponta a relevância das políticas de assistência estudantil, conjugadas às cotas, como políticas de redistribuição econômica, que lidariam com as dificuldades ou ausências materiais dos discentes, principalmente dos cotistas. Conclui que as cotas étnico-raciais nas universidades brasileiras são instrumentos legítimos de luta pela educação, um direito social de oportunidade dos grupos historicamente apartados de princípios constituidores da emancipação, da cidadania, dos direitos humanos, da justiça social, da igualdade e da diferença.

Optimizing electrode positioning in 3-lead ECG chest devices

Although the 12-lead electrocardiogram has become an essential medical and research tool, many current and envisaged applications would benefit from simpler devices, using 3-lead ECG configuration. This is particularly true for Ambient Assisted Living (in a broad perspective). However, the chest anatomy of female patients, namely during pregnancy, can hamper the adequate placement of a 3-lead ECG device and, very often, electrodes are placed below the chest rather than at the precise thoracic landmarks. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the effect of electrode positioning on the ECG signal of pregnant women and provide guidelines for device development. The effect of breast tissue on the ECG signal was investigated by relating breast size with the signal-to-noise ratio, root mean square and R-wave amplitude. Results show that the 3-lead ECG should be placed on the breast rather than under the breast and indicate positive correlation between breast size and signal-to-noise ratio.

A Methodology for GUI Layer Redefinition Through Virtualization and Computer Vision

Nowadays despite improvements in usability and intuitiveness users have to adapt to the proposed systems to satisfy their needs. For instance, they must learn how to achieve tasks, how to interact with the system, and fulfill system's specifications. This paper proposes an approach to improve this situation enabling graphical user interface redefinition through virtualization and computer vision with the aim of increasing the system's usability. To achieve this goal the approach is based on enriched task models, virtualization and picture-driven computing.

Automation & control remote laboratory: evaluating a cooperative methodology

This paper presents a study carried out in order to evaluate the students' perception in the development and use of remote Control and Automation education kits developed by two Universities. Three projects, based on real world environments, were implemented, being local and remotely operated. Students implemented the kits using the theoretical and practical knowledge, being the teachers a catalyst in the learning process. When kits were operational, end-user students got acquainted to the kits in the course curricula units. It is the author's believe that successful results were achieved not only in the learning progress on the Automation and Control fields (hard skills) but also on the development of the students soft skills, leading to encouraging and rewarding goals, motivating their future decisions and promoting synergies in their work. The design of learning experimental kits by students, under teacher supervision, for future use in course curricula by enduser students is an advantageous and rewarding experience.

Application of Gage R&R methodology for improving the training and evaluation of automatic optical inspection machine operators

The current level of demand by customers in the electronics industry requires the production of parts with an extremely high level of reliability and quality to ensure complete confidence on the end customer. Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) machines have an important role in the monitoring and detection of errors during the manufacturing process for printed circuit boards. These machines present images of products with probable assembly mistakes to an operator and him decide whether the product has a real defect or if in turn this was an automated false detection. Operator training is an important aspect for obtaining a lower rate of evaluation failure by the operator and consequently a lower rate of actual defects that slip through to the following processes. The Gage R&R methodology for attributes is part of a Six Sigma strategy to examine the repeatability and reproducibility of an evaluation system, thus giving important feedback on the suitability of each operator in classifying defects. This methodology was already applied in several industry sectors and services at different processes, with excellent results in the evaluation of subjective parameters. An application for training operators of AOI machines was developed, in order to be able to check their fitness and improve future evaluation performance. This application will provide a better understanding of the specific training needs for each operator, and also to accompany the evolution of the training program for new components which in turn present additional new difficulties for the operator evaluation. The use of this application will contribute to reduce the number of defects misclassified by the operators that are passed on to the following steps in the productive process. This defect reduction will also contribute to the continuous improvement of the operator evaluation performance, which is seen as a quality management goal.

Methodology for the Comparative Analysis of Sustainable Evaluation of LUDA

LUDA is a research project of Key Action 4 "City of Tomorrow & Cultural Heritage" of the programme "Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development" within the Fifth Framework Programme of the European Commission

Combining the rational and relational perspectives of electronic trading

Many organisations make extensive use of electronic linkages to facilitate their trading exchanges with partners such as suppliers, distributors and customers. This research explores how the use of inter-organisational systems (IOS) both affects, and is affected by, the relationships between trading partners. In doing this, it brings together two existing but distinct perspectives and literatures; the rational view informed by IOS research, and the behavioural or relationship perspective embodied in inter-organisational relationships (IOR) literature. The research was undertaken in the European paper industry by means of six dyadic case studies. The dyads studied covered both traditional electronic data interchange systems and newer e-marketplace environments. A framework was derived from existing literature that integrates the two perspectives of interest. The framework was used to analyse the case studies undertaken and enabled the inter-relationship between IOS use and IOR to be explained.

A blockmodel study of managerial hierarchies, verbal networks, and organizational culture in four hospitals

This study demonstrates and applies a social network methodology for studying the dynamics of hierarchies in organizations. Social network (blockmodel) analysis of verbal networks in four hospitals contrasted hierarchical and structurally equivalent partitions of the sociomatrices of frequent ties and perceptions of organizational culture. It was found that the verbal networks in these organizations follow a center periphery pattern rather than a hierarchical logic and that perceptions of culture vary more by verbal network than by formal hierarchy. The perceptions of culture of central groups in one organization are much like those of peripheral groups in another. In all four hospitals, structurally equivalent social networks are more important in predicting subcultures than are hierarchical groupings and hierarchy has a limited impact on the development of verbal networks. These findings suggest the value of an amoeba rather than a pyramid metaphor in interpreting the cultures and relational structures of organizations.

O conceito de valor para o consumidor : uma análise sob a óptica da metodologia Laddering

RESUMO: O constructo de customer value é aquele que melhor explica o comportamento do consumidor, uma vez que o seu objectivo é o de entender como os consumidores traduzem os atributos e consequências do uso de um produto em valores pessoais relevantes. A metodologia laddering, que tem como base a teoria das cadeias meios-fim, é um elemento teórico que se considera consistente para estabelecer a relação entre os atributos e os valores do consumidor. Esta dissertação pretende demonstrar a exequibilidade da metodologia laddering em estudos sobre o valor para o consumidor, percebendo quais são as vantagens e limitações do seu uso. É conclusivo que este método, através da construção de cadeias A-C-V, proporciona elementos de estudo que permitem a visualização de hierarquia de valores produzida pelos consumidores, função dos critérios de escolha destes durante e após um processo de compra. A aplicabilidade desta metodologia na perspectiva do valor para o cliente, permite a utilização dos seus resultados num conjunto de áreas específicas do marketing, das quais destacamos a segmentação e análise de mercado, a avaliação do posicionamento de produtos e marcas, a avaliação da publicidade e o desenvolvimento de estratégias de comunicação. ABSTRACT: The customer value construct is the one that best explains the consumer behavior, since its purpose is to understand how consumers translate the attributes and consequences of the use of a product in relevant personal values. The laddering methodology, which is based on the theory of means-end chains, is a theoretical element that is considered consistent for establish the relationship between attributes and consumer values. This thesis attempts to demonstrate the feasibility of the laddering methodology in studies about the value for the consumer, knowing what are the advantages and limitations of its use. It is conclusive that this method, by building chains A-C-V, provides elements of study that allows the visualization of the values hierarchy produced by consumers, according to the criteria of their choice during and after a purchase process. The applicability of this methodology from the perspective of customer value, allows the use of their results in a number of specific areas of marketing, which we emphasize the segmentation and market analysis, evaluation of product and branding positioning, evaluation of advertising and development of communication strategies.

Geographical stratification by socio-economic status: methodology from a household survey with elderly people in S. Paulo, Brazil

Considering that in most developing countries there are still no comprehensive lists of addresses for a given geographical area, there has always been a problem in drawing samples from the community, ensuring randomisation in the selection of the subjects. This article discusses the geographical stratification by socio-economic status used to draw a multistage random sample from a community-based elderly population living in a city like S. Paulo - Brazil. Particular attention is given to the fact that the proportion of elderly people in the total population of a certain area appeared to be a good discriminatory variable for such stratification. The validity of the stratification method is analysed in the light of the socio-economic results obtained in the survey.

Exposure assessment: the influence of environmental monitoring methodology

Exposure assessment is an important step of risk assessment process and has evolved more quickly than perhaps any aspect of the four-step risk paradigm (hazard identification, exposure assessment, dose-response analysis, and risk characterization). Nevertheless, some epidemiological studies have associated adverse health effects to a chemical exposure with an inadequate or absent exposure quantification. In addition to the metric used, the truly representation of exposure by measurements depends on: the strategy of sampling, random collection of measurements, and similarity between the measured and unmeasured exposure groups. Two environmental monitoring methodologies for formaldehyde occupational exposure were used to assess the influence of metric selection in exposure assessment and, consequently, in risk assessment process.

Elements of a methodology to assess the alignment of core-values in collaborative networks

Collaborative networks are typically formed by heterogeneous and autonomous entities, and thus it is natural that each member has its own set of core-values. Since these values somehow drive the behaviour of the involved entities, the ability to quickly identify partners with compatible or common core-values represents an important element for the success of collaborative networks. However, tools to assess or measure the level of alignment of core-values are lacking. Since the concept of 'alignment' in this context is still ill-defined and shows a multifaceted nature, three perspectives are discussed. The first one uses a causal maps approach in order to capture, structure, and represent the influence relationships among core-values. This representation provides the basis to measure the alignment in terms of the structural similarity and influence among value systems. The second perspective considers the compatibility and incompatibility among core-values in order to define the alignment level. Under this perspective we propose a fuzzy inference system to estimate the alignment level, since this approach allows dealing with variables that are vaguely defined, and whose inter-relationships are difficult to define. Another advantage provided by this method is the possibility to incorporate expert human judgment in the definition of the alignment level. The last perspective uses a belief Bayesian network method, and was selected in order to assess the alignment level based on members' past behaviour. An example of application is presented where the details of each method are discussed.