Supplemental Data - Bioremediation of polluted air from an industrial plant using rotating biofilter reactor-based technology

Two microbial isolates (HDB, Hydrogen-Degrading Bacteria) obtained from industrial wastewater were inoculated into the rotating biofilter reactor 'Biowheel 2.0' and tested for the ability to purify gaseous flows containing benzene and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) released at an industrial plant. Different classes of gaseous flow were tested, namely 'cold box', 'in shell', and 'mix', all of them associated with the industrial process of 'mold-casting'. A significant increase in Removal Efficiency (RE) was recorded for benzene and NMVOCs in the inoculated 'Biowheel 2.0' biofilter, compared to uninoculated control. For each type of gaseous flow, odor impact was evaluated in the inlet and outlet flows at the industrial plant, using the test panel method and electronic nose technology. A significant drop in the amount of Olfactometric Units (O.U.) m-3 occurred in the gaseous flows treated with the bacterial consortium. The reported data demonstrate the ability of the consortium to degrade hydrocarbons, revealing its potential for bioremediation of polluted air emissions occurring at industrial plants.

Aplicación de un tratamiento biológico a las aguas residuales provenientes de una destilería de alcohol de caña, utilizando un reactor UASB

En este trabajo se llevó a cabo el tratamiento de vinazas mediante dos tecnologías anaerobias. Se dividió en cuatro estudios técnicos. El primero fue el arranque y estabilización del reactor UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket), en dónde se evaluó la estabilización mediante la eficiencia de remoción de DQO y la granulación del lodo. El segundo estudio evaluó el rendimiento del reactor UASB frente a diferentes Cva. El tercer estudio evaluó el efecto del TRH sobre la eficiencia del reactor UASB, y el cuarto de ellos fue evaluar el rendimiento del RABF (Reactor Anaerobio de Biomasa Fija). El reactor UASB de 2,6 L de capacidad, fue arrancado por lotes, con seis ensayos utilizando vinaza como sustrato. Se obtuvieron eficiencias de remoción en DQO en un rango de 79-91%, en los seis lotes. Se obtuvo formación de gránulos con diámetro (Ø) de 0,85-1,15 mm y un coeficiente de esfericidad (Є) de 0,7-0,77. Se logró la granulación de lodos tras 2 meses de operación. Alcanzada la estabilización del reactor UASB, se siguió una operación en flujo continuo. Las Cva probadas de 1, 2, 4 y 6 gDQO/L.d para el reactor UASB dan una respuesta bastante favorable con respecto al rendimiento del reactor, ya que presento eficiencias de remoción de DQOs del 51 hasta el 76%, eficiencias similares a los reportados por la literatura. En el estudio de TRH se operó con Cva de 6 gDQO/L.d y los TRH fueron de 24, 12 ,5 ,3 y 1 día. El % de eliminación de DQO fue de 51, 60, 57, 60 y 63 % remoción en DQOsoluble, respectivamente. Se alcanzó una producción de biogás máximo de 5.283 ml/d, pero al reducir el TRH se observó una reducción proporcional del volumen total de biogás. El %CH4 contenido en el biogás aumento al disminuir el TRH, reflejando valores de 80 al 92 % de CH4. El RABF con un volumen de 8,2 L, utilizo tubos de plástico corrugado como medio de soporte para las bacterias. Se aplicaron las siguientes Cva; 0,5, 1, 3 y 6 gDQO/L.d. El reactor RABF presento una excelente remoción de la materia orgánica (80% DQOs), una producción de biogás estable, y un contenido en CH4 del biogás muy interesante. Sin embargo, para una Cva superior a 3 gDQO/L.d empezó un comportamiento inesperado de reducción de capacidad. Las condiciones hidrodinámicas del reactor UASB son decisivas para la formación de los gránulos, condición previa para iniciar el flujo continuo. Al operar el reactor UASB en modo continuo, se pudo evaluar las mejores condiciones de operación para este tipo de residuo (vinaza). La Cva de 6 gDQO/L.d para el reactor UASB alimentado con vinaza bruta representa el límite de su capacidad. Sin embargo, al aumentar la Cva se genera una mayor producción de biogás y metano. La eficiencia de remoción de la DQO soluble es independiente del TRH, para una Cva de 6 g DQO/L•d y las condiciones de TRH probadas (24, 12, 5, 3 y 1 días). Los valores de remoción de DQO alcanzados son un poco superior a los valores de biodegradabilidad anaerobia de la vinaza observados de 50 %. De manera general, la reducción del TRH o bien la dilución de la vinaza no presenta un efecto significativo sobre la remoción de la materia orgánica soluble, pero si lo presenta en la remoción de sulfatos reduciendo indirectamente su toxicidad. El soporte termoplástico inoculado en el RABF y alimentado con vinaza bruta, actuó como un filtro, además de obtener buenos resultados en eliminación de DQO, pero dada las dimensiones y la altura del relleno se frena la evacuación del metano. This work was carried out by treatment vinasses with two anaerobic technologies. It was divided into four technical studies. The first was the start up and stabilization Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor, where the stability was evaluated by the removal efficiency of COD and sludge granulation. The second study evaluated the performance of the UASB reactor against different OLR. The third study evaluated the effect of HRT on the efficiency of the UASB reactor, and the fourth of which was evaluate the performance Fixed Biomass Anaerobic (FBA) reactor. The UASB reactor of 2,6 L capacity, was started in batch, with six assays using vinasse as substrate. Were obtained removal efficiencies of COD in the range of 79- 91% in the six batches. Forming granules were obtained with a diameter (Ø) of 0,85- 1,15 mm and sphericity coefficient (Є) of 0,7 to 0,77. Sludge granulation was achieved after 2 months of operation. Once stabilization is achieved of the UASB reactor, it was followed by a continuous flow operation. The OLR tested 1, 2, 4 and 6 gCOD/L.d for UASB reactor gives a very favorable response regarding the performance of the reactor, as presented COD5 removal efficiencies of 51 to 76%, similar efficiencies those reported in the literature The HRT study was operated with an OLR of 6 gCOD/L.d and HRT were 24, 12, 5, 3 and 1 day. The removal efficiency was 51, 60, 57, 60 and 63% in soluble COD, respectively. It reached a maximum biogas production of 5.283 ml / d, but by reducing the HRT showed a proportional reduction in the total volume of biogas. The %CH4 content in the biogas increased with decreasing TRH, reflecting values of 80 to 92% of CH4. The FBA reactor with a volume of 8,2 L, used corrugated plastic tubes as carrier for bacteria transportation. The following OLR was applied, 0,5, 1, 3 and 6 gCOD/L.d. The FBA reactor showed an excellent removal of organic matter (80% CODS), a stable biogas production, and CH4 content very interesting. However, for more than 3 gCOD/L.d OLR began with unexpected behavior of capacity reduction. The UASB reactor hydrodynamic conditions are decisive for the formation of the granules, precondition to start the continuous flow. By operating the UASB reactor in continuous mode, it was possible to evaluate the best operating conditions for this type of waste (vinasse). The OLR of 6 gCOD/L.d for the UASB reactor fed with raw vinasse represents the limit of its capacity. However, with increasing OLR creates increased biogas production and methane. The removal efficiency of soluble COD is independent of HRT for OLR of 6 gCOD/L.d and HRT conditions tested (24, 12, 5, 3 and 1 day). COD Removal values achieved are slightly higher than the values of the vinasse anaerobic biodegradability of observed at 50%. Generally, reduction of HRT or vinasse dilution does not present a significant effect on the removal of the soluble organic matter; however if it occurs in the removal of sulfate reducing indirectly its toxicity. The thermoplastic support inoculated in FBA reactor and fed with raw vinasse, acted as a filter, in addition to obtaining good results in COD removal, but given the size and height of the filling slows evacuation of methane.

Advances in global instability computations: from incompressible to hypersonic flow

Esta tesis constituye un gran avance en el conocimiento del estudio y análisis de inestabilidades hidrodinámicas desde un punto de vista físico y teórico, como consecuencia de haber desarrollado innovadoras técnicas para la resolución computacional eficiente y precisa de la parte principal del espectro correspondiente a los problemas de autovalores (EVP) multidimensionales que gobiernan la inestabilidad de flujos con dos o tres direcciones espaciales inhomogéneas, denominados problemas de estabilidad global lineal. En el contexto del trabajo de desarrollo de herramientas computacionales presentado en la tesis, la discretización mediante métodos de diferencias finitas estables de alto orden de los EVP bidimensionales y tridimensionales que se derivan de las ecuaciones de Navier-Stokes linealizadas sobre flujos con dos o tres direcciones espaciales inhomogéneas, ha permitido una aceleración de cuatro órdenes de magnitud en su resolución. Esta mejora de eficiencia numérica se ha conseguido gracias al hecho de que usando estos esquemas de diferencias finitas, técnicas eficientes de resolución de problemas lineales son utilizables, explotando el alto nivel de dispersión o alto número de elementos nulos en las matrices involucradas en los problemas tratados. Como más notable consecuencia cabe destacar que la resolución de EVPs multidimensionales de inestabilidad global, que hasta la fecha necesitaban de superordenadores, se ha podido realizar en ordenadores de sobremesa. Además de la solución de problemas de estabilidad global lineal, el mencionado desarrollo numérico facilitó la extensión de las ecuaciones de estabilidad parabolizadas (PSE) lineales y no lineales para analizar la inestabilidad de flujos que dependen fuertemente en dos direcciones espaciales y suavemente en la tercera con las ecuaciones de estabilidad parabolizadas tridimensionales (PSE-3D). Precisamente la capacidad de extensión del novedoso algoritmo PSE-3D para el estudio de interacciones no lineales de los modos de estabilidad, desarrollado íntegramente en esta tesis, permite la predicción de transición en flujos complejos de gran interés industrial y por lo tanto extiende el concepto clásico de PSE, el cuál ha sido empleado exitosamente durante las pasadas tres décadas en el mismo contexto para problemas de capa límite bidimensional. Típicos ejemplos de flujos incompresibles se han analizado en este trabajo sin la necesidad de recurrir a restrictivas presuposiciones usadas en el pasado. Se han estudiado problemas vorticales como es el caso de un vórtice aislado o sistemas de vórtices simulando la estela de alas, en los que la homogeneidad axial no se impone y así se puede considerar la difusión viscosa del flujo. Además, se ha estudiado el chorro giratorio turbulento, cuya inestabilidad se utiliza para mejorar las características de funcionamiento de combustores. En la tesis se abarcan adicionalmente problemas de flujos compresibles. Se presenta el estudio de inestabilidad de flujos de borde de ataque a diferentes velocidades de vuelo. También se analiza la estela formada por un elemento rugoso aislado en capa límite supersónica e hipersónica, mostrando excelentes comparaciones con resultados obtenidos mediante simulación numérica directa. Finalmente, nuevas inestabilidades se han identificado en el flujo hipersónico a Mach 7 alrededor de un cono elíptico que modela el vehículo de pruebas en vuelo HIFiRE-5. Los resultados comparan favorablemente con experimentos en vuelo, lo que subraya aún más el potencial de las metodologías de análisis de estabilidad desarrolladas en esta tesis. ABSTRACT The present thesis constitutes a step forward in advancing the frontiers of knowledge of fluid flow instability from a physical point of view, as a consequence of having been successful in developing groundbreaking methodologies for the efficient and accurate computation of the leading part of the spectrum pertinent to multi-dimensional eigenvalue problems (EVP) governing instability of flows with two or three inhomogeneous spatial directions. In the context of the numerical work presented in this thesis, the discretization of the spatial operator resulting from linearization of the Navier-Stokes equations around flows with two or three inhomogeneous spatial directions by variable-high-order stable finite-difference methods has permitted a speedup of four orders of magnitude in the solution of the corresponding two- and three-dimensional EVPs. This improvement of numerical performance has been achieved thanks to the high-sparsity level offered by the high-order finite-difference schemes employed for the discretization of the operators. This permitted use of efficient sparse linear algebra techniques without sacrificing accuracy and, consequently, solutions being obtained on typical workstations, as opposed to the previously employed supercomputers. Besides solution of the two- and three-dimensional EVPs of global linear instability, this development paved the way for the extension of the (linear and nonlinear) Parabolized Stability Equations (PSE) to analyze instability of flows which depend in a strongly-coupled inhomogeneous manner on two spatial directions and weakly on the third. Precisely the extensibility of the novel PSE-3D algorithm developed in the framework of the present thesis to study nonlinear flow instability permits transition prediction in flows of industrial interest, thus extending the classic PSE concept which has been successfully employed in the same context to boundary-layer type of flows over the last three decades. Typical examples of incompressible flows, the instability of which was analyzed in the present thesis without the need to resort to the restrictive assumptions used in the past, range from isolated vortices, and systems thereof, in which axial homogeneity is relaxed to consider viscous diffusion, as well as turbulent swirling jets, the instability of which is exploited in order to improve flame-holding properties of combustors. The instability of compressible subsonic and supersonic leading edge flows has been solved, and the wake of an isolated roughness element in a supersonic and hypersonic boundary-layer has also been analyzed with respect to its instability: excellent agreement with direct numerical simulation results has been obtained in all cases. Finally, instability analysis of Mach number 7 ow around an elliptic cone modeling the HIFiRE-5 flight test vehicle has unraveled flow instabilities near the minor-axis centerline, results comparing favorably with flight test predictions.

Ex vivo evaluation of a Taylor-Couette flow, immobilized heparinase I device for clinical application

Efficient and safe heparin anticoagulation has remained a problem for continuous renal replacement therapies and intermittent hemodialysis for patients with acute renal failure. To make heparin therapy safer for the patient with acute renal failure at high risk of bleeding, we have proposed regional heparinization of the circuit via an immobilized heparinase I filter. This study tested a device based on Taylor-Couette flow and simultaneous separation/reaction for efficacy and safety of heparin removal in a sheep model. Heparinase I was immobilized onto agarose beads via cyanogen bromide activation. The device, referred to as a vortex flow plasmapheretic reactor, consisted of two concentric cylinders, a priming volume of 45 ml, a microporous membrane for plasma separation, and an outer compartment where the immobilized heparinase I was fluidized separately from the blood cells. Manual white cell and platelet counts, hematocrit, total protein, and fibrinogen assays were performed. Heparin levels were indirectly measured via whole-blood recalcification times (WBRTs). The vortex flow plasmapheretic reactor maintained significantly higher heparin levels in the extracorporeal circuit than in the sheep (device inlet WBRTs were 1.5 times the device outlet WBRTs) with no hemolysis. The reactor treatment did not effect any physiologically significant changes in complete blood cell counts, platelets, and protein levels for up to 2 hr of operation. Furthermore, gross necropsy and histopathology did not show any significant abnormalities in the kidney, liver, heart, brain, and spleen.

Thermal Runaway in Tubular Reactor Systems with n-th Order Kinetics

This paper addresses the problem of predicting the critical parameters that characterize thermal runaway in a tubular reactor with wall cooling, introducing a new view of the n-th order kinetics reactions. The paper describes the trajectories of the system in the temperature-(concentration)n plane, and deduces the conditions for the thermal risk.

Examination of the solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations for a class of three-dimensional vortices,

"Contract AF 49(638)-255."

Proceedings of the second Joint USAEC-EURATOM Two-Phase Flow Meeting. Held at USAEC, Germantown, Maryland, April 29, 30, and May 1, 1964.

At head of title: United States Atomic Energy Commission - USAEC. European Atomic Energy Community - EURATOM.

Flow regime, hydrodynamics, floc size distribution and sludge properties in activated sludge bubble column, air-lift and aerated stirred reactors

This paper presents a comparative study how reactor configuration, sludge loading and air flowrate affect flow regimes, hydrodynamics, floc size distribution and sludge solids-liquid separation properties. Three reactor configurations were studied in bench scale activated sludge bubble column reactor (BCR), air-lift reactor (ALR) and aerated stirred reactor (ASR). The ASR demonstrated the highest capacity of gas holdup and resistance, and homogeneity in flow regimes and shearing forces, resulting in producing large numbers of small and compact floes. The fluid dynamics in the ALR created regularly directed recirculation forces to enhance the gas holdup and sludge flocculation. The BCR distributed a high turbulent flow regime and non-homogeneity in gas holdup and mixing, and generated large numbers of larger and looser floes. The sludge size distributions, compressibility and settleability were significantly influenced by the reactor configurations associated with the flow regimes and hydrodynamics.

Process optimization of an aerobic upflow sludge blanket reactor system

Response of an aerobic upflow sludge blanket (AUSB) reactor system to the changes in operating conditions was investigated by varying two principle operating variables: the oxygenation pressure and the flow recirculation rate. The oxygenation pressure was varied between 0 and 25 psig (relative), while flow recirculation rates were between 1,300 and 600% correspondingly. The AUSB reactor system was able to handle a volumetric loading of as high as 3.8 kg total organic carbon (TOC)/m(3) day, with a removal efficiency of 92%. The rate of TOC removal by AUSB was highest at a pressure of 20 psig and it decreased when the pressure was increased to 25 psig and the flow recirculation rate was reduced to 600%. The TOC removal rate also decreased when the operating pressure was reduced to 0 and 15 psig, with corresponding increase in flow recirculation rates to 1,300 and 1,000%, respectively. Maintenance of a high dissolved oxygen level and a high flow recirculation rate was found to improve the substrate removal capacity of the AUSB system. The AUSB system was extremely effective in retaining the produced biomass despite a high upflow velocity and the overall sludge yield was only 0.24-0.32 g VSS/g TOC removed. However, the effluent TOC was relatively high due to the system's operation at a high organic loading.

Simulation of a complete reflected shock tunnel showing a vortex mechanism for flow contamination

Simulations of a complete reflected shock tunnel facility have been performed with the aim of providing a better understanding of the flow through these facilities. In particular, the analysis is focused on the premature contamination of the test flow with the driver gas. The axisymmetric simulations model the full geometry of the shock tunnel and incorporate an iris-based model of the primary diaphragm rupture mechanics, an ideal secondary diaphragm and account for turbulence in the shock tube boundary layer with the Baldwin-Lomax eddy viscosity model. Two operating conditions were examined: one resulting in an over-tailored mode of operation and the other resulting in approximately tailored operation. The accuracy of the simulations is assessed through comparison with experimental measurements of static pressure, pitot pressure and stagnation temperature. It is shown that the widely-accepted driver gas contamination mechanism in which driver gas 'jets' along the walls through action of the bifurcated foot of the reflected shock, does not directly transport the driver gas to the nozzle at these conditions. Instead, driver gas laden vortices are generated by the bifurcated reflected shock. These vortices prevent jetting of the driver gas along the walls and convect driver gas away from the shock tube wall and downstream into the nozzle. Additional vorticity generated by the interaction of the reflected shock and the contact surface enhances the process in the over-tailored case. However, the basic mechanism appears to operate in a similar way for both the over-tailored and the approximately tailored conditions.

Fibre agglomerate transport in a horizontal flow

An experimental and theoretical study of the transport of mineral wool fibre agglomerates in nuclear power plant containment sumps is being performed. A racetrack channel was devised to provide data for the validation of numerical models, which are intended to model the transport of fibre agglomerates. The racetrack channel provides near uniform and steady conditions that lead to either the sedimentation or suspension of the agglomerates. Various experimental techniques were used to determine the velocity conditions and the distribution of the fibre agglomerates in the channel. The fibre agglomerates are modelled as fluid particles in the Eulerian reference frame. Simulations of pure sedimentation of a known mass and volume of agglomerations show that the transport of the fibre agglomerates can be replicated. The suspension of the fibres is also replicated in the simulations; however, the definition of the fibre agglomerate phase is strongly dependent on the selected density and diameter. Detailed information on the morphology of the fibre agglomerates is lacking for the suspension conditions, as the fibre agglomerates may undergo breakage and erosion. Therefore, ongoing work, which is described here, is being pursued to improve the experimental characterisation of the suspended transport of the fibre agglomerates.

CFD-Analyses on the behaviour of mineral wool in the reactor sump

The investigation of insulation debris generation, transport and sedimentation becomes important with regard to reactor safety research for PWR and BWR, when considering the long-term behaviour of emergency core cooling systems during all types of loss of coolant accidents. A joint research project on such questions is being performed in cooperation between the University of Applied Sciences Zittau/Görlitz and the Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf. The project deals with the experimental investigation of particle transport phenomena in coolant flow and the development of CFD models for its description. While the experiments are performed at the University at Zittau/Görlitz, the theoretical modelling efforts are concentrated at Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf. In the current presentation the basic concepts for CFD modelling are described and feasibility studies are presented. On the example of a complex flow situation at plunging jet conditions the model capabilities are demonstrated.

Generic experiments at the sump model "Zittauer Strömungswanne" (ZSW) for the behaviour of mineral wool in the sump and the reactor core

The investigation of insulation debris transport, sedimentation, penetration into the reactor core and head loss build up becomes important to reactor safety research for PWR and BWR, when considering the long-term behaviour of emergency core cooling systems during loss of coolant accidents. Research projects are being performed in cooperation between the University of Applied Sciences Zittau/Görlitz and the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf. The projects include experimental investigations of different processes and phenomena of insulation debris in coolant flow and the development of CFD models. Generic complex experiments serve for building up a data base for the validation of models for single effects and their coupling in CFD codes. This paper includes the description of the experimental facility for complex generic experiments (ZSW), an overview about experimental boundary conditions and results for upstream and down-stream phenomena as well as for the long-time behaviour due to corrosive processes. © Carl Hanser Verlag, München.

Experimental investigation and CFD simulation of insulation debris transport phenomena in water flow

The investigation of insulation debris generation, transport and sedimentation becomes important with regard to reactor safety research for PWR and BWR, when considering the long-term behavior of emergency core cooling systems during all types of loss of coolant accidents (LOCA). The insulation debris released near the break during a LOCA incident consists of a mixture of disparate particle population that varies with size, shape, consistency and other properties. Some fractions of the released insulation debris can be transported into the reactor sump, where it may perturb/impinge on the emergency core cooling systems. Open questions of generic interest are the sedimentation of the insulation debris in a water pool, its possible re-suspension and transport in the sump water flow and the particle load on strainers and corresponding pressure drop. A joint research project on such questions is being performed in cooperation between the University of Applied Sciences Zittau/Görlitz and the Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf. The project deals with the experimental investigation of particle transport phenomena in coolant flow and the development of CFD models for its description. While the experiments are performed at the University at Zittau/Görlitz, the theoretical modeling efforts are concentrated at Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf. In the presentation the basic concepts for CFD modeling are described and feasibility studies including the conceptual design of the experiments are presented.

CFD-modeling and experiments of insulation debris transport phenomena in water flow

The investigation of insulation debris generation, transport, and sedimentation becomes more important with regard to reactor safety research for pressurized water reactors and boiling water reactors when considering the long-term behavior of emergency core coolant systems during all types of loss-of-coolant accidents (LOCAs). The insulation debris released near the break during a LOCA incident consists of a mixture of disparate particle populations that varies with size, shape, consistency, and other properties. Some fractions of the released insulation debris can be transported into the reactor sump, where it may perturb/impinge on the emergency core cooling systems. Open questions of generic interest are, for example, the particle load on strainers and corresponding pressure drop, the sedimentation of the insulation debris in a water pool, and its possible resuspension and transport in the sump water flow. A joint research project on such questions is being performed in cooperation with the University of Applied Sciences Zittau/Görlitz. The project deals with the experimental investigation and the development of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models for the description of particle transport phenomena in coolant flow. While the experiments are performed at the University of Applied Sciences Zittau/Görlitz, the theoretical work is concentrated at Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf. In the current paper the basic concepts for CFD modeling are described and feasibility studies including the conceptual design of the experiments are presented.